Pedimental sculptures in the United States
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File:Rideout pediment.jpg, Chicago, Illinois, by Alice Rideout]]
Pedimental sculptures are sculptures within the frame of a pediment on the exterior of a building, some examples of which can be found in the United States. Pedimental sculpture pose special challenges to sculptors: the triangular composition limits the choices for figures or ornament at the ends, and the sculpture must be designed to be viewed both from below and from a distance.
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History
= Classical tradition =
Historian Walter Copland Perry wrote that it was proof of the power of Greek art that the classical sculptors not only overcame the rigid restrictions of the pediment's shape, but turned them to their advantage.{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Walter Copland |title=Greek and Roman Sculpture: A Popular Introduction to the History of Greek and Roman Sculpture |date=1 January 1882 |publisher=Longmans, Green |pages=213–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebQnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238 |access-date=8 September 2021}} Compositionally, the restrictions imposed by both the physical triangular shape of a pediment, and the traditional themes that are usually employed for the subject matter, are, according to Professor Gardner of Oxford University, “as exactly regulated as that of a sonnet or a Spenserian stanza: the artist has liberty only in certain directions and must not violate the laws of rhythm.”Price, Matlack, "The Problem of the Pediment," The Architectural Forum, July 1925, Volume XLIII, Number 1, pp. 1.
In all examples, classical and modern, the central area below the apex is inevitably the tallest, most spacious, the natural focus, and will contain the main figures and the focus of action. Secondary figures decrease in size and importance on both sides, as they approach the far angles at the base. The well-known classical examples all observe "unity of action", although the Greek historian Pausanias describes a sculpture by Praxiteles in which Hercules appears several times in different sizes.
As with the ancient Greeks, and the Roman architects and sculptors who followed them, American artists had two different structural approaches creating pedimental sculpture. They are either freestanding statues that stand on the bed (the ledge or cornice that creates the bottom of the pediment), or they can be relief sculpture, attached to the back wall of the pediment.Webb, Pamela A., Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: Figural Motifs in Western Anatolia and the Aegean Islands, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1996 pp.23-25Rogers, L.R., Relief Sculpture: The Appreciation of the Arts 8, Oxford University Press, London, 1974 p. 1 As an additional physical restriction in the pediment format, a deeper recess will throw the triangular field into deeper shadow, which means the figures should be executed in deeper relief or fully in the round.
= United States =
Pedimental sculptures in the United States were rare prior to the 1880s, most surviving examples in cities along the east coast. The earliest seems to be Whitehall (1765), outside Annapolis, Maryland, attributed to English architect Joseph Horatio Anderson and English-born carver William Buckland, typical of early dependence on European talent.Taft, Lorado, History of American Sculpture, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1903, revised with new matter, 1925, p. 5
Greek Revival architecture became dominant throughout the first half of the 19th century, but almost always with chaste, blank pediments. It was only post-Civil War, with the advent of the American Renaissance and the City Beautiful movement – especially the architectural vision of "The White City" presented at Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 – that the use of sculpture in pediments increased dramatically.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
The advent of the Great Depression largely brought the use of pediment sculpture to a halt,{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} with the major exception of government buildings of the Federal Triangle in Washington, D.C. completed in the mid-1930s. One 21st-century example is the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee, with a pedimental sculpture Orpheus and Eurydice by sculptor Raymond Kaskey completed in 2006.{{cite web |title=Building Art |url=https://www.nashvillesymphony.org/about/schermerhorn-symphony-center/building-art/ |website=Nashville Symphony Schermerhorn Symphony Center |access-date=8 September 2021}}
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Pedimental sculptures in Washington, D.C. (by building)
=Pedimental sculptures (by state, city, and building)=
Alabama
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Calhoun County Courthouse
|25 West 11th Street, |Eagle pediment | |1900 | |a flying eagle flanked by fasces and cornucopias |
Arizona
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Santa Cruz County Courthouse[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14T8G92523375.114&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=AZ000452&index=.NW&x=11&y=9 Santa Cruz County Courthouse], from SIRIS.
