Pasteurella canis

“Micrococcus gallicidus” was the first scientific name used for these bacteria.{{cite book|author=Illinois Industrial University, Board of Trustees|title=Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University|year=1882}}{{cite journal|last=Burrill|first=T.J.|title=New species of Micrococcus (bacteria)|journal=Am. Nat.|volume=17|pages=319–320}} For a short time, the bacteria were unofficially placed in different genera, such as Octopsis, Coccobacillus, and Eucystia. In 1887, genus “Pasteurella” was proposed to honor Louis Pasteur for his critical discoveries in the field of microbiology.

Before molecular technology was available, species were often labeled based on staining and the hosts from where species were isolated. The name "multocida" was ultimately adopted to represent all the Pasteurella species.{{cite journal|last=Sneath|first=P.H.A.|title=Status of nomenclatural types in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names|journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.|year=1982|volume=32|issue=4|pages=459–460|doi=10.1099/00207713-32-4-459|doi-access=free}} Until 1932, the genus Pasteurella only consisted of the species type Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella canis sp. nov. was previously classified as P. multocida biotype 6 or “dog-type” strains. In 1985, Pasteurella underwent taxonomic reclassification based on DNA hybridization, resulting in several subspecies of P. multocida and new Pasteurella species, including P. canis.

P. canis includes two biotypes: biovar 1 originated from canines, whereas biovar 2 originated from bovines. The two biotypes are distinguishable from an indole test: biovar 1 is indole positive whereas biovar 2 is indole negative.

P. canis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that shows bipolar staining. P. canis forms small, grey-colored, round, and smooth colonies.{{cite journal|last=Rashid|first=N|author2=Zam, Z. |author3=MdNoor, S. |author4=Siti-Raihan, I |author5=Azhany, Y. |title=Pasteurella canis Isolation following Penetrating Eye Injury: A Case Report|journal=Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine |year=2012|pages=362–369|pmc=3350076 |pmid=22606491 |doi=10.1155/2012/362369 |volume=2012|doi-access=free}} It is also nonhaemolytic and nonmotile.{{cite journal|last=de la Puente Redondo|first=V.A.|author2=Gutierrez Martin, C.B. |author3=Garcia del Blanco, N. |author4=Antolin Ayala, M.I. |author5=Alonso Alonso, P. |author6=Rodriguez Ferri, E.F.|title=Systemic Infection by Pasteurella canis Biotype 1 in Newborn Puppies|journal= Journal of Comparative Pathology|year=2000|volume=123|issue=2–3|pages=195–197 |doi=10.1053/jcpa.2000.0394|pmid=11032675}}

P. canis is reported as aerobic and facultative anaerobic in different sources.{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=E.J.C. |author2=Citron, D.M. |author3=Vreni Merrian, C.|title= Linezolid Activity Compared to Those of Selected Macrolides and Other Agents against Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathogens Isolated from Soft Tissue Bite Infections in Humans|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|year=1999|pages=1469–1474|pmid=10348773|volume=43|issue=6 |pmc=89299 |doi=10.1128/aac.43.6.1469}} It metabolizes both glucose and sucrose. In addition to morphological typing, biochemical tests are commonly used to identify the species. P. canis is positive for catalase, oxidase, and ornithine decarboxylase, but negative for lysine decarboxylase, V-factor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), D-mannitol, dulcitol, D-sorbitol, urease, maltose, and L-arabinose.{{cite journal|last=Christensen|first=H |author2=Angen, Ø. |author3=Olsen, J.E. |author4=Bisgaard, M.|title=Revised description and classification of atypical isolates of Pasteurella multocida from bovine lungs based on genotypic characterization to include variants previously classified as biovar 2 of Pasteurella canis and Pasteurella avium|journal=Microbiology|year=2004|volume=150|issue=6|pages=1757–1767|doi=10.1099/mic.0.26720-0 |pmid=15184562|doi-access=free}} It can also be indole positive or negative depending on the biotype.

