Peninsulares

{{short description|Inhabitants of Spain and their descendants who immigrated to the Americas}}

{{Distinguish|Peninsula}}

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=es|otherarticle=Peninsular|date=July 2019}}

In the context of the Spanish Empire, a peninsular ({{IPA|es|peninsuˈlaɾ}}, pl. peninsulares) was a Spaniard born in Spain residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea.{{cite web | title=Peninsular | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/peninsular | access-date=2021-06-12}} In the context of the Portuguese Empire, reinóis (singular reinol) were Portuguese people born in Portugal residing primarily in Portuguese America; children born in Brazil to two reinóis parents were known as mazombos.

Spaniards born in the Spanish Philippines were called insular/es or, originally, filipino/s,{{Cite journal|last=Wickberg|first=E.|date=March 1964|title=The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/1129/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume=5|pages=63|doi=10.1017/S0217781100002222 |hdl=1808/1129 |via=KU ScholarWorks}}{{Cite web|last=Perdon|first=Renato|date=December 31, 2013|title=The origin of Filipino|url=https://muntingnayon.com/103/103140/|website=Munting Nayon}} before "Filipino" now came to be known as all of the modern citizens of the now sovereign independent Philippines. Spaniards born in the colonies of the New World that today comprises the Hispanic America are called criollos (individuals of full Spanish descent born in the New World).

Higher offices in Spanish America and the Spanish Philippines were held by peninsulares. Apart from the distinction of peninsulares from criollo, the castas system distinguished also mestizos of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry in the Americas, and 'mestizos de español' (mixed Spanish and native Filipino (Spanish Filipino)), or 'tornatrás' (mixed Spanish and Sangley Chinese (Chinese Filipino)) in the Philippines / Spanish East Indies, mulatos (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), indios (Amerindians / Native Filipinos), zambos (mixed Amerindian and black ancestry) and finally negros. In some places and times, such as during the wars of independence, peninsulares or members of conservative parties were called depreciatively godos (meaning Goths, referring to the "Visigoths", who had ruled Spain and were considered the origin of Spanish aristocracy) or, in Mexico, gachupines.[https://dle.rae.es/?id=IgwbtzF gachupín] in the Diccionario de la lengua española Godos is still used pejoratively in the Canary Islands for the peninsular Spanish, and in Chile for Spaniards.{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |date=2019 |publisher=Real Academia Española, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |edition=electrónica 23.3 |url=https://dle.rae.es/godo |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=es |chapter=godo}}