Peristera shipwreck
{{Short description|Historical shipwreck in Greece}}
The Peristera shipwreck ({{langx|el|Ναυάγιο Περιστέρας}}) is an underwater shipwreck of a 5th-century BC merchant vessel at a depth of {{convert|20|m|ft}}, just off the islet of Peristera near Alonissos. Its cargo of 3000-4000 amphoras made it the largest transport ship yet known of its period when excavation began in 1992, and it carried wine from Mende and Skopelos. In addition to amphoras, the ship transported many valuable items including black-glazed cups, plates and bronze tableware. The site was opened to the public for scuba diving visits as the Alonissos Underwater Museum (Υποθαλάσσιο Μουσείο Αλοννήσου) in 2020, the first such underwater museum in Greece.
Discovery
In 1982 Greek diver and fisherman Dimitrios Mavrikis with his son Kostas discovered a large Classical-era shipwreck near the islet of Peristera at Alonnisos in the Northern Sporades. and declared it to the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities. Department personnel conducted a survey in 1991 under the director of the department, Elpida Hadjidaki.{{Cite book|last=Hadjidaki|first=Elpida|title=Res maritimae : Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the Sea", Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18-22, 1994|date=1997|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=978-0-89757-023-7|editor-last=Swiny|editor-first=S.|location=|pages=125–134|chapter=The Classical Shipwreck at Alonnesos|oclc=694114406|editor-last2=Hohlfelder|editor-first2=R.|editor-last3=Swiny|editor-first3=H. W.}} The wreck was marked by thousands of amphorae forming a mound {{convert|25|x|23|m|ft}} and clearly indicating the shape of the ship. The upper layer was jumbled, but the lower layer appeared relatively undisturbed. The size of the mound indicated that this shipwreck was twice as large as any other shipwreck of the Classical period discovered at that time.
Three of the amphorae were recovered for examination. They dated to the last quarter of the 5th century BC, and were identified as wine amphorae from Mende and Skopelos.
Excavation
Systematic excavation of the shipwreck began in 1992, again led by the director of the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities.{{Cite news|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/13/science/ancient-greek-shipwreck-found-cargo-was-fine-wine.html|title=Ancient Greek Shipwreck Found; Cargo Was Fine Wine|date=1993-04-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} The first task was a survey of the existing state of the wreck, and this was done by preparing a photomosaic from photographs taken at a height of {{convert|7|m|ft}} above the wreck. Next, the wreck was covered by a rope grid {{convert|24|x|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} in extent that divided the region under investigation into {{convert|2|x|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} sections.
Excavation began in one of the sections near the western end of the mound. Nineteen amphoras were recovered from the top layer in this section, and another nineteen from a second layer beneath the first.
File:Alonnisos_Mendean_Amphora.jpg
File:Alonnisos_Peparethos_Amphora.jpg
Underneath was a third layer with an additional 27 amphoras, and beneath them 35 additional artifacts including black-glazed bowls, cups, plates, and elegant bronze tableware.
File:Alonnisos_Black_Glazed_Kylix.jpg
The bulk of the amphoras come from Mende and Skopelos, ancient Peparethos,{{Cite book|last=Mantzouka, Eleftheria.|title=The transport amphoras from a fifth century shipwreck found off the island of Alonnesos, Northern Sporades, Greece|oclc=57004401}} and a smaller number originated at Ikos, Chios, and Kerkyra. All artifacts, including amphoras, cups, and bowls, date to the late fifth century BC.{{Cite journal|last=Hadjidaki|first=Elpida|date=1996|title=Underwater Excavations of a Late Fifth Century Merchant Ship at Alonnesos, Greece : the 1991-1993 Seasons|journal=Bulletin de correspondance hellénique|volume=120|issue=2|pages=561–593|doi=10.3406/bch.1996.4619|issn=0007-4217}}
Excavation resumed in the summer of 1993, in a second section adjacent to the first. This contained 68 amphoras in four layers, under which were additional artifacts, ballast stones, and chunks of wood. In 1999 in a third section was excavated, and an additional 80 amphoras were obtained, as well as objects belonging to the crew such as oil lamps, table amphoras, and mortars.
In 2000, three additional sections were excavated. Hundreds of additional amphoras were found, but they were not all brought to the surface. Of greater interest were 82 pieces of wood found at the lowest excavation layers. Although none of them were more than a few centimeters in extent, they provided the first evidence for the ship construction. Fourteen of the pieces were treenails, around {{convert|7|cm|in}} in diameter, within which were large copper nails.
Fragments of wooden planks from the ship's hull showed them to be {{convert|8|cm|in}} in thickness.
Significance
A conservative estimate of the cargo of the shipwreck indicates that it carried 4200 amphoras, with a weight of 126 metric tons. The length of the hull was {{convert|25|–|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}. This makes it considerably larger than the shipwrecks from other Classical shipwrecks such as Kyrenia, Porticello,{{Cite book|last=Eiseman, Cynthia Jones, 1944-|title=The Porticello shipwreck : a Mediterranean merchant vessel of 415-385 B.C.|date=2012|publisher=Texas A & M University Press|isbn=978-1-60344-522-1|oclc=808499945}} or Ma'agan Michael. Thus we have a conclusive proof that the Greeks constructed ships capable of carrying burdens up to 150 metric tons from the fifth century BC onwards,{{Cite book|last=Casson|first=Lionel|title=Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World|date=1986-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5346-5|location=Princeton|pages=171–172|doi=10.1515/9781400853465}}{{Cite journal|last=Wallinga|first=H.T.|date=1964|title=Nautika (I) the Unit of Capacity for Ancient Ships 1)|journal=Mnemosyne|volume=17|issue=1–4|pages=1–40|doi=10.1163/156852564x00017|issn=0026-7074}} something previously thought to only have been possible during the Roman period.{{cite journal | last = Chatzidaki | first = E. | author-link = Elpida Hadjidaki |title=Η Εφορεία Εναλίων Αρχαιοτήτων και τα Προγράμματα Υποβρυχίων Ανασκαφών |journal=Αρχαιολογία | volume = 51 | pages = 86–88 | url = http://www.arxaiologia.gr/assets/media/PDF/migrated/1110.pdf | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011070445/http://www.arxaiologia.gr/assets/media/PDF/migrated/1110.pdf | year = 1994 |archivedate=October 11, 2010 |language=Greek}}
Underwater Museum
The marine area surrounding the Alonnisos shipwreck is protected as part of the Alonnisos Marine Park. The area immediately surrounding the shipwreck was opened to the public for scuba diving visits as the Alonissos Underwater Museum (Υποθαλάσσιο Μουσείο Αλοννήσου) in 2020.
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://museum.alonissos.gov.gr/ Official website of the Underwater Museum]
{{coord missing|Greece}}
Category:Protected areas established in 1992
Category:5th-century BC artifacts