Peedee Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in the United States}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Peedee Formation

| image = Cucullaea melhaseana (fossil bivalve) (Pee Dee Formation, Upper Cretaceous; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, USA) 3.jpg

| caption = Cucullaea, a fossil bivalve from the Peedee Formation (South Carolina)

| type = Formation

| age = Early to Late Maastrichtian, {{fossil range|71.0|66.9}}

| period = Maastrichtian

| prilithology = Glauconitic to argillic sandstone

| otherlithology = Claystone, limestone

| namedfor = Pee Dee River, type locality: Burches Ferry, South Carolina[http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=SCKpd%3B1 USGS Peedee Formation South Carolina] and [http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=NCKp%3B11 USGS Peedee Formation North Carolina]

| namedby =

| region = North Carolina, South Carolina

| country = United States

| coordinates =

| unitof =

| subunits =Rocky Point Member, Island Creek Member

| underlies =Castle Hayne Limestone

| overlies = Black Creek Group

| thickness = Up to {{convert|886|ft|m|abbr=on}}

| extent =

| area =

| map =

| map_caption =

}}

The Peedee Formation is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. A marine deposit representing an inner neritic environment, named for exposures along the Great Peedee River, it preserves invertebrate (primarily belemnites, echinoderms and foraminifera) and vertebrate (primarily shark teeth, with some marine reptile remains) fossils dating to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian).

The formation is notable for its occurrence of Belemnitella americana, known as the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), a long-standing standard in stable carbon isotope research. A single pterosaur femur, possibly an Azhdarchid, from the Peedee formation is one of the few pterosaur body fossils found in Eastern North America.{{Cite journal |last=Parris |first=David, C. |last2=Smith Grandstaff |first2=Barbara |last3=Clements |first3=Donald |date=August 2004 |title=A Pterosaur Femur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Carolina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279545200_A_pterosaur_femur_from_the_upper_Cretaceous_of_North_Carolina |journal=Southeastern Geology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=51-55}}

The stratigraphy of the formation spans from the early Maastrichtian (in South Carolina) to the late Maastrichtian shortly before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The formation is divided into several members, including the early-mid Maastrichtian Rocky Point Member and the late Maastrichtian Island Creek Member.{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Gerard R. |last2=Cook |first2=Todd D. |last3=Saford |first3=Eric M. |last4=Shannon |first4=Kevin R. |date=2016 |title=A late Maastrichtian selachian assemblage from the Peedee Formation of North Carolina, USA. |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/28648 |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |language=en |volume=3 |doi=10.18435/B5T88N |issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free }} Based on its fauna, it appears to be roughly concurrent with the Navesink Formation from New Jersey.

Vertebrate paleobiota

= Cartilaginous fish =

Based on Case et al. (2017):

== Sharks ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Anomotodon

|A. cf. toddi

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A goblin shark.

|File:Anomotodon novus.jpg

Archaeolamna

|A. kopingensis

|Duplin County, North Carolina

|

|An archaeolamnid mackerel shark.

|File:Archaeolamna.jpg

Cantioscyllium

|C. cf. meyeri

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A nurse shark.

|

Carcharias

|C. cf. samhammeri

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A sand shark, related to the modern sand tiger shark.

|frameless

Cretalamna

|C. maroccana

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A megatooth shark.

|frameless

Heterodontus

|H. granti

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A bullhead shark.

|frameless

"Hybodus"

|"H." sp.

|Duplin County, North Carolina

|

|A hybodont shark.

|frameless

Notidanodon

|N. sp.

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A cow shark. Teeth damaged but resemble those of the widespread species N. dentatus.

|frameless

Odontaspis

|O. aculeatus

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A sand shark.

|frameless

Palaeogaleus

|P. sp.

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A houndshark.

|File:Palaeogaleus faujasi.jpg

rowspan="2" |Plicatoscyllium

|P. antiquum

| rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|

| rowspan="2" |A nurse shark.

| rowspan="2" |

P. derameei

|

Pseudocorax

|P. cf. affinis

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A pseudocoracid mackerel shark.

|File:Psuedocorax granti.jpg

Scapanorhynchus

|S. texanus

|Duplin County, North Carolina

|

|A goblin shark.

|frameless

Serratolamna

|S. serrata

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A serratolamnid mackerel shark.

|frameless

rowspan="2" |Squalicorax

|S. kaupi

| rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

| rowspan="2" |Island Creek

| rowspan="2" |A crow shark.

| rowspan="2" |frameless

S. pristodontus
Squalus

|S. huntensis

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A spurdog.

|frameless

== Rays ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Dasyatis

|D. commercensis

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A whiptail stingray.

|frameless

rowspan="2" |Ischyrhiza

|I. avonicola

| rowspan="2" |Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

| rowspan="2" |Island Creek

| rowspan="2" |A sawskate.

| rowspan="2" |frameless

I. mira
Ptychotrygon

|P. clementsi

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A ptychotrygonid sawskate.

|frameless

Raja

|R. farishi

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A skate.

|frameless

Rhinobatos

|R. sp.

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A guitarfish, tentatively placed in Rhinobatos.

|frameless

Rhombodus

|R. binkhorsti

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A rhombodontid stingray.

|frameless

Sclerorhynchus

|S. cf. pettersi

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Island Creek

|A ganopristid sawskate.

|frameless

= Bony fish =

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Enchodus

|E. sp.

