Per Brahe the Younger

{{Infobox Politician

| honorific-prefix = Count

| name = Per Brahe the Younger

| image = Porträtt. Per Brahe d.y. Beck - Skoklosters slott - 13452.tif

| caption = Portrait by David Beck, {{circa|1650}}

| birth_date = {{birth date|1602|2|18|df=y}}

| birth_place = Rydboholm Castle, Uppland, Sweden

| death_date = {{death date and age|1680|9|12|1602|2|18|df=y}}

| death_place = Bogesund Palace, Sweden

| residence = Bogesund Palace,
Visingsborg,
Brahehus

| office = Lord High Steward of Sweden

| term_start = 1641

| term_end = 1680

| predecessor = Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna

| successor = Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie

| office2 = Governor-General of Finland

| term_start2 = 1637

| term_end2 = 1640

| predecessor2 = Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna

| term_start3 = 1648

| term_end3 = 1654

| successor3 = Gustav Evertsson Horn

| constituency =

| party =

| religion =

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}}

Count Per Brahe the Younger (18 February 1602 – 12 September 1680){{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger |title=Per, Count Brahe, the Younger |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |access-date=18 March 2019}} was a Swedish soldier, statesman, and writer. He served as Privy Councillor from 1630, Lord High Steward from 1640, as well as Governor-General of Finland in 1637–1640 and 1648–1654.

Brahe fought in Prussia during the Polish War (1626–1629) and in Germany in 1630. However, his military activity later yielded to his political activity, and he held posts of Privy Councillor and Lord High Steward of Sweden. During the minority of Queen Christina (1632–1644) and after the death of King Charles X in 1660, he was one of the regents of Sweden.

During his time as Governor-General of Finland, he made large administrative reforms, introduced a postal system, improved and developed commerce and agriculture, and promoted education. He was the founder of the Royal Academy of Turku and the town of Raahe ({{langx|sv|Brahestad}}), along with ten other new towns in Finland.

Life

Brahe was born in Rydboholm Castle (now in Österåker Municipality) in Uppland. He was the son of riksråd Count [https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/18038 Abraham Pedersson Brahe of Visingsborg] (1569–1630) and Elsa Gyllenstierna of Lundholm, and as such the brother of Margareta Brahe and Nils Brahe, and the cousin of Ebba Brahe. He was the grandson of Per Brahe the Elder (1520–1590), one of Gustavus Vasa's Privy Councillors, created count of Visingsborg by King Eric XIV, known also as the continuator of Peder Svart's chronicle of Gustavus (sometimes the "Chronicles of Per Brahe"), and author of Oeconomia in 1585, a manual for young noblemen. Per Brahe the younger, after completing his education by several years' travel abroad, became in 1626 chamberlain to Gustavus Adolphus, whose lasting friendship he gained.

He fought with distinction in Prussia during the last three years of the Polish War (1626–1629) and also, as colonel of a regiment of horse, in 1630 in Germany. After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 his military yielded to his political activity. He had been elected president or Lantmarskalk in the Riksdag of 1629, and in the following year was created a Privy Councillor. In 1635 he conducted the negotiations for an armistice with Poland (Treaty of Stuhmsdorf).

In 1637–1640 and again in 1648–1654 he was Governor-General in Finland, to which country he rendered inestimable services by his wise and provident rule. He reformed the whole administration, introduced a postal system, founded ten new towns, improved and developed commerce and agriculture, and very greatly promoted education. In 1640 he opened the Royal Academy of Turku, of which he was the founder, and first chancellor. Still today the expression "Kreivin aikaan", or "at Count's Time" in the Finnish language means "at the correct/good time".{{cite web| url=http://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kolumnit/kieli-ikkuna_(1996_2009)/kreivin_aikaan | title=Kreivin aikaan | date=30 December 2003 | publisher=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus | last=Vilppula |first= Matti | access-date=18 February 2021 |language=fi}} The base of his statue in Turku bears the inscription "I was well pleased with the land and the land with me."{{cn|date=February 2021}}

After the death of King Charles X in 1660, Brahe, as Lord High Steward, became one of the regents of Sweden{{sfn|Granlund|2004|p=59}} for the second time (he had held a similar office during the minority of Queen Christina, 1632–1644), and during the difficult year 1660 he had entire control of both foreign and domestic affairs. He died on 2 September 1680 at his castle Bogesund in Uppland. He also held the castles Visingsborg at Visingsö and Brahehus on the mainland by Gränna, where during his lifetime he had held more than regal pomp.

Legacy

The Finnish town of Raahe ({{langx|sv|Brahestad}}), which he founded in the year of 1649 in Ostrobothnia, is named after him,{{cite web| url= http://www.raahe.fi/alltypes.asp?d_type=5&menu_id=72&menupath=50,72#72 | title= Raahen historiasta | publisher= Town of Raahe | access-date= 18 February 2021 | language=fi}} as is the asteroid {{nowrap|1680 Per Brahe}}, discovered by Liisi Oterma at the Turku Observatory in 1942. The official {{MoMP|1680|naming citation}} was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 ({{small|M.P.C. 5280}}). Other Finnish towns he founded with Raahe include Hamina, Jakobstad, Kajaani, Kristinestad, Kuopio and Lappeenranta.

Gallery

{{gallery

|mode=packed

|height=140

|Målning. Porträtt. Per Brahe i sitt grevskap - Skoklosters slott - 87015.tif|Painting by Johan Werner in 1649

|Målning. Porträtt. Per Brahe d.y - Skoklosters slott - 87011.tif|Portrait in the Skokloster Castle, 1662

|Medalj med Per Brahe, 1665 - Skoklosters slott - 110750.tif|Medallion from 1665 by Johan Rethe

|Per Brahe d.y. , 1602-1680 - Nationalmuseum - 40064.tif|Portrait in the Gripsholm Castle, 1675

|Portrait painting of Per Brahe the Younger (1670-1699).jpg|Portrait from 1670 to 1699

|Per Brahes staty i Åbo, augusti 2015b.jpg|Per Brahe Statue in Turku by Walter Runeberg, 1888

|Pehr Brahe Raahe 20130511 02.JPG|Larger cast of the same statue in Raahe

|Gränna (9309502992).jpg|Bust by John Börjeson in Gränna, 1916

}}

{{Gallery

|height=200

|mode=packed

|title=Inauguration of the Academy of Turku by Albert Edelfelt

|Turun akatemian vihkiäiset1.jpg|Inauguration of the Academy of Turku Part 1, 1904

|Turun akatemian vihkiäiset2.jpg|Inauguration of the Academy of Turku Part 2, 1904, with Per Brahe in the middle

|Turun akatemian vihkiäiset3.jpg|Inauguration of the Academy of Turku Part 3, 1904

}}

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web

|title = 1680 Per Brahe (1942 CH)

|work = Minor Planet Center

|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1680

|access-date = 5 November 2019}}

{{cite web

|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive

|work = Minor Planet Center

|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html

|access-date = 5 November 2019}}

}}

{{cite encyclopedia |last=Granlund| first=Lis|editor-first=Clarissa | editor-last=Campbell Orr |encyclopedia=Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=56–76 |title=Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector |isbn=0-521-81422-7}}