Partula (gastropod)

The partulids of the island of Tahiti act as an example of the possible deleterious effects of attempted biological control. After an infestation of the introduced giant African land snails (Achatina spp.), the carnivorous Florida rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea) was introduced into Tahiti in an attempt to combat the African species.

Instead, the rosy wolfsnail hunted the nearly 76 species of Partula that were endemic to Tahiti and the nearby islands, causing all but 12 species to go extinct within a decade. Scientists were able to save 12 of these species prior to their becoming extinct.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Today, the Zoological Society of London runs the Partula Programme Consortium which maintains a captive-breeding programme in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.{{Cite web |title=Partula snail conservation {{!}} ZSL |url=https://www.zsl.org/what-we-do/projects/partula-snail-conservation |access-date=28 June 2024}}

As of the 2024 update released on June 27, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species contains 73 Partula species. Of these, 32 are listed as extinct, 10 are extinct in the wild, 17 are critically endangered, 8 are endangered, 2 are vulnerable, and only 4 species are least concern.{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/stats?taxonomies=108569&searchType=species |access-date=28 June 2024}}

Individuals are being reintroduced to Tahiti from captive breeding programmes since 2014.{{Cite web |last=Kuta |first=Sarah |date=2 May 2023 |title=Scientists Reintroduce 5,000 Snails to French Polynesian Islands |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-reintroduce-5000-snails-to-french-polynesian-islands-180982094/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/04/extinct-snails-return-to-tahiti-in-largest-wildlife-reintroduction-ever/ |title='Extinct' snails return to Tahiti in largest wildlife reintroduction ever |author=Elizabeth Claire Alberts |work=Mongabay |date=28 April 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023}} In April 2023, over 5,000 individual snails from zoos in the United States and the United Kingdom were released on Tahiti and Mo'orea.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Species within the genus Partula include:

• The species pages are currently outdated because of the IUCN 2024-1 update.
• The list may be currently missing some species. If you notice a missing species please add it.

The Partula that were collected for ex situ breeding include the following:{{Cite web |title=Tentacle 3 |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/cowielab/tentacle/tentacle_3.pdf |website=University of Hawaii}}

Tahiti - P. affinis, P. clara, P. hyalina, P. nodosa, P. otaheitana

Moorea - P. aurantia, P. mirabilis, P. mooreana, P. suturalis, P. taeniata, P. tohiveana

Huahine - P. arguta, P. rosea, P. varia

Raiatea - P. faba, P. garrettii (P. tristis), P. hebe, P. navigatoria (P. dentifera), P. turgida

Marianas - P. gibba, P. langfordi

File:PartulaWithoutShell.jpg

P. garrettii and P. navigatoria were misidentified as the species in parentheses next to them.

The list of surviving species are as follows:

Tahiti - P. affinis, P. clara, P. hyalina, P. incrassa, P. nodosa, P. otaheitana

Moorea - P. mirabilis, P. mooreana, P. suturalis, P. taeniata, P. tohiveana

Huahine - P. rosea, P. varia

Raiatea - P. garrettii (P. tristis), P. hebe, P. meyeri, P. navigatoria (P. dentifera)

Marianas - P. gibba, P. langfordi, P. lutaensis, P. radiolata

Micronesia - P. emersoni, P. rufa

Fiji - P. leefei, P. lirata

Solomon Islands - P. cramptoni, P. micans

Papua New Guinea - P. auraniana, P. similaris

Cook Islands - P. assimilis

Phylogenetic analyses revealed that many of the Partula species are not monophyletic.{{Cite web |title=34 |url=https://d-nb.info/1096775697/34 |website=d-nb.info}} The resulting cladogram is shown below.

{{clade|{{clade

|1 = {{clade

|label1 = Partula

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = P. aurantia

|2 = P. suturalis dendronica

|3 = P. suturalis strigosa

|4 = P. suturalis vexillum

}}

|2 = P. suturalis strigosa

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. suturalis vexillum

}}

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. clara

|2 = P. mirabilis

|3 = P. suturalis vexillum

|4 = P. hyalina

}}

|3 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = P. varia

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. rosea

}}

}}

|2 = P. hebe

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. hebe bella

}}

}}

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = P. clara

|2 = P. exigua

|3 = P. mooreana

|4 = P. taeniata elongata

|5 = P. taeniata nucleola

|6 = P. taeniata simulans

|7 = P. taeniata

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. clara

|2 = P. taeniata nucleola

}}

|3 = P. mooreana

|4 = P. tohivea

}}

|3 = {{clade

|1 = (undescribed species)

