Pastiche

{{short description|Art genre based on imitating the style or character of other artists' work}}

File:Pastiche.jpg and Botticelli (Portrait of a Woman and {{ill|Portrait of a Young Woman (Botticelli, Florence)|lt=Portrait of a Young Woman|it|Ritratto di giovane donna (Botticelli Pitti)|fr|Portrait de jeune femme (Botticelli, Florence)|es|Retrato de una joven (Botticelli, 1475)}} respectively), using Photoshop]]

A pastiche ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|s|t|iː|ʃ|,_|p|ɑː|-}}){{cite Dictionary.com|pastiche}}{{cite Merriam-Webster|pastiche |access-date=2024-07-13}} is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists.{{cite book |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJVlZjIe5o8C&pg=PA1005 |page=1005 |isbn=978-0-691-15491-6 |editor=Roland Greene |editor2=Stephen Cushman |editor3=Clare Cavanagh |editor4=Jahan Ramazani |editor5=Paul F. Rouzer |editor6=Harris Feinsod |editor7=David Marno |editor8=Alexandra Slessarev |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press}} Unlike parody, pastiche pays homage to the work it imitates, rather than mocking it.{{cite book |last=Hoestery |first=Ingeborg |title=Pastiche: Cultural Memory in Art, Film, Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfpcjdU5fD8C |year=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-33880-8 |oclc=44812124 |page=1 |access-date=2 August 2013}}

The word {{lang|fr|pastiche}} is the French borrowing of the Italian noun {{wikt-lang|it|pasticcio}}, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients.Oxford English Dictionary s.v. “pastiche, n. & adj.”, July 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1154136639 {{OEtymD|pastiche|accessdate=2013-08-02}} Its first recorded use in this sense was in 1878.{{OEtymD|pastiche|accessdate=2024-10-06}} Metaphorically, {{lang|fr|pastiche}} and {{lang|it|pasticcio}} describe works that are either composed by several authors, or that incorporate stylistic elements of other artists' work. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art.

Allusion is not pastiche. A literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Allusion requires the audience to share in the author's cultural knowledge.{{Cite book |title=A Glossary of Literary Terms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9VkYJuVn9YC&pg=PA12 |isbn=978-1-4130-3390-8 |last1=Abrams |first1=Meyer Howard |last2=Harpham |first2=Geoffrey |year=2009| publisher=Cengage Learning }} Allusion and pastiche are both mechanisms of intertextuality.

By art

=Literature=

In literary usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of another's style; although jocular, it is usually respectful. The word implies a lack of originality or coherence, an imitative jumble, but with the advent of postmodernism, pastiche has become positively construed as a deliberate, witty homage or playful imitation.{{cite book |last1=Bowen |first1=C. |title=Pastiche |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |isbn=978-1-4008-4142-4 |page=1005}}

For example, many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes, originally penned by Arthur Conan Doyle, have been written as pastiches since the author's time.{{cite web |url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=8047 |title=Pastiche Nuts |last=Lopresti |first=Rob |date=2009-08-12 |work=Tune It Or Die! |publisher=Criminal Brief |access-date=2010-01-10}}{{cite web |url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=125 |title=When Good Characters Go Bad |last=Lundin |first=Leigh |date=2007-07-15 |work=ADD Detective |publisher=Criminal Brief |access-date=2010-01-10}} Ellery Queen and Nero Wolfe are other popular subjects of mystery parodies and pastiches.{{cite web |url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=3561 |title=The Pastiche |last=Andrews |first=Dale |date=2008-10-28 |work=Mystery Masterclass |publisher=Criminal Brief |access-date=2010-01-10}}{{cite web |url=http://www.themysteryplace.com/forum/messages.aspx?TopicID=241 |title=Pastiche vs. fan fiction. Dividing line? |last1=Ritchie |first1=James |author2=Tog |author3=Gleason, Bill |author4=Lopresti, Rob |author5=Andrews, Dale |author6=Baker, Jeff |date=2009-12-29 |work=The Mystery Place |publisher=Ellery Queen, Alfred Hitchcock, Dell Magazines |location=New York |access-date=2010-01-10}}

A similar example of pastiche is the posthumous continuations of the Robert E. Howard stories, written by other writers without Howard's authorization. This includes the Conan the Barbarian stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter.

David Lodge's novel The British Museum Is Falling Down (1965) is a pastiche of works by Joyce, Kafka, and Virginia Woolf. In 1991, Alexandra Ripley wrote the novel Scarlett, a pastiche of Gone with the Wind, in an unsuccessful attempt to have it recognized as a canonical sequel.

In 2017, John Banville published Mrs. Osmond, a sequel to Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady, written in a style similar to that of James.{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Helen |title=Mrs Osmond review: John Banville takes on Isabel Archer after Portrait of a Lady |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/mrs-osmond-review-john-banville-takes-on-isabel-archer-after-portrait-of-a-lady-20180222-h0whl3.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=22 February 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019 }} In 2018, Ben Schott published Jeeves and the King of Clubs, an homage to P. G. Wodehouse's character Jeeves, with the blessing of the Wodehouse estate.{{cite web |last1=Garcia-Navarro |first1=Lulu |title=Jeeves And Wooster, But Make It A Modern Spy Novel: An Interview with Ben Schott |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/02/672391198/jeeves-and-wooster-but-make-it-a-modern-spy-novel |publisher=NPR |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019}}

=Music=

Charles Rosen has characterized Mozart's various works in imitation of Baroque style as pastiche, and Edvard Grieg's Holberg Suite was written as a conscious homage to the music of an earlier age. Some of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's works, such as his Variations on a Rococo Theme and Serenade for Strings, employ a poised "classical" form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as Mozart (the composer whose work was his favorite).{{cite encyclopedia |last=Brown |first=David |article=Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich |title=The New Grove Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians |location=London |publisher=MacMillan |date=1980 |editor-last=Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |isbn=0-333-23111-2 |volume=18 |page=628}} Perhaps one of the best examples of pastiche in modern music is that of George Rochberg, who used the technique in his String Quartet No. 3 of 1972 and Music for the Magic Theater. Rochberg turned to pastiche from serialism after the death of his son in 1963.

"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen is unusual as it is a pastiche in both senses of the word, as there are many distinct styles imitated in the song, all "hodge-podged" together to create one piece of music.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/oct95/queen.html |title=An Invitation to the Opera |last=Baker |first=Roy Thomas |date=October 1995 |magazine=Sound on Sound |access-date=2010-09-29}} A similar earlier example is "Happiness is a Warm Gun" by the Beatles. One can find musical "pastiches" throughout the work of the American composer Frank Zappa. Comedian/parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic has also recorded several songs that are pastiches of other popular recording artists, such as Devo ("Dare to Be Stupid"), Talking Heads ("Dog Eat Dog"), Rage Against the Machine ("I'll Sue Ya"), and The Doors ("Craigslist"), though these so-called "style parodies" often walk the line between celebration (pastiche) and send-up (parody). Acclaimed Alternative rock band Ween, known for their eclectic catalog of inspirations, have been argued to have created pastiches superior to their source inspirations.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.popmatters.com/the-affectionate-parodies-and-ironic-diss-positions-of-ween-2496210046.html |title=The Affectionate Parodies and Ironic Diss-Positions of Ween |last=Ellis |first= Iain |date=30 September 2007 |magazine=PopMatters |access-date=2024-04-14}}

A pastiche Mass is a musical Mass where the constituent movements come from different Mass settings. Most often, this convention has been chosen for concert performances, particularly by early-music ensembles. Masses are composed of movements: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei; for example, the Missa Solemnis by Beethoven and the Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut. In a pastiche Mass, the performers may choose a Kyrie from one composer, and a Gloria from another; or choose a Kyrie from one setting of an individual composer, and a Gloria from another.