|Morley Avenue & Court Street, | | |1904 | |File:Santa Cruz County Courthouse.jpgNow a museum. |
California
Colorado
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Colorado State Capitol
|200 East Colfax Avenue, |West pediment: | |1894 | |
Pueblo County Courthouse
|10th & Main Streets, |Eagle and wreath | |1912 |white sandstone |
Connecticut
Georgia
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Georgia State Capitol
|Capitol Square, |West pediment: Seal of Georgia, flanked by Commerce, Industry, Justice, and Prosperity[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=147M0B853050D.192&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=GA000107&index=.NW&x=21&y=7 Capitol Building - Pediment], from SIRIS. |1889 |Oolitic limestone |File:Georgia State Capitol, Atlanta, Northwest view 20160716 1.jpgThe building's other pediments are blank. |
Chatham Academy
|Bull Street & East Oglethorpe Avenue, |pediment on western facade: a scene of several young women studying, with a background of the Coliseum and the Parthenon |unknown |Henry Urban |1908 |stone | |
Idaho
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Boise High School
|1010 West Washington Street, |1922 | |A relief head of Plato is at center. |
Illinois
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Civic Opera Building
|20 North Wacker Drive, |100pxNorth entrance |Pediments over north and south entrances |Graham, Anderson, Probst & White |1929 | |File:Civic Opera House.jpgHome of the Lyric Opera of Chicago |
Kankakee County Courthouse
|450 East Court Street, | | |1912 | |Similar pediments above "KANKAKEE COUNTY COURTHOUSE" on north and south sides of courthouse include an escutcheon (coat of arms) representing the county.{{cite web|url=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/223437.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071955/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/223437.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Kankakee County Courthouse / Courthouse Square |publisher=State of Illinois |author=Mardene Hinton and Terri Hult |date=September 10, 2006 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |page=8}} |
Indiana
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Allen County Courthouse
|715 South Calhoun Street, |100pxSpirit of the Law |Calhoun Street pediment: Spirit of Civilization |Barth & Staak? |1902 |Bedford limestone |
Circle Theater[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1478189K2GR21.74&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=IN000371&index=.NW&x=12&y=14 Circle Theater Reliefs], from SIRIS.
|45 Monument Circle, | |Alexander Sangernebo |1916 |terra cotta | |
Indiana State House
|200 West Washington Street, |East pediment: | |Edwin May |1888 | |
rowspan="2" |Tippecanoe County Courthouse
|rowspan="2" |Public Square, |North and south pediments: William Henry Harrison - Marquis de Lafayette - Tecumseh[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14A77P28O7126.6474&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=IN000853&index=.NW&x=8&y=9 Tippecanoe County Courthouse], from SIRIS. |rowspan="2" |J. L. Mott Iron Works |rowspan="2" |Elias Max and/or |rowspan="2" |1884 |rowspan="2" |painted zinc |rowspan="2" |File:Tippecanoe courthouse 7-2004.jpgIdentical sculpture groups on the north and south pediments, and on the east and west pediments. |
100px
|East and west pediments: Justice - Industry - Agriculture |
Boone County Courthouse
|Courthouse Square, | |Joseph T. Hutton |1911 |limestone |The building has identical sculptured pediments on the north and south facades. |
Muncie Public Library
|301 East Jackson Street, | | |1903 |Indiana limestone | |
Vigo County Courthouse
|33 So. 3rd St., | | | 1888 | | |
Iowa
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Iowa State Capitol
|100pxEast facade |East and west pediments are identical, with five robed, female, allegorical figures, the central one holding a torch | |John C. Cochrane |1886 |sandstone |File:Iowa State House; Des Moines, Iowa; June 30, 2013.JPGWest facade: |
Dubuque County Courthouse
|720 Central Avenue, |West facade: Eagle pediment | |Fridolin Heer & Son |1891 | |File:Dubuque County Courthouse.jpgPainted zinc sculptures adorn the roof: |
Macbride Hall
|University of Iowa, |A buffalo stands flanked by two elk |Sinclair Shearer{{cite web|title=Macbride Hall|url=https://mnh.uiowa.edu/macbride-hall|website=University of Iowa|access-date=1 December 2016}} |1908 | | |
Greene County Courthouse
|114 North Chestnut Street, |male and female figures flank a clock | |1918 | | |
First Newton National Bank