Molecular analysis of the genome has become the popular method to identify bacteria. The genome of P. canis has yet to be fully sequenced, but several genes and their sequences were already identified.{{cite web|title=Pasteurella canis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=753|work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser|access-date=April 19, 2013}} Among them, 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, RNA polymerase subunit B (rpoB), and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (sodA) are used to study Pasteurella phylogeny.{{cite journal|last=Kainz|first=A|author2=Lubitz, W. |author3=Busse, H.J. |title=Genomic Fingerprints, ARDRA Profiles and Quinone Systems for Classification of Pasteurella sensu stricto|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|year=2000|volume=23|issue=4|pages=494–503|doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(00)80023-5|pmid=11249019}}{{cite journal|last=Król|first=J |author2=Florek, M. |author3=Pliszczak-Król, A. |author4=Staroniewicz, Z.|title=Microbiologic analysis of bite wounds in humans caused by dogs and cats|journal=Medycyna Weterynaryjna|year=2006|volume=62|issue=5|pages=498}}{{cite journal|last=Król|first=J|author2=Bania, J. |author3=Florek, M. |author4=Podkowik, M. |author5=Pliszczak-Król, A. |author6=Staroniewicz, Z. |title=Genetic Diversity of Pasteurella dagmatis as Assessed by Analysis of the 16S rRNA and rpoB Gene Sequences|journal=Curr. Microbiol.|year=2011|volume=63|issue=1|pages=87–93|doi=10.1007/s00284-011-9949-6|pmid=21573831|pmc=3104006}} However, molecular and biochemical analyses often show conflicting results. For example, research has suggested some P. canis strains were in fact members of P. multocida based on DNA analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of P. canis and P. dagmatis also showed conflicting results, based on their 16s rRNA sequences and biochemical tests done on the strains.{{cite journal|last=Sellyei|first=B|author2=Wehmann, E. |author3=Makrai, L. |author4=Magyar, T. |title=Evaluation of the Biolog system for the identification of certain closely related Pasteurella species|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |year=2011|volume=71|issue=1|pages=6–11|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.04.016|pmid=21795002}}

P. canis is an opportunistic pathogen that can infect both animals and humans.

P. canis can be found in healthy domesticated, farm-raised, and wild animals, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, sheep, cattle, ferrets, deer, and even California sea lions. The bacteria are normally isolated from the oral cavities and respiratory tracts of these animals.{{cite journal|last=Biberstein|first=E.L.|author2=Jang, S.S. |author3=Kass, P.H. |author4=Hirsh, D.C. |title=Distribution of indole-producing urease-negative Pasteurellas in animals|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|year=1991|volume=3|issue=4|pages=319–323|doi=10.1177/104063879100300408|pmid=1760464|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Bourgault|first=A |author2=Bada R. |author3=Messier, S.|title=Isolation of Pasteurella canis from a foal with polyarthritis|journal=Can Vet J|year=1994|volume=35|issue=4|pages=244–245|pmid=8076283|pmc=1686756 }}{{cite journal|last=Hansen|first=M.J.|author2=Bertelsen, M.F. |author3=Christensen, H. |author4=Bisgaard, M. |author5=Bojesen, A.M. |title=Occurrence of Pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of selected marine mammal species|journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |year=2012|volume=43|issue=4|pages=828–835|doi=10.1638/2011-0264r1.1|pmid=23272350}}{{cite journal|last=Sarkozi|first=R|author2=Makrai, L. |author3=Fodor, L. |title=Characterization of Pasteurella species isolated from oral cavity of cats|journal=Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja|year=2011|volume=133|issue=9|pages=540–545}}{{cite journal|last=Yefet|first=E|author2=Abozaid, S. |author3=Nasser, W. |author4=Peretz, A. |author5=Zarfin, Y. |title=Unusual infection--Pasteurella canis bacteremia in a child after exposure to rabbit secretions|journal=Harefuah|year=2011|volume=150|issue=1|pages=13–5, 70|pmid=21449149}} P. canis biotype 1 was shown to secrete a toxin analogous to P. multocida toxin, but its identity is unknown.{{cite journal|last=Holst|first=E|author2=Rollof, J. |author3=Larsson, L. |author4=Nielsen, J.P. |title=Characterization and Distribution of Pasteurella Species Recovered from Infected Humans|journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=30|issue=11|year=1992|pages=2984–2987|doi=10.1128/JCM.30.11.2984-2987.1992|pmid=1452670|pmc=270564|doi-access=free}} P. canis is responsible for a number of canine infections, including systemic infection, external otitis, bacterial rhinitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, meningomyelitis (a type of myelitis), bronchopneumonia, tracheitis, paranasal sinus inflammation, and toxicosis.{{cite journal|last=Csebi|first=P|author2=Jakab, C.|author3=Janosi, K. |author4=Sellyei, B. |author5=Ipolyi, T. |author6=Szabo, Z.|title=Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Meningomyelitis Caused by Pasteurella canis in a Dog – Clinicopathological Case Report|journal= Acta Veterinaria Hungarica |year=2010|volume=58|issue=4|pages=413–421|doi=10.1556/avet.58.2010.4.2|pmid=21087911}}{{cite journal|last=Knotek|first=Z|author2=Fichtel, T. |author3=Kohout, P. |author4=Benák, J. |title=Diseases of Nasal Cavity in the Dog. Aetiology, Symptomatology, Diagnostics|journal=Acta Vet. Brno|year=2001|volume=70|issue=1|pages=73–82|doi=10.2754/avb200170010073|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Zamankhan|first=M.H.|author2=Jamshidi, S. |author3=Zahraei, S.T. |title=Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs|journal=Vet Res Commun|year=2010|volume=34|issue=5|pages=435–444|doi=10.1007/s11259-010-9417-y|pmid=20526674|s2cid=8911559}} Horses infected with the bacteria may develop arthritis. The bacteria also cause pneumonia in cattle and various infections in sheep, cats, rabbits, and deer.