=Musical theatre=

In musical theatre, pastiche is often an indispensable tool for evoking the sounds of a particular era for which a show is set. For the 1971 musical Follies, a show about a reunion of performers from a musical revue set between the World Wars, Stephen Sondheim wrote over a dozen songs in the style of Broadway songwriters of the 1920s and 1930s. Sondheim imitates not only the music of composers such as Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, and George Gershwin but also the lyrics of writers such as Ira Gershwin, Dorothy Fields, Otto Harbach, and Oscar Hammerstein II. For example, Sondheim notes that the torch song "Losing My Mind" sung in the show contains "near-stenciled rhythms and harmonies" from the Gershwins' "The Man I Love" and lyrics written in the style of Dorothy Fields.{{Cite book |first=Stephen |last=Sondheim |author-link=Stephen Sondheim |chapter=Follies |title=Finishing the Hat |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |date=2010 |page=235}} Examples of musical pastiche also appear in other Sondheim shows including Gypsy, Saturday Night, Assassins, and Anyone Can Whistle.{{sfn|Sondheim|2010|page=200}}

=Film=

Pastiche can also be a cinematic device whereby filmmakers pay homage to another filmmaker's style and use of cinematography, including camera angles, lighting, and mise en scène. A film's writer may also offer a pastiche based on the works of other writers (this is especially evident in historical films and documentaries but can be found in non-fiction drama, comedy and horror films as well). Italian director Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West is a pastiche of earlier American Westerns. Another major filmmaker, Quentin Tarantino, often uses various plots, characteristics, and themes from many films to create his films, among them from the films of Sergio Leone, in effect creating a pastiche of a pastiche. Tarantino has openly stated that "I steal from every single movie ever made."{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/markets-festivals/quentin-tarantino-the-great-recycler-1200703098/ |title=Quentin Tarantino: The Great Recycler |first=Peter |last=Debruge |date=7 October 2013 }} Director Todd Haynes' 2002 film Far from Heaven was a conscious attempt to replicate a typical Douglas Sirk melodrama—in particular All That Heaven Allows.

In cinema, the influence of George Lucas's Star Wars films (spawning their own pastiches, such as the 1983 3D film Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn) can be regarded as a function of postmodernity.{{sfn|Jameson|1991}}{{cite book |last=Sandoval |first=Chela |title=Methodology of the Oppressed |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=2000}}

=Architecture=

File:Parliament at Sunset.JPG was built in a pastiche Perpendicular Gothic Revival style in the Victorian period]]

In discussions of urban planning, the term "pastiche" may describe developments as imitations of the building styles created by major architects: with the implication that the derivative work is unoriginal and of little merit, and the term is generally attributed without reference to its urban context. Many 19th and 20th century European developments can in this way be described as pastiches, such as the work of Vincent Harris and Edwin Lutyens{{Cite web |last=McKellar |first=Elizabeth |date=30 September 2016 |title=You Didn't Know it was Neo-Georgian |url=https://heritagecalling.com/2016/09/30/you-didnt-know-it-was-neo-georgian/ |website=Heritage Calling }} who created early 20th century Neoclassical and Neo-Georgian architectural developments in Britain, or of later pastiche works based on the architecture of the modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and the Bauhaus{{Cite news |title=An Architectural Guide on Bauhaus-Inspired Projects Around the World |url=https://www.archdaily.com/929457/an-architectural-guide-on-bauhaus-inspired-projects-around-the-world |website=Archdaily|date=12 December 2019 }} movement. The term itself is not pejorative.{{cite book |first=James Stevens |last=Curl |author-link=James Stevens Curl |title=Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |date=2006 |page=562}} Alain de Botton described it as "an unconvincing reproduction of the styles of the past".{{cite web |title=Alain de Botton: The Perfect Home |publisher=Channel 4 |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-perfect-home/episode-guide |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207012254/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-perfect-home/episode-guide |archive-date=2016-02-07}}