Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels#Tramway
{{Short description|Peat mining in England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
File:Peat Works, Somerset - geograph.org.uk - 81263.jpg, 2005 ]]
Peat has been extracted from the Somerset Levels in South West England since the area was first drained by the Romans, and continues in the 21st century on an area of less than 0.5% of the total geography. The modern system in recycling land back to farm use and conservation has resulted in the creation of numerous Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
Context
{{main|Somerset Levels}}
Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels, particularly in the River Brue Valley, during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted.{{cite web |title=Somerset |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID30.aspx |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329003609/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID30.aspx |archivedate=29 March 2014}}
In June 1961, on opening a new areas for peat extraction, peat diggers found one half of a Flatbow. Carbon dated to the Neolithic period, it was given the name the Meare Heath Bow.{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaldigging.co.uk/features/meare-heath-bow/archaeology-meare-heath-bow-01.html |title=Meare Heath Bow |publisher=digitaldigging.co.uk |accessdate=2012-01-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126054307/http://www.digitaldigging.co.uk/features/meare-heath-bow/archaeology-meare-heath-bow-01.html |archivedate=2011-11-26}}
History
= Early =
Peat was extracted from the Moors during Roman times, since the Levels were first drained.{{cite web |title=Somerset Peat Paper – Issues consultation for the Minerals Core Strategy |url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/irj/go/km/docs/CouncilDocuments/SCC/Documents/Environment/Minerals%20and%20waste/Mineral%20consultation%20papers/Peat%20Extraction%20Paper.pdf |publisher=Somerset County Council |accessdate=30 November 2011 |page=7 |date=September 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310135710/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/irj/go/km/docs/CouncilDocuments/SCC/Documents/Environment/Minerals%20and%20waste/Mineral%20consultation%20papers/Peat%20Extraction%20Paper.pdf |archivedate=10 March 2012 }}
After the Romans left Britain, peat extraction was undertaken by hand by the owning or tenanted farmers.
= Victorian era =
By the late Victorian period, the Eclipse Peat Company was the main commercial extractor of peat, operating initially across Shapwick Heath.
File:Peat gatherers.JPG|Peat gatherers
File:Peat stacks and cutting.JPG|Peat stacks and cutting
File:Harvesting the peat.JPG|Harvesting the peat
= 20th century =
There was an extensive {{RailGauge|2ft|lk=on}} narrow gauge tramway operated by the Eclipse Peat Company to take workers to remote locations and then extract heavy loads of cut peat. Developed from 1922, it was initially operated by horses.{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15115|title=Shapwick — a history|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|accessdate=2012-01-15}} The tramway had its mainworks at the Broomfield Works, where from the 1930s the company constructed its own locomotives from kits supplied by R.A. Listers of Dursley, based around either Lister diesel or J.A.P. petrol engines. The railway crossed both the Glastonbury Canal and the former Somerset Central Railway from Burnham-on-Sea to Wells, near Ashcott railway station. Merged into the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, {{convert|1/2|mi|1}} west of Ashcott existed "Alexander siding", which allowed exchange between the SD&JR and the Eclipse tramway system, and hence distribution of cut peat products across the United Kingdom.{{cite web |url=http://www.sdjr.net/locations/ashcott.html |title=Ashcott |publisher=SDJR.net |accessdate=2012-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207022852/http://www.sdjr.net/locations/ashcott.html |archive-date=2012-02-07 |url-status=dead}} In 1949 a British Railways passenger train from Highbridge collided with an Eclipse narrow gauge diesel locomotive crossing on the level and left the track, ending up in the Glastonbury Canal.{{cite web |url=http://www.sdjr.net/sd_accidents.html |title=Accidents |publisher=SDJR.net |accessdate=2012-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207022901/http://www.sdjr.net/sd_accidents.html |archive-date=2012-02-07 |url-status=dead}} The tramway was worked for a final time in 1983, after which all transport was undertaken by road. One of the locomotives, Lister 42494, is currently preserved at Twyford Waterworks.{{cite web |url=http://www.twyfordwaterworks.co.uk/65-Industrial-Railway.aspx|title=Industrial Railway|publisher=Twyford Waterworks museaum |accessdate=2012-01-15}}
The introduction of plastic packaging in the 1950s allowed the peat to be packed without rotting, which led to the industrialisation of peat extraction during the 1960s to meet the demand for peat for horticulture. However, the resultant reduction in water levels put local ecosystems at risk; peat wastage in pasture fields was occurring at rates of 1–3 feet (0.3–0.8 m) per century.{{cite web |last=Brunning |first=Richard |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-87^16182_4000_0__ |title=Peat Wastage and Wetland Archaeology |accessdate=21 November 2009 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands }} The need to reduce the amount of peat extracted led to mechanisation, and hence Eclipse agreed to be bought by Fisons in 1961. This was the last year that hand-cutting was used to extract peat, and since that time all cutting has been done by machine.