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana otaheitana

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana lignaria

|2 = P. otaheitana sinistralis

|3 = P. otaheitana sinistrorsa

}}

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana crassa

|2 = P. producta

}}

}}

}}

|4 = P. hyalina (Austral Islands, etc.)

|5 = P. hyalina (Tahiti)

|6 = P. mooreana

|7 = P. mirabilis propinqua

|8 = P. tohiveana

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = P. dentifera

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. dentifera

|2 = P. tristis

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. meyeri

}}

}}

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. faba

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. turgida

}}

}}

}}

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. assimilis

|2 = P. luteola

}}

|4 = P. gibba

|5 = P. radiolata

|6 = P. carteriensis

|7 = P. similaris

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana

|2 = P. otaheitana affinis

|3 = {{clade

|1 = P. affinis

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana rubescens

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = (undescribed species)

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. otaheitana crassa

}}

}}

|2 = {{clade

|1 = P. nodosa composita

|2 = P. nodosa intermedia

}}

}}

}}

|2 = P. subgonochila

}}

|3 = P. auraniana

|4 = P. turneri

|5 = P. lirata

}}

|label2 = Samoana

|2 = {{clade

|1 = {{clade

|1 = Samoana decussatula

|2 = {{clade

|1 = Samoana attenuata

|2 = Samoana burchi

}}

}}

|2 = Samoana conica

|3 = Samoana thurstoni

|4 = {{clade

|1 = Samoana fragilis

|label2 = Palaopartula

|2 = {{clade

|1 = Palaopartula thetis

|2 = Palaopartula calypso

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2 = Eua

|2 = {{clade

|1 = Eua globosa

|2 = {{clade

|1 = Eua zebrina

}}

}}

}}|label1=Partulidae}}

Partula species on Tahiti were usually found on the undersides of the leaves of Caladium and plantain, although in some valleys, they were frequently found on Dracaena and turmeric.

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula affinis

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula clara

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula hyalina

Partula clara incrassa.jpg|Partula incrassa

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula nodosa

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula otaheitana

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula mirabilis

Partula mooreana marwell2.JPG|Partula mooreana

Partula suturalis.jpeg|Partula suturalis

Partula taeniata high quality.jpg|Partula taeniata

Partula tohiveana.JPG|Partula tohiveana

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula rosea

Partula varia2.JPG|Partula varia

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula garrettii

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula hebe

No image available 500 x 500.svg|Partula navigatoria

Partula gibba.png|Partula gibba

Partula lutaensis (10.3897-zookeys.1037.56303) Figure 4 (cropped).jpg|Partula lutaensis

Partula radiolata USFWS (21191295133) (cropped).jpg|Partula radiolata

Partula langfordi.png|Partula langfordi (extinct)

{{See also|List of land snails of the Mariana Islands}}

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.Mayer A. G. (January 1902). "Some species of Partula from Tahiti. A study in variation". Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy [https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmuseumo2602harv XXVI(2)], Cambridge, U.S.A.

{{Reflist}}

• Crampton H. E. (1916). Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Tahiti. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228: 1-311.
• Crampton H. E. (1925). [https://archive.org/details/studiesonvariati00cramuoft Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species of the Mariana Islands, Guam and Saipan.] Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228a: 1-116.
• Crampton H. E. (1932). [https://archive.org/details/studiesonvariati03cramuoft Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Moorea.] Carnegie Institution of Washington, 410: 1-335.
• {{Cite journal

| last1 = Lee | first1 = T.

| last2 = Burch | first2 = J. B.

| last3 = Jung | first3 = Y.

| last4 = Coote | first4 = T.

| last5 = Pearce-Kelly | first5 = P.

| last6 = ó Foighil | first6 = D.

| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.006

| title = Tahitian tree snail mitochondrial clades survived recent mass extirpation

| journal = Current Biology

| volume = 17

| issue = 13

| pages = R502–R503

| year = 2007

| pmid = 17610827

| pmc =

| doi-access = free

}}

{{Commons category|Partula}}

{{Wikispecies|Partula}}

• Partula evolution, diversity and conservation [http://islandbiodiversity.com/partulapages.htm Partula Pages]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6296067}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partula}}

Category:Gastropod genera

Category:Molluscs of Oceania

Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean