Pashto dialects
{{Short description|Dialects of the Pashto language}}
{{Pashto language sidebar}}
{{Contains special characters|Pashto}}
File:Pashto dialect map.png, from Olaf Caroe’s “The Pathans”. The North Eastern dialects have been highlighted in dark blue, the North Western dialects in light blue, the North-Central (North Karlāṇi) is pink, the South-Central (South Karlāṇi) in red, the South Eastern in orange and the South Western in yellow.{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Ibrahim|date=2021-09-07|title=Tarīno and Karlāṇi dialects|url=http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal3/index.php/path/article/view/178|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908144822/http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal3/index.php/path/article/view/178|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 8, 2021|journal=Pashto|language=en|volume=50|issue=661|issn=0555-8158}}]]
Pashto dialects ({{langx|ps|د پښتو ژبګوټي}} də Pəx̌tó žәbgóṭi) can be divided into two large varieties: Northern Pashto and Southern Pashto. Each of the two varieties of Pashto is further divided into a number of dialects. Northern Pashto is spoken in eastern Afghanistan, and central, northern and eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Peshawar). Southern Pashto is spoken to the south of it, in southern and western Afghanistan (including Kandahar), southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan (including Quetta). 'Ethnologue' divides Pashto into Northern, Southern and Central Pashto, and Wanetsi.Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2236-16 Language Family Trees]. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.{{Listen|type=speech|title3=Northern Eastern [Wardak Dialect]|title5=Central [Zadrāni]|filename5=Ps-ځدراڼ-موږ.wav|description4={{IPA|/miʒ/}}|title4=Central [Waziri]|filename4=Ps-موږ-wazirwola.wav|description3={{IPA|/muʝ/}}|filename3=Ps-موږ-wardak2.wav|header=Pashto Dialects - "we"|description2={{IPA|/munɡ/}}|title2=Northern [Eastern and Western dialects]|filename2=Ps-مونږ.wav|description={{IPA|/muɡ/}}|title=Northern [Eastern and Western dialects]|filename=Ps-موږ-northern.wav|description5={{IPA|/miʝ/}}|title6=South Western [possibly Kunduz]|filename6=Muʐ.ogg|description6={{IPA|/muʐ/}}|title7=South Eastern [Quetta]|filename7=Ps-موږ-balochistan2.wav|description7={{IPA|/muʒ/}}|title8=South Western [Kandahar]|filename8=Ps-موږ-kandahar.wav|description8={{IPA|/muʐ/}}}}
Overview
According to David Neil MacKenzie, a consonant shift took place in the northern parts of Pashtunistan in several phases in the medieval era. During the shift, the retroflex fricative ṣ̌ {{IPA|[ʂ]}} changed to x̌ {{IPA|[ç]}} or to x {{IPA|[x]}}, while ẓ̌ {{IPA|[ʐ]}} changed to ǵ {{IPA|[ʝ]}} or to g {{IPA|[g]}}.{{Cite journal|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=|title=A Standard Pashto|url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/026-030/standardpashto.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024005638/http://khyber.org/publications/026-030/standardpashto.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 24, 2005|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=22|pages=232–233|via=}} That is supported by the linguist Georg Morgenstierne's assertion that the Pashto script developed in the Northeast which had the phonology of a Southwestern Pashto in the 16th century.{{Cite book|last=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXEMAQAAMAAJ|title=A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto|date=2003|publisher=Reichert|isbn=978-3-89500-364-6|location=|pages=vii-viii|language=en}} The shift was likely complete before the Pashto book Khayr al-Bayān was written by Bayazid Pir Roshan from Waziristan in 1651. According to [https://linguistics.ku.edu/michael-henderson-professor-emeritus-passed-away Michael M. T. Henderson] in Balochistan [Southeast]: the spilt ṣ̌ {{IPA|[ʂ]}} into š {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and ẓ̌ {{IPA|[ʐ]}} into ž {{IPA|[ʒ]}} may never have occurred in that they were always pronounced as š {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and ž {{IPA|[ʒ]}} there or that a split did occur.{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Michael M. T.|date=1983|title=Four Varieties of Pashto|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/602038|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=103|issue=3|pages=596|doi=10.2307/602038|jstor=602038|issn=0003-0279|via=|url-access=subscription}}
Among the other Eastern Iranian languages outside Pashto, the Shughni (Khughni) and Yazgulyami branch of the Pamir languages also seem to have been affected from the ṣ̌ to x consonant shift. E.g. "meat": ɡuṣ̌t in Wakhi and ğwáṣ̌a in Southwestern Pashto, but changes to guxt in Shughni and ğwáxa in Northeastern Pashto.{{cite book|last=Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng)|title=Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì)|publisher=Nationalities Publishing House|year=1985|location=Beijing}}