P. canis usually does not affect humans{{cite journal |last1=Faceira |first1=Ana |last2=Póvoa |first2=Sara |last3=Souteiro |first3=Pedro |last4=Ceia |first4=Filipa |last5=Ferreira |first5=Susana |title=Human infection by Pasteurella canis – A case report |journal=Porto Biomedical Journal |date=March 2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.005 |pmid=32258587 |url=https://journals.lww.com/pbj/Fulltext/2017/03000/Human_infection_byPasteurella_canis__A_case_report.6.aspx |access-date=6 March 2023|pmc=6806975 }} but may be transmitted from animals to humans through animal bites, scratches, or licking over wounds. However, some patients developed infections without any scratches and puncture wounds.{{cite journal|last=Hazelton|first=M.J.|author2=Axt, M.W. |author3=Jones, C.A. |title=Pasteurella canis Osteoarticular Infections in Childhood: Review of Bone and Joint Infections Due to Pasteurella Species Over 10 Years at a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital and in the Literature|journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics|year=2013|volume=33|issue=3|pages=E34–E38|doi=10.1097/bpo.0b013e318287ffe6|pmid=23482278|s2cid=20655243}} In one case, a patient exposed to rabbit secretions was infected with P. canis. Those with rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus are more susceptible to the bacteria. Patients who are immunocompromised also have higher risk of infections.

P. canis often causes soft-tissue infections and wound infections, as well as systemic bacteremia in humans. These infections include peritonitis, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, and arthritis.{{cite journal|last=Balikoglu-Yilmaz|first=M|author2=Yilmaz, T. |author3=Esen, A.B. |author4=Engin, K.N. |author5=Taskapili, M. |title=Pasteurella canis and Granulicatella adiacens Conjunctivitis Outbreak Resistant to Empirical Treatment in a Child Welfare Agency|journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus |year=2012|volume=49|issue=5|pages=314–319|doi=10.3928/01913913-20120710-02|pmid=22800794}}{{cite journal|last=Castellano|first=I|author2=Marín, J.P. |author3=Gallego, S. |author4=Mora Rangel, G. |author5=Suarez, M.A. |author6=Deira, J.L. |author7=Garcia–Bernalt, V. |author8=Novillo, R. |author9=Gómez–Martino, J.R.|title=Pasteurella canis Peritonitis in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient |journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International |year=2011|volume=31|issue=4|pages=503–504|doi=10.3747/pdi.2011.00007|pmid=21799062|s2cid=19793398}} Joint prosthetics can also be infected by the bacteria.{{cite journal|last=Mondo|first=D|author2=Bouillet, B. |author3=Lesens, O. |author4=Descamps, D. |title=First report of a total knee arthroplasty infected by Pasteurella canis|journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=2010|volume=40|issue=10|pages=600–1 |doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2010.02.006|pmid=20462714}} Less commonly, this bacterium may result in respiratory infections, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and meningitis. Most patients with pulmonary infections caused by this species are elderly with pre-existing chronic lung diseases such as COPD.

Many common antibiotics can successfully treat P. canis infections in both humans and animals. P. canis has shown sensitivity to ampicillin (penicillin), cefuroxime (second-generation cephalosporin), most third-generation cephalosporins (cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefoperazone), ciprofloxacin (quinolones), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamides), chloramphenicol, most aminoglycosides, and tetracycline. However, the bacterium is also resistant to numerous drugs, such as dicloxacillin (penicillin), some aminoglycosides (spectinomycin and neomycin), vancomycin (glycopeptides), cephalexin and cefadoxil (first-generation cephalosporin), erythromycin (macrolides), and imipenem (carbapenem).

• Pasteurella anatis
• Pasteurella dagmatis
• Pasteurella langaa
• Pasteurella multocida
• Pasteurella stomatis

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226145037/http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=%2Fhealthatoz%2FAtoz%2Fency%2Fanimal_bite_infections.jsp Animal bite infections (healthAtoZ.com)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130321082441/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/bacdico/pp/dagmatis.html Bacterio entry]
• [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=11730&submit=Search Type strain of Pasteurella canis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}

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Category:Bacterial diseases

Category:Zoonoses

Category:Pasteurellales

Category:Bacteria described in 1985