Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.{{cite web | title=Pasteurella | work=List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pasteurella | access-date=2006-04-06 }}{{cite book | editor = Kuhnert P | editor2 = Christensen H | title = Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/past |isbn= 978-1-904455-34-9 }} Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic, and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). Most species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.Health Protection Agency (2007). [http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1203409656707 Identification of Pasteurella species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922234246/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1203409656707 |date=2009-09-22 }}. National Standard Method BSOP ID 13 Issue 2.1.

The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.

Pathogenesis

Many Pasteurella species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites.{{cite web | title=Pasteurella | work=Introduction To Clinical Microbiology | url=http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm | access-date=2006-04-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060116020846/http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm |archive-date = 2006-01-16}}{{cite web | title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Pasteurella multocida | url=http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/12.04/12.04.1528.pdf | author=Mark A Marinella, MD | access-date=2007-09-15 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221640/http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/12.04/12.04.1528.pdf | url-status=dead }} In cattle, sheep, and birds, Pasteurella species can cause a life-threatening pneumonia; in cats and dogs, however, Pasteurella is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal flora of the nose and mouth.{{Cite book|edition = 4th|title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/|publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|date = 1996-01-01|location = Galveston (TX)|isbn = 0963117211|pmid = 21413268|first = Frank M.|last = Collins|editor-first = Samuel|editor-last = Baron}} Pasteurella haemolytica is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human Pasteurella infection.{{cite book | author = Collins FM | title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology | editor=Barron S |display-editors=etal | edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1600 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }} Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, cellulitis, and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and abscesses.

Pasteurella spp. are generally susceptible to chloramphenicol, the penicillins, tetracycline, and the macrolides.

The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if a bite occurs.{{cite web |url = http://www.sau.edu.pk/sau_journal/2011/26_2/26-2full/09.pdf|title = In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida|publisher = Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences|date = |access-date = }} Several vaccine preparations were used to prevent Pasteurella infection.{{cite journal|author=Ahmad|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Rammah|author3=Sheweita|author4=Haroun|author5=El-Sayed|date=2014|title=Development of immunization trials against Pasteurella multocida|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=8|pages=909–917|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.068|pmid=29766005|pmc=5941127}} New regimens for vaccination and vaccine formulation {{cite journal|author=Ahmad|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Rammah|author3=Sheweita|author4=Haroun|author5=El-Sayed|date=2018|title=The enhancement of the Pasteurella's bacterin by propolis extracts|journal=Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=208–218|pmc=5941127|pmid=29766005}}{{cite journal|author=El-Ashry ESH|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Ahmad TA|title=The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1201568X|journal=Vaccine|year=2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=31–39|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095|pmid=23137844|url-access=subscription}} showed to be promising for the control of the pathogen.

=In animals=

P. multocida is also known to cause morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease. P. multocida can be endemic among rabbit colonies and is often transmitted through nasal secretions. P. multocida can survive several days in water or moist areas.{{cite web | title=Pasteurella multocida Infection in Rabbits | url=http://www.rabbit.org/care/pasteurella.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222153532/http://www.rabbit.org/care/pasteurella.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2005 | author = Barbara Deeb, DVM, MS Assistant Professor Dept. of Comparative Medicine University of Washington}} Pasturella spp. can be transmitted through the bite of a dog.{{cite web |title = Human Rabies Prevention, United States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | access-date = April 25, 2017 | date = 2008 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr57e507.pdf | page = 2 }} {{CDC}}

They have also been reported in red kangaroos{{cite journal |last1=Okoh |first1=A. E. J. |title=An outbreak of pasteurellosis in Kano Zoo |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=January 1980 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-16.1.3 |pmid=7373722 |s2cid=40925554 |doi-access=free }} and potoroos.{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Monique Y. |last2=Montali |first2=Richard J. |title=Pasteurellosis in Southern Potoroos |journal=The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine |date=1985 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.2307/20094727 |jstor=20094727 }}

Pasteurella Bisgaard taxon 45 was identified in late 2023 as the organism that killed nearly 400 elephants in Zimbabwe and Botswana during the summer of 2020{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/01/mystery-elephant-deaths-botswana-zimbabwe-pasteurella-bisgaard-taxon-45-aoe | title=It took years to solve the mystery elephant deaths. Now, the threat is spreading | newspaper=The Guardian | date=November 2023 | last1=Weston | first1=Phoebe }}{{cite journal |last1=Foggin |first1=Chris M. |last2=Rosen |first2=Laura E. |last3=Henton |first3=Marijke M. |last4=Buys |first4=Angela |last5=Floyd |first5=Toby |last6=Turner |first6=Andrew D. |last7=Tarbin |first7=Jonathan |last8=Lloyd |first8=Antony S. |last9=Chaitezvi |first9=Columbas |last10=Ellis |first10=Richard J. |last11=Roberts |first11=Helen C. |last12=Dastjerdi |first12=Akbar |last13=Nunez |first13=Alejandro |last14=van Vliet |first14=Arnoud H. M. |last15=Steinbach |first15=Falko |title=Pasteurella sp. associated with fatal septicaemia in six African elephants |journal=Nature Communications |date=25 October 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6398 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41987-z |pmid=37880229 |pmc=10600241 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6398F }}

=Antibiotic sensitivity=

P. multocida is highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.{{cite web |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/pages/Pets-and-Pasteurella-Infections.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token |title=Pets and Pasteurella Infections |publisher=healthy children.org |date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2012}}

= Possible complications =

Osteomyelitis is a possible complication of P. multocida, which can subsequently lead to necrotizing fasciitis.{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pasteurella-infections |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.uptodate.com}}

References

External links

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5269766.stm Man 'first rabbit flu victim' - BBC News]
[https://archive.today/20130415155323/http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/past.shtml "Your Bunny Probably Has It - Pasteurella" by Astrid M. Kruse, DVM]

Category:Pasteurellales

Category:Bacteria genera

Category:Pathogenic bacteria