Pegasus-class hydrofoil
{{Short description|Class of U.S. Navy patrol boats}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2009}}
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{{Infobox ship image |Ship image= File:PHM-1.jpg |Ship caption={{USS|Pegasus|PHM-1}} }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name=Pegasus-class hydrofoil |Builders=Boeing Marine Systems, Renton, Washington |Operators={{navy|United States}} |Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses= |Cost= |Built range=1973–1982 |In service range= |In commission range=1977–1993 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed=6 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired=6 |Total ships preserved=1 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= |Ship displacement= {{convert|237.2|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} |Ship length= {{convert|133|ft|m|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*2 × Mercedes-Benz MTU marine diesels (hullborne), {{convert|1600|bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed=*{{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} hullborne
|Ship range= |Ship complement= 4 officers, 17 enlisted |Ship sensors=*LN-66 navigation radar
|Ship EW= |Ship armament=*8 × Harpoon Surface-to-surface missile
|Ship armour= |Ship aircraft= |Ship notes= }} |
File:Six Pegasus class hydrofoils underway.jpg
The Pegasus-class hydrofoils were a series of fast attack patrol boats employed by the United States Navy. They were in service from 1977 until 1993. These hydrofoils carried the designation "PHM" for "Patrol Hydrofoil, Missile." The Pegasus-class vessels were originally intended for NATO operations in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Subsequently, participation by other NATO navies, including Germany and Italy, ceased and the U.S. Navy proceeded to procure six PHMs, which were highly successful in conducting coastal operations, such as narcotics interdiction and coastal patrol, in the Caribbean basin.
History
In the late 1960s, NATO developed a requirement for a small, fast warship to counter large numbers of Warsaw Pact missile boats, such as the {{sclass2|Komar|missile boat|5}} and {{sclass2|Osa|missile boat|4}}es, deciding that a hydrofoil would be the best way to meet this requirement. In 1970 Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, the new Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), keen to increase the Navy's number of surface vessels in a cost-effective manner, committed the United States to the NATO program for a hydrofoil. The U.S. Navy proposed the PHM design as a NATO standard, with the program being led by the U.S. Navy, and an order placed for two prototypes in 1972.Jenkins 2000, p. 1–2. The Italian Navy and the West German Bundesmarine signed letters of intent to participate in the programme, with other NATO navies, including the Royal Navy and Canadian Forces studying the project.McLeavy 1975, pp. 279–280. The U.S. Navy planned to buy up to 30 PHMs, with 10 to be purchased by West Germany and four by Italy.Jenkins 2000, p. 2.Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 625.
After Zumwalt's retirement, the Navy chose to funnel most of the money for the PHMs into larger vessels. This delayed the ongoing construction of Pegasus, and the other vessels were not started. Congress eventually forced the Navy to complete the vessels. The difficulties in project progression forced the other involved navies to abort their participation.
The Pegasus-class ships were powered by two {{convert|800|hp|kW|lk=on}} twin turbo-charged Mercedes-Benz diesel engines when waterborne, using water jets (designed by Aerojet),[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076086977;view=1up;seq=536 Testimony of Rear Adm. G. G. Halvorson], Fiscal year 1974 authorization for military procurement, pt. 4, p. 2392 giving them a speed of {{convert|12|kn|lk=in}}. When foilborne, the ships were powered by a General Electric LM2500 gas turbine and a very large water jet, giving them a speed of over {{convert|48|kn}}.
Pegasus ships were well armed for their size, carrying two four-rack RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles and an Oto Melara 76 mm gun. The Harpoons, specifically, were capable of sinking far larger ships at distances in excess of {{convert|60|nmi|km|lk=in}}. The West German version would have carried the MM38 Exocet.
As Pegasus was constructed several years before the rest of the series, there are some slight differences, such as the fire-control system.