Classification
1. Southern variety
:*Abdali dialect (or South Western dialect)
:*Kakar dialect (or South Eastern dialect)
:*Shirani dialect
:*Marwat-Bettani dialect
:*Southern Karlani group
::*Khattak dialect
::*Baniswola dialect
::*Dawarwola dialect
::*Masidwola dialect
::*Wazirwola dialect
2. Northern variety
:*Central Ghilji dialect (or North Western dialect)
:*Yusufzai dialect (or North Eastern dialect)
:*Northern Karlani group
::*Taniwola dialect
::*Khosti dialect
::*Zadran dialect
::*Mangal dialect
::*Afridi dialect
::*Khogyani dialect
::*Wardak dialect
3. Waṇetsi Dialect
Standards
=Regional standards=
There are several regional standard forms of Pashto which have high prestige, and serve as a means of communication between the various tribal communities in those regions.
== Central Pashto ==
Central Pashto dialects are also referred to as middle dialects.{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4UFCgAAQBAJ&q=anna+boyle+pashto&pg=PT355|title=Descriptive Grammar of Bangla|date=2015-06-16|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-1-5015-0083-1|pages=37|language=de}}
==Southern regional standard==
Southern Pashto compromises of the South Western and South Eastern dialects.{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 - Southern Pashto|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2649|access-date=2020-10-16|website=glottolog.org}}
Southern Western Pashto, also called Kandahari Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in southern and western Afghanistan.
A similar variety known as South Eastern is spoken in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.{{Cite thesis |type=Master's thesis |last=Coyle|first=Dennis Walter|date=2014|title=Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}
==Northern regional==
Northern Pashto compromises of the North Western and North Eastern dialects.{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2646|access-date=2020-10-16|website=glottolog.org}}
North Eastern Pashto, also called Eastern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto, known as Yusufzai Dialect, it is spoken in central, northern, and eastern parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and in northeastern Afghanistan.
North Western Pashto is spoken, in eastern and northeastern Afghanistan, in the central Ghilji or Ghilzai region.
=Tareeno=
{{main|Wanetsi}}
Although this dialect is spoken only by the Spin Tareens and not the Tor Tareens, it is known locally as Tareeno and by Western academics as Wanetsi. It is the most distinct amongst the dialects of Pashto.
Features
{{See also|Pashto phonology}}
Variations have been noted in dialects of Pashto.{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George|title=Linguistic survey of India|publisher=Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. [Reprinted by Accurate Publishers, Karachi, Pakistan.]|year=1921|pages=96|quote="The dialects spoken by those tribes do not vary greatly from one another, but differ considerably in accidence, vocabulary, and even idiom, from the dialects spoken by the Pathans on the Kohat and Peshawar Frontiers"}} The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules.Herbert Penzl. "Orthography and Phonemes in Pashto (Afghan)". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 74, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1954), pp. 74-81. The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ. The southern dialect of Kandahar is considered to be the most conservative with regards to phonology. It retains the original pronunciation of these two phonemes as voiceless and voiced retroflex sibilants, respectively, and does not merge them into other phonemes unlike the northern dialects.Michael M.T. Henderson, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/6541839/Four-Varieties-of-Pashto Four Varieties of Pashto]
The dialects spoken by the tribes from the Karlani confederacy of Pashtuns are lexicologically different and very varied. Moreover, the Karlani dialects have a tendency towards a change in the pronunciation of vowels. Depending on the particular dialect, the standard Pashto [a], [ā], [o], [u] may change into [ā], [â/å/o], [ȯ/ȫ/e], [i], respectively.{{cite web|last=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|author-link=Georg Morgenstierne|date=15 December 1983|title=AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto|url=http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto|access-date=24 January 2015|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|archive-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122024645/http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto|url-status=usurped}} In the Karlani dialects of Waziristan, Bannu, and Tani (southern Khost), which follow the vowel shift to the greatest extent, these four vowels normally change into [ā], [o], [e], [i], respectively.