|100 N 2nd Avenue West, | |a central figure of agricultural plenty is surrounded by four other figures and farm scenes in low relief{{cite web|title=First Newton National Bank celebrates 80th anniversary|url=http://www.newtondailynews.com/2012/12/14/first-newton-national-bank-celebrates-80th-anniversary/a61kzsy/?page=1|website=Newton Daily News|access-date=14 November 2016}} | |E. Jackson Case Company of Chicago{{cite web|title=Newton Downtown Historic District|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/14000665.pdf|website=National Register Historical Places application|access-date=14 November 2016}} |1920 | | |
Kentucky
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Kenton County Library
|1028 Scott Street, |pediment with four figures surrounding an angel |1904 |sandstone |Built as a Carnegie library and auditorium | |
Mother of God Roman Catholic Church
|119 West Sixth Street, | 100px
|The Annunciation |unknown |architect James Keys Wilson of Walter & Stuart{{cite web |title=NRHP Nomination Form |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/73000813_text |website=US Natl Park Svcs Dept of Interior |publisher=U.S. Government |access-date=8 September 2020}} |1871 |unknown | |
Kentucky State Capitol
|Charles Henry Niehaus |1906 |File:Kentucky State Capitol Front.jpgThe building's east, west and south pediments are blank. | |
Louisville City Hall
|601 West Jefferson Street, |unknown |John Andrew Artha |1873 |Indiana limestone |The pedimental sculpture depicts a steam locomotive moving toward southern flora. |
Louisiana
Maryland
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Maryland State House Annex
|Maryland | |1905 | |File:Maryland State House from College Ave.JPGThe west portico and pediment were part of a 1902-05 expansion of the 1722 building. |
Whitehall
|Maryland |1765 |painted wood | |
Baltimore City Recreational Pier
|Maryland | |1914 |limestone | |
First Unitarian Church
|Maryland |Pediment with the Angel of Truth emerging from a sunburst{{cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-70.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: First Unitarian Church|date=August 1971|access-date=2016-11-07 |author=W. Bruce Morton, III|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}} |Antonio Cappellano |1818 |polychrome terra cotta |The pedimental sculpture was replaced by a copy, 1960.{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1296&ResourceType=Building|title=First Unitarian Church|access-date=2016-11-07|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308073619/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1296&ResourceType=Building|archive-date=2009-03-08}} |
Baltimore Museum of Art
|Maryland |1930 |limestone | |
St. Mary's Seminary and University
|Maryland | |unknown |1929 | | |
Colonial Theatre
|Maryland |two figures, with lute and lyre, face each other, with two angelic putti{{cite web|title=A Historic Building|url=http://www.bridgeoflife.org/our-campus/an-historic-building/|website=Bridge of Life Church (current owners)|access-date=7 November 2016}} |Henri Plasschaert of the Boston Terra Cotta Company |Harry E. Yessler |1914 | |
Massachusetts
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Dunster House
|Massachusetts |Central pediment: Harvard College Coat of Arms | |Hugh Shepley of Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott |1930 | |File:Dunster House roofline - Harvard University - DSC03005.JPGNamed for Henry Dunster, Harvard's first president. |
Mary Immaculate of Lourdes Church
|Massachusetts |The Virgin Mary flanked by attendants | |1910 | | |
New Bedford City Hall
|Massachusetts |Timothy J. McAuliffe |Samuel C. Hunt |1908 |brownstone | |
New Bedford Institution for Savings
|Massachusetts |Worker and mother flank an angel, who is both winged and modestly dressed{{cite web|title=New Bedford Institution for Savings|url=http://www.davidjrusso.com/architecture/brigham/buildings/AddressSummary.php?id=11956995695003|website=David J. Russo (on Charles Brigham)|access-date=16 November 2016}} |Hugh Cairns |1897 | | |
Saint Joseph Memorial Chapel
|Massachusetts | | | |Memorial to Holy Cross students and alumni killed in World War I. |
Michigan
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Wayne County Courthouse
|Michigan |General Anthony Wayne and Indians Conducting a Treaty[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=147758M221O2Q.3274&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=MI000072&index=.NW&x=13&y=10 General Anthony Wayne and Indians Conducting a Treaty], from SIRIS. |John Scott |1901 |stone |
Michigan State Capitol
|Michigan |Carl H. Wehner |1876 |sandstone |
Minnesota
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Basilica of Saint Mary
|Minnesota |Virgin Mary with attendants and putti | |1914 | |
Mississippi
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Mississippi State Capitol[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=H4782Y45249B3.463&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=MS000125&index=.NW&x=17&y=5 Mississippi State Capitol], from SIRIS.