All six vessels were constructed by Boeing, in Seattle at the Renton plant at the south end of Lake Washington. They were stationed at NAS Key West. Principal contractors, along with Boeing, were Sperry Corporation for MK 92 Mod 1 fire control system, Hollandse Signaalapparaten and Sperry Corp. (under license) for WM 28 fire control system, OTO-Melara for 76 mm gun, and NAVSEC for design support.[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076086977;view=1up;seq=523 Testimony of Rear Adm. G. G. Halvorson], Fiscal year 1974 authorization for military procurement, pt. 4, p. 2379
The technology was first pioneered by {{USS|Tucumcari|PGH-2}}, where it successfully operated in Vietnam, but ultimately ran aground off Puerto Rico. It was judged to be more advanced than the Grumman {{USS|Flagstaff|PGH-1|2}} which was built at the same time to the same requirements. The primary technology, also used in the Boeing Jetfoil ferries, used submerged flying foils with waterjet propulsion.
The ships were retired because they were not judged cost effective for their mission in a Navy with primarily offensive missions rather than coastal patrol. {{cnspan|When in hydrofoil form, the ships would use 1000 gallons of fuel per hour. When in surface ship form, the ships would use 100 gallons of fuel per hour.{{cite web |title=Combat Ships: The Fast and the Furious |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue3RNtrE7l8 |website=Youtube | date=10 April 2022 |publisher=Smithsonian Channel |access-date=18 April 2023}}|date=March 2023}} USS Aries PHM-5 Hydrofoil Memorial, Inc. obtained Aries for rehabilitation as a memorial located on the Gasconade River in Gasconade, Missouri at {{coord|38|40|15|N|91|33|10|W|region:US}}. All other PHMs in the class were sold for scrap. In the early 2000s Gemini was converted into a yacht, but was abandoned by its owners in the 2010s and scrapped in 2017.{{cite web|url=http://www.starnewsonline.com/news/20141022/uss-gemini-yacht-on-cape-fear-sold-for-scrap-metal|website=StarNews Online|title=USS Gemini, yacht on Cape Fear, sold for scrap metal |accessdate=1 July 2016}}
List of ships
- {{USS|Pegasus|PHM-1|3}} (9 July 1977 – 30 July 1993), formerly Delphinus
- {{USS|Hercules|PHM-2|3}} (18 December 1982 – 30 July 1993)
- {{USS|Taurus|PHM-3|3}} (10 October 1981 – 30 July 1993)
- {{USS|Aquila|PHM-4|3}} (26 June 1982 – 30 July 1993)
- {{USS|Aries|PHM-5|3}} (18 September 1982 – 30 July 1993)
- {{USS|Gemini|PHM-6|3}} (13 November 1982 – 30 July 1993)
See also
- Boeing hydrofoils
- {{USS|High Point|PCH-1}}
- {{USS|Plainview|AGEH-1}}
- {{HMCS|Bras d'Or|FHE 400}}, a Canadian hydrofoil intended for anti-submarine duties
- {{HMS|Speedy|P296}}, a Royal Navy Jetfoil mine countermeasure vessel.
- Matka-class missile boat, a class of Soviet PHM
- Sarancha-class missile boat, a class of Soviet PHM
- {{sclass|Sparviero|patrol boat}}, a class of Italian PHM
- PHM Pegasus, a videogame based on this class of vessels
- USS Flagstaff
- USS Tucumcari
- List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
- Osprey-Class PTF
References
{{Reflist}}
- Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-55750-132-7}}.
- McLeavy, Roy. Jane's Surface Skimmers: Hovercraft and Hydrofoils 1975–76. Jane's Yearbooks, 1975. {{ISBN|0 354 00525 1}}.
- Jenkins, George. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170817075536/http://www.foils.org/phmhist.pdf "Patrol Combatant Missile (Hydrofoil): PHM History 1973–1995"] (pdf). Foils.com, 1 November 2000. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
External links
{{Commons category|Pegasus class hydrofoil}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220120758/http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/hydro.html Boeing page]
- [http://www.ussaries.org/ USS Aries PHM-5 Hydrofoil Memorial, Inc.] - Brunswick, Missouri
{{Pegasus class hydrofoil}}