The nine phonemes represented in the column headings below show key phonetic differences between the dialects. Five of them are consonants written in the Pashto alphabet, and four are vowels written in the Latin script; sounds are transcribed in the IPA:
| class="wikitable" align="center"
! style="padding:5px;" |Dialects ! style="padding:5px;" |Subdialects ! |Location ! align="center" |ښ ! align="center" |ږ ! align="center" |څ ! align="center" |ځ ! align="center" |ژ ! align="center" |a ! align="center" |ā ! align="center" |o ! align="center" |u |
| style="background:LightSalmon"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Abdali |Southern and western Afghanistan, including Kandahar | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʂ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʐ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSalmon"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Kākaṛ |Northern Balochistan | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSalmon"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Shirani | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSalmon"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Marwat-Beṭani-Ganḍāpur{{Cite book|last=Khan Jazab|first=Yousaf|title=An Ethno-linguisitic Study of the Karlani Varieities of Pashto|publisher=Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=71}} |Lakki Marwat, Jandola, Tank, and Dera Ismail Khan | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:Pink"
! rowspan="2" align="left" | Tareeno{{Cite journal|last=Elfenbein|first=Josef|year=1967|title=Lanḍa Zor Wəla Waṇecī|url=https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:e58cace2-3e46-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003#periodical-periodicalvolume-periodicalitem-page_uuid:272b13b6-3e47-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003|journal=Archiv Orientální|volume=XXXV|pages=563–606}} | rowspan="2" |Harnai and Sanjawi | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s, t͡ʃ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z, d͡ʒ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| Choter |
|---|
| style="background:LightGreen"
! rowspan="3" align="left" |Khattak !General | rowspan="3" |Karak District and eastern Kohat | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| Teri |
| Nasrati |
| style="background:LightGreen"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Baniswola |Bannu, Mir Ali, Baka Khel, Jani Khel | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɛː]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightGreen"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Dawarwola | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[e]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightGreen"
! rowspan="3" align="left" |Wazirwola |From Janimela, South Waziristan to Shuidar Ghar (south of Razmak) | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[œː, ɛː]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightGreen"
| align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[œː, ɛː]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightGreen"