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|Rocky Point

|An enchodontid aulopiform.

|frameless

= Reptiles =

== Pterosaurs ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

cf. Azhdarchidae indet.

|

|East Coast Limestone Quarry

|Rocky Point

|A potential azhdarchid, known from a femur closely resembling that of Azhdarcho.

|

== Crocodilians ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Notes

!Images

Borealosuchus

|B. sp.

|Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina

|A eusuchian.{{Cite journal |last=Schwimmer |first=David R. |last2=Sanders |first2=Albert E. |last3=Erickson |first3=Bruce R. |last4=Weems |first4=Robert E. |date=2015 |title=A Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Reptile Assemblage from South Carolina, Usa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24398224 |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=i–157 |issn=0065-9746}}

|frameless

== Turtles ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Peritresius

|P. ornatus

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

Allison Ferry, South Carolina

|Rocky Point

|A pancheloniid sea turtle.

|frameless

"Trionyx"

|"T." halophilus

|Lynchburg, South Carolina

|

|A stem-trionychian.

|

== Plesiosaurs ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Cimoliasaurus

|C. magnus

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|Rocky Point

|An elasmosaurid.

|File:Cimoliasaurus.jpg

== Mosasaurs ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Notes

!Images

Halisaurus

|H. sp.

|Holden Beach, North Carolina

|A halisaurine.{{Cite journal |last=Rempert |first=Trevor H. |last2=Martens |first2=Brennan P. |last3=Vinkeles Melchers |first3=Alexander P. M. |date=2024 |title=Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA |url=https://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/eng/publication.html?id=566 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |volume=328 |issue=3 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384 |access-date= |doi-access=free |website=}}

|frameless

rowspan="2" |Mosasaurus

|M. cf. beaugei

| rowspan="2" |Holden Beach, North Carolina

| rowspan="2" |A mosasaurine.

| rowspan="2" |frameless

M. cf. hoffmannii
Prognathodon

|P. cf. solvayi

|Holden Beach, North Carolina

?Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

|A mosasaurine.

|frameless

Prognathodontini indet.

|

|Holden Beach, North Carolina

|An indeterminate mosasaurine with large teeth, reminiscent of Thalassotitan.

|

Tylosaurus

|T. sp.

|Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina

|A tylosaurine.

|frameless

Invertebrate paleobiota

= Echinoderms =

== Echinoids ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Cardiaster

|C. leonensis

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

| rowspan="9" |Rocky Point

|A holasterid.

|frameless

Catopygus

|C. mississippiensis

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|A cassidulid.

|frameless

rowspan="3" |Hardouinia

|H. aequoria

| rowspan="3" |Wadsworth Marl Pit, North Carolina

Niels Eddy Landing, North Carolina

East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

| rowspan="3" |A cassiduloid.

| rowspan="3" |File:Hardouinia florealis Alabama.jpg

H. kellumi
H. mortonia
Faujasia

|F. chelonium

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|A sand dollar.

|

Lefortia

|L. trojana

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|A sand dollar.

|

Linthia

|L. variabilis

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|A schizasterid heart urchin.

|frameless

Porosoma

|P. sp.

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|A phymosomatid.

|File:Porosoma cribrum FOS 2348 - 1.jpg

== Sea stars ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Aldebarania

|A. arenitea

|Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina

|Rocky Point

|An astropectinid.{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Daniel B. |last2=Sturgeon |first2=Keith |date=1995 |title=Aldebarania arenitea, a new genus and species of Astropectinidae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Peedee Formation of North Carolina |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/aldebarania-arenitea-a-new-genus-and-species-of-astropectinidae-asteroidea-echinodermata-from-the-maastrichtian-upper-cretaceous-peedee-formation-of-north-carolina/2F7F5FF8ED805872D85A50941F74382B |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=376–380 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000034697 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}

|

== Crinoids ==

The Peedee Formation preserves some of the latest-occurring remains of the Roveacrinida, an extinct order of minute, pelagic crinoids.{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Andrew S. |last2=Sadorf |first2=Eric |last3=Jagt |first3=John W. M. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Roveacrinida (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the upper Maastrichtian Peedee Formation (upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA – The last pelagic microcrinoids |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117304913 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=85 |pages=176–192 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.008 |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Applinocrinus

|A. texanus

|Wilmington, North Carolina

|

|An applinocrinine saccocomid.

|

Birgelocrinus

|B. degraafi

|Wilmington, North Carolina

|

|An hessicrinine saccocomid.

|

rowspan="2" |Lucernacrinus

|B. degraafi

| rowspan="2" |Wilmington, North Carolina

| rowspan="2" |

| rowspan="2" |An hessicrinine saccocomid.

| rowspan="2" |

B. jagti
Peedeecrinus

|P. sadorfi

|Wilmington, North Carolina

|

|An applinocrinine saccocomid.

|

= Molluscs =

== Cephalopods ==

class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"

!Genus

!Species

!Location

!Member

!Notes

!Images

Belemnitella

|B. americana

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

Black Rock Landing, North Carolina

|Rocky Point

|A belemnite, source of the famous "Pee Dee Belemnite".

|File:Belemnitella americana (fossil belemnites) (Cretaceous; New Jersey, USA) (49103465241).jpg

Sphenodiscus

|S. lobatus

|East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

|Rocky Point

|A sphenodiscid ammonite.

|frameless

See also

References

{{Reflist}}