|Mississippi | |Robert Bringhurst |1900 | |File:Heavenly witnesses (3476376552).jpg"Sculpted in 1900, with an enthroned personification of the state at the center, surrounded by figures representing Poetry, Industry, and Science, huntsmen, farmers, white people, black people, and Native American, they are Mississippi's version of the pediment of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece."[http://weltybiennial.org/exhibits/ The Pediment Sculptures], from Welty Biennial. |
Illinois State Memorial
|Mississippi |1906 |Georgia white marble | |
Missouri
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Missouri State Capitol
|Missouri |1926 |Burlington limestone |
New Masonic Temple
|Missouri |two pediments, front and rear, decorate the attic temple of a neo-Classical concrete Masonic lodge{{cite news|last1=Bryant|first1=Tim|title=Masonic Temple to go on sale|url=http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/masonic-temple-to-go-on-sale/article_cbc02154-db35-5278-ad04-b0c6366f5a51.html|access-date=21 November 2016|newspaper=St. Louis Post Dispatch|date=12 Dec 2014}} |Eames & Young with Albert B. Groves |1926 | |front: two lamassu standing in profile face a radiant central structure (perhaps a Masonic altar). rear: low-relief garlands and floral carving |
Nebraska
New Hampshire
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Latchis Theatre
|New Hampshire | |1928 |concrete | |
New Hampshire State House
|New Hampshire | |Stuart Park |1819 |granite |File:NHSHc1875.jpgNew Hampshire State House {{circa}} 1875: |
Dover City Hall
|New Hampshire | |Edward J. Richardson |1935Cornelius Weygandt, ed., New Hampshire: A Guide to the Granite State (Federal Writers' Project, 1938), p. 145. |concrete | |
Saint Joseph Church
|New Hampshire |Lualdi & Sons |James J. O'Shaughnessy |1948 |Indiana limestone | |
New Jersey
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Jersey City City Hall
|New Jersey | |two pediment sculptures | |1896 |metal |three of five original pediments destroyed in 1955 fire{{cite web|title=City Hall|url=http://jerseycitylandmarks.com/cityhall.shtml|website=Jersey City Landmarks|access-date=1 February 2018}} |
William L. Dickinson High School
|New Jersey | | |1906 | | |
American Insurance Company Building
|New Jersey |central eagle in deep relief, trailing garlands | |1930 |limestone |Formerly housed S. I. Newhouse Center for Law and Justice (Rutgers School of Law – Newark) |
New Brunswick Free Public Library
|New Jersey |six full-length male and female figures in high relief |George K. Parsell |1903 | |part of the Livingston Avenue Historic District{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=96000072}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Livingston Avenue Historic District |publisher=National Park Service|first1=Marvin A. |last1=Brown |date=December 6, 1994 }} With {{NRHP url|id=96000072|photos=y|title=accompanying 22 photos}} |
Old Passaic County Courthouse
|New Jersey |multiple robed figures, the middle two of whom flank a seal or escutcheon, in deep relief | |1903 | |
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
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Carnegie Library (Guthrie, Oklahoma)
|Oklahoma |100pxSouth pediment |2 identical pediments on south and west facades | |J. H. Bennett |1903 |terra cotta? |File:Carnegie Library, 402 East Oklahoma Avenue, Guthrie (Logan County, Oklahoma).jpg |
Oregon
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First National Bank Building
|Oregon |Seal of Oregon Territory flanked by allegorical figures | |1916 | |
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
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Charleston City Hall (formerly Charleston Branch, Bank of the United States) |South Carolina |James E. Walker & Brothers |Gabriel Manigault (attributed), 1804[https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/cch.htm Charleston City Hall], from National Park Service. |1839 |stone |File:PEDIMENT CARTOUCHE AND 2ND FLOOR CORNICE (SOUTH SIDE) - Bank of the United States, 80 Broad Street, Charleston, Charleston County, SC HABS SC,10-CHAR,108-6.tifManigault designed the building as the Charleston Branch, Bank of the United States, 1804. Reichardt altered it into the City Hall, 1839. The seal's Latin motto translates, '"The Body Politic, She Guards Her Buildings, Customs and Laws." The building is the "second-oldest city hall in continuous use in America."Poston, Jonathan H., The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina 1997 pp. 166-167. |
South Carolina National Bank of Charleston
|South Carolina |carved, gilded eagle{{cite web|title=South Carolina Bank of Charleston|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/sbc.htm|website=National Park Service|access-date=9 November 2016}} |unknown |unknown |1817 |gilded oak |
Tennessee
Utah
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Noyes Building
|Utah |Richard C. Watkins | |1903 |painted tin over carved wood or plaster | |
Virginia
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George Washington Masonic National Memorial
|Virginia |Gail Sherman Corbett |1932 |granite |File:George Washington Masonic National Memorial from King Street Washington Metro station.JPG |
Cabell Hall
|Virginia |Ye Shall Know the Truth, and the Truth Shall Make You Free[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1Q7767611N8S2.5209&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=VA000015&index=.NW&x=14&y=11 Cabel Hall Pediment], from SIRIS. |Stanford White |1898 |painted concrete |
West Virginia
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Marion County Courthouse
|West Virginia |W. D. Priest of Whyte & Priest |1900 |stone | |
Tyler County Courthouse and Jail
|West Virginia |seated Justice flanked by male and female supplicants{{Cite journal|title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Tyler County Courthouse and Jail|url=http://www.wvculture.org/shpo/nr/pdf/tyler/80004044.pdf |date=March 13, 1980 |author=Rodney S. Collins|publisher=National Park Service}} |unknown |Holmboe and Pogue |1922 | |The portico and pediment date from the 1922 redesign of an 1854 building. |
Washington
class="wikitable sortable" |
width="10%" | Building
! width="10%" | Location ! width="5%" | Image ! width="15%" | Sculpture ! width="10%" | Sculptor ! width="10%" | Architect ! width="5%" | Installed ! width="10%" | Medium ! width="25%" | Notes |
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rowspan="4" |Seattle, Washington
| rowspan="4" |Washington | | | | | |
Wisconsin
See also
References
{{reflist|3}}
{{Commons category|Pediments in the United States}}