|North Waziristan, Khaisora Valley, Razmak, Dossali, Datta Khel, Spin Wam, Shawal{{cite web|date=|publisher=The Program for Culture & Conflict Studies Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA|title=UTMANZAI WAZIR TRIBE|url=https://nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/Utmanzai+UPDATED.pdf/f3aeca49-cbf3-48cc-a31b-7ba99b47110d|website=Naval Postgraduate School}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[œː, ɛː]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Taṇi ! |Tani, Gurbuz, and Mandozayi, in southern Khost | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[e]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[i]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Khosti ! |Central and northern Khost | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɵ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Dzādroṇ{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|pages=39|language=en}} ! |The Zadran Arc in southern Paktia, northeastern Paktika, and southwestern Khost | align="center" |{{IPA|[ç]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʝ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o, e]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u, i]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Bangash-Orakzai-Turi-Zazi-Mangal ! |Kurram, eastern Paktia, northeastern Khost, Orakzai, Hangu, and northwestern Kohat | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! rowspan="2" align="left" |Apridi{{Cite book|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)|date=1997-06-30|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-019-4|pages=750–751|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtgUSQAACAAJ|title=The Story of an Afridi Sepoy|date=1931|publisher=Verlag nicht ermittelbar|language=en}} !Kambar Khel | rowspan="2" |Central and southern Khyber and Darra Adamkhel | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ, d͡ʒ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɵ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[u, i]}} |
| Zakha Khel |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Khogyani ! |Khogyani, Sherzad, and Pachir aw Agam, in southwestern Nangarhar | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɵ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightSkyBlue"
! align="left" |Wardag ! |Chaki Wardak, Saydabad, Jaghatu, and Jilga, in central and southern Maidan Wardak | align="center" |{{IPA|[ç]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʝ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightGrey"
! align="left" |Central Ghilzai ! |Central Ghilji region | align="center" |{{IPA|[ç]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʝ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightGrey"
! rowspan="2" align="left" |Momand and Shinwari !Upper Momand and Shinwari | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[t͡s, s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡z, z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightGrey"
!Lower Momand (Ghoryakhel) | align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[s]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| style="background:LightGrey"
! rowspan="2" align="left" |Yusapzai !Swat | rowspan="2" |Central, northern, and eastern Pakhtunkhwa | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[x]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[s]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[z]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[a]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[o]}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|[u]}} |
| Mardan |
- Dialects belonging to the {{fontcolor||LightSalmon|southern non-Karlani variety}}, the {{fontcolor||LightGreen|southern Karlani variety}}, the {{fontcolor||LightBlue|northern Karlani variety}}, and the {{fontcolor||LightGrey|northern non-Karlani variety}}, respectively, are color-coded.