= 21st century =
Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels continued in the 2000s, although at a much reduced scale.{{cite web |title=Somerset Levels and Moors/Mid Somerset Hills |url=http://countryside-quality-counts.org.uk/resources/ccvolume/JCA143-CCvolume.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101219012433/http://countryside-quality-counts.org.uk/resources/ccvolume/JCA143-CCvolume.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2010 |work=Character Areas |publisher=Countryside Quality Counts |accessdate=1 September 2010}} In 2012 the Fisons Eclipse Peat Works covered {{convert|3000|acre}}, but only {{convert|1100|acre}} were actually worked — less than 0.5% of the entire area of the Somerset Levels. Employing 90 people, more were employed in the summer when the peat was turned by hand to allow it to dry. 70% of production was sold in various products to domestic gardeners, while 30% was used for commercial purposes. After the company had finished working an area, it was environmentally restored, and then either resold to the original farmer, conservationists, or private buyers.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-344000-138000/page/3 |title=Fisons Eclipse Peat Works |publisher=BBC Domesday Book |accessdate=2012-01-15}} The system led to the creation of a number of Sites of Special Scientific Interest, giving a haven to wildlife on the levels.
File:Peat Extraction - geograph.org.uk - 96101.jpg|Preparing areas in the Somerset Levels for peat extraction, 2005
File:Flooded Peat Workings, Cold Harbour, Somerset - geograph.org.uk - 81282.jpg|Old peat working, now allowed to flood, at Cold Harbour, 2005
File:Old peat workings - geograph.org.uk - 668715.jpg|Old peat extraction areas, now flooded and "returned to nature", 2008
In 2022, Somerset Wildlife Trust issued a "position statement" on peat extraction in Somerset, calling for the practice to end immediately, and stating that "Given that the cost of peatland restoration will continue to increase until extraction ceases, it would be both illogical and an inefficient use of public funds for UK Governments to continue to invest in peatland restoration whilst permitting peat use and extraction to continue."{{cite web |title=Somerset Wildlife Trust Position Statement Peat Extraction |url=https://www.somersetwildlife.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/peat%20extraction%20position%20doc.pdf |publisher=Somerset Wildlife Trust |access-date=24 May 2023 |date=February 2022}}
In 2023, the local authority, Somerset County Council, was discussing with the British Government a way to pay the peat extraction companies to cease extraction from the Somerset Levels. The Council is run by the Liberal Democrats, who have promised to bring extraction to a halt. Companies still extracting peat in 2023 include Godwins, who were at that time making their compost with around 30% peat, and stating that they intended to make their products entirely peat-free. The Council has stated that all extraction licences are due to expire "by the end of 2042".{{cite news |last1=Bradley |first1=Ruth |title=Somerset Levels: Ending thousands of years of peat extraction |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-64406213 |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=BBC Somerset |date=27 January 2023}}
File:Peat extraction areas near Glastonbury.jpg|Peat extraction areas near Glastonbury
File:Peat extraction in strip next to reedbed.jpg|Peat extraction in strip next to a reed bed
File:Peat production on Somerset Levels.jpg|Factory with bagged peat, extraction in the background
File:Peat mountain on Somerset Levels.jpg|Pile of extracted peat with excavators