Peru–United States relations

File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Peruvian President Vizcarra (46687009985).jpg (left) meets with Peruvian President Martin Vizcarra (right) in Lima, April 2019]]

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Through the Cold War, the United States focused its foreign policy of promoting anti-communism in Peru instead of assisting with democratic efforts.{{Cite news |last=Riding |first=Alan |date=1984-12-30 |title=Debt Is Undermining Democracy in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/weekinreview/debt-is-undermining-democracy-in-peru.html |access-date=2020-07-19 |issn=0362-4331}}

During the administration of Ronald Reagan, Peru felt ignored by the U.S. government. When President Fernando Belaunde Terry visited President Reagan in Washington in 1983, Reagan met with the Peruvian president for only thirty minutes, with one of Reagan's aides saying "[President Belaunde] wasn't even offered a cup of tea".

Relations reached their lowest point during the United States invasion of Panama of 1989 when Peru recalled its ambassador in protest of American military actions.{{Cite book |title=La democracia negociada: las relaciones Perú-Estados Unidos (1980-2000) |last1=McClintock |first1=Cynthia |publisher=Instituto de Estudios peruanos |year=2005 |isbn=9972511251 |pages=117 |last2=Vallas |first2=Fabián}}{{Cite news |title=Perú retira a su embajador en Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xswkAQAAIAAJ |date=1989-12-21 |work=Boletín de Prensa Latinoamericana}} However, relations were restored{{When|date=November 2024}} and have recovered and vastly expanded in the decades since.

The United States strongly supported the presidency of Alberto Fujimori under Plan Verde, of which Fujimori mainly served as a figurehead for Vladimiro Montesinos, a Peruvian intelligence official with deep links to the Central Intelligence Agency. The United States also supported Fujimori through his seizure of power and an internal insurgency.{{cite web |date=August 2002 |title=Spymaster |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en |quote=Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.}}{{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |date=Autumn 2004 |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69-92 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote=|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/76612 |hdl-access=free }}[https://publicintegrity.org/national-security/cia-gave-at-least-10-million-to-perus-ex-spymaster-montesinos/ "CIA Gave $10 Million to Peru's Ex-Spymaster Montesinos], Center for Public Integrity, 18 July 2001. Accessed online 15 October 2019{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Kevin G. |date=3 August 2001 |title=CIA Paid Millions to Montesinos |page=1 |work=The Miami Herald |location=Miami}}{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}

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Though the American government had originally expressed strong support for his government, relations were strained following the tainted reelection of former President Alberto Fujimori in June 2000.

After the abrupt ending to Fujimori's third term and the installation of an interim government in November 2000, relations improved. Relations remained positive during the administration of Alejandro Toledo who took office in July 2001, and during that of Alan García.

In 2002, nine people died when a car bomb detonated by suspected rebels in the Peruvian capital just days before a visit from American President George W. Bush.

During its time as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2006 to 2007,{{Cite web|url=https://main.un.org:443/securitycouncil/en|title=Homepage | Security Council|website=main.un.org}} Peru—despite having refrained from openly participating in George Bush's "War on terror" itself