- {{fontcolor||Pink|Tareeno/Wanetsi}} is color-coded as pink
= Grammar =
{{Main|Pashto grammar}}
The grammatical rules are may vary slightly in dialects; with the most divergence in Tarīno. Example:{{Cite book|last=زيار|first=پوهاند مجاور|url=https://bawar.net/data0/books/5e9db82f04168/pdf/17PashtoLiklar.pdf|title=ليکلار ښود|publisher=د ساپي پښتو څېړنې او پراختيا مركز|year=2006|pages=16}}
| class="wikitable"
!Dialect !Dialect Sentence !Literary Pashto !Meaning !Divergence Noted |
| Kandahar
|پلوشه راغلل Palwašá rā́ğləl |پلوشه راغله Palwašá rā́ğla |Palwasha came |3rd Person Plural Verbal suffix ل [əl] employed instead of 3rd Person Feminine Verbal Suffix ه [a] |
|---|
| Nangarhar
|ما او تا ښار ته ځو mā aw tā xār tə zú |زه او ته ښار ته ځو zə aw tə x̌ār tə dzú |Me and you are going to the city |Oblique pronouns ما [mā] and تا [tā] used instead of direct pronouns زه [zə] and ته [tə] |
| Dzādzə́i
|پلوشه زما خور دی Palwašá zmā xor de |پلوشه زما خور ده Palwašá zmā xor da |Palwasha is my sister |No differentiation in masculine and feminine "to be" - uses دی |
| Ghani Paktya
|هلکان راغلو haləkā́n rā́ğlu |هلکان راغل haləkā́n rā́ğləl |The boys came |The third person plural verbal suffix "u" used instead of "əl" |
= Lexemes =
== Special words ==
Dialects can also have special vocabulary{{Cite book|last=Khan Jazab|first=Yousaf|title=An Ethno-linguisitic Study of the Karlani Varieities of Pashto|publisher=Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=81}}:
Example:{{Listen|filename=Ps-tareen-kelis.wav|title=Kə́līs (intellect)|format=Wav|title2=Tareeno|filename2=Ps-tareen-kelis-sentence.wav|header=Special Vocabulary Example|title3=Pashto [Southeastern Dialect]|filename3=Ps-tareen-c-kelis-sentence.wav}}
ما دې دا خبرې ته کليس نه رسېژ
{{interlinear|mā de dā xabə́re tə kə́līs nə́ raséž|me:1:SG:STR:POSS de:CONT:PARTICLE this:DEM word:F:SG:OBL to:POST intellect:M:SG:DIR not:NEG reach:CONT:PRS:3:SG|This topic is beyond my understanding|abbreviations=STR: Strong Pronoun
DIR: Direct Case
PARTICLE: Particle}}
Compare:
زما دغه خبرې ته ذهن/عقل نه رسېږي{{interlinear|zmā dáğe xabə́re tə zehn/akə́l nə́ raséži|me:1:SG:STR:POSS this:DEM:OBL word:F:SG:OBL to:POST intellect:M:SG:DIR not:NEG reach:CONT:PRS:3|This topic is beyond my understanding|abbreviations=STR: Strong Pronoun
DIR: Direct Case
PARTICLE: Particle}}
== Derivative words ==
These can be classed as deriving from "standard" Pashto
| class="wikitable"
! !Dialect !Derived From !Pashto general !Meaning |
| وېړکی
wéṛkay |ووړکی wóṛkay |هلک halə́k |boy |
|---|
| ږغ
ʐağ |align=center colspan="2" |غږ ğaǵ |sound, voice, call |
| باچخه{{Cite web|title=باچخه|url=https://thepashto.com/word.php?english=&roman=&pashto=%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%AE%D9%87|website=thePashto.com}}
bāčə́xa |some Yusapzai |باچا bāčā́ |ملکه maláka |queen |
| يره
yára | align=center colspan="2" |وېره wéra |fear |
Lexical comparison
| class="wikitable"
! English gloss !! Kandahar !! Quetta !! HarnaiHallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.!! Lakki Marwat !! Karak !! Bannu Miramshah !! Wana !! Tani !! Parachinar Bangash !! Jamrud !! Kaga Khogyani !! Chaki Wardak !! Sharana !! Kabul !! Peshawar !! Pashto lexeme | ||||||||||||||||
| Pashto | Paṣ̌to | Pašto | Pašto | Pašto | Pāštȫ | Pāšte | Pāšte | Pāxte | Pāxtȯ | Pāxtȫ | Pāxtȯ | Pāx̌tȯ | Pax̌to | Puxto | Puxto | پښتو |
| four | tsalor | tsalor | tsalor | čalor | tsālȫr | sāler | tsālwer | tsāler | tsālȯr | tsālwȫr | tsālȯr | tsālȯr | tsalor | tsalor | salor | څلور |
| six | špaẓ̌ | špaž | špož | špaž | špež | špež | špež | špeg | špeg | špeg | špeg | špeǵ | špaǵ | špag | špag | شپږ |
| woman | ṣ̌ədza | šədza | šədza | šəǰa | šədzā | šəzā | šədzā | xədzā | x̌ədzā | xədzā | x̌ədzā | x̌ədzā | x̌ədza | xədza | xəza | ښځه |
| father | plār | plār | pyār | plār | plår | plor | plor | plor | plâr | plår | plâr | plâr | plār | plār | plār | پلار |
| many | ḍer zyāt | ḍer zyāt | tsaṭ | ḍer zyāt | ḍer zyåt | pirā zyot | rəṭ zyot | rəṭ zyot | ḍer zyât | ḍer zyåt | ḍer zyât | ḍer zyât | ḍer zyāt | ḍer zyāt | ḍer zyāt | ډېر زيات |
| few | ləẓ̌ | ləž | ləž | ləž | ləž | ləški | ləški | ləg | ləg | ləg | ləg | ləǵ | ləǵ | ləg | ləg | لږ |
| how | tsənga | tsənga | tsona | čərang | tsərāng | sərāng | tsərāng | tsərge | tsəngā | tsərāng | tsəngā | tsəngā | tsənga | tsənga | singa | څنګه |
| who | tsok | tsok | čok | čok | tsȫk | sek | tsek | tsek | tsȯk | tsȫk | tsȯk | tsȯk | tsok | tsok | sok | څوک |
| to drink | čṣ̌əl | čšəl | ğwətang | čšəl | tshi | čšəl | čšəl | tsəxəl | tsəxəl | tsəxəl | tsəxəl | čx̌əl | čx̌əl | tskəl | skəl | څښل |
| foot | pṣ̌a | pša | špa, ğədəi | pša | pšā | pšā | pšā | pxā | pxā | pxā | pxā | px̌ā | px̌a | pxa | xpa | پښه |
| we | muẓ̌ | muž | moš | muž | muž | miž | miž | mig | mu | mu | mu | muǵ | muǵ | mung | mung | موږ |
| my | zmā | zmā | mā eğē | emā | emå | emo | emo | emo | emâ | emå | emâ | emâ | zmā | zəmā | zamā | زما |
| your | stā | stā | tāğa | etā | etå | eto | eto | eto | etâ | etå | etâ | etâ | stā | stā | stā | ستا |
| girl | nǰiləi | nǰiləi | čwara | ǰinkəi | wȫṛkəi | weṛkye | weṛkye | weṛkye | wȯṛkəi | wȫṛkye | wȯṛkəi | wȯṛkəi | ǰiləi | ǰinəi | ǰinē | نجلۍ |
| boy | halək | halək | čorá | kṛāčay | wȫṛkāi | weṛkā | weṛkāi | weṛkāi | wȯṛkāi | wȫṛkāi | wȯṛkāi | wȯṛkāi | halək | halək | halək | هلک |
| Sun | lmar | lmar | mir | nmar | merə stərgā | myēr | ğormə stərgā | myerə stərgā | merə stərgā | merə stərgā | lmerə stərgā | lmer | lmar | nmar | nwar | لمر |
| egg | hagəi | hagəi | hoya | angəi | wȫyā | yeyā | yeyā | yeyā | ȯyā | wȫyā | ȯyā | ȯyā | hagəi | hagəi, hā | hagē, hā | هګۍ |
| yes/no | wo/ya | wo/na | wo/na | ya/na | wȫ | ē/nā | ē/nā | yē/nā | wȯ/nā | ē/nā | wȯ/nā | wȯ/nā | wo/na | wo/na | ao/na | هو\نه |
| home | kor | kor | kor | kor | kȫr | kēr | ker | ker | kȯr | kȫlə | kȯr | kȯr | kor | kor | kor | کور |
| I am | yəm | yəm | ī | yəm | yəm | yə | yə | yə | yəm | yəm | yəm | yəm | yəm | yəm | yəm | یم |
| I go | dzəm | dzəm | dramī | ǰəm | tsəm | sə | tsə | tsə | tsəm | tsəm | tsəm | tsəm | dzəm | dzəm | zəm | ځم |
| tongue | žəba | zəba | zbə | zəba | žəbā | žəbā | žəbā | žəbā | žəbā | ǰəbā | žəbā | zəbā | zəba | žəba | ǰəba | ژبه |
| it exists | sta | sta | sta | sta | štā | štā | štā | štā | štā | štā | štā | štā | sta | šta | šta | شته |
| bear | yiẓ̌ | yiž | yiržá | yiž | yiž | yiž | yiž | yig | yig | yig | yig | yiǵ | yiǵ | yig | yig | ايږ |
| ant | meẓ̌ay | mežay | merža | mežay | mežāi | mežāi | mežāi | megāi | megāi | megāi | megāi | məǵātāi | meǵay | megay | megē | مېږی |
| English gloss | Kandahar | Quetta | Harnai | Lakki Marwat | Karak | Bannu | Wana | Tani | Parachinar | Jamrud | Kaga | Chaki Wardak | Sharana | Kabul | Peshawar | Pashto lexeme |
|---|
In general, the Karlani dialects, both in southern and northern varieties, show more vocabulary differences than the non-Karlani southern and northern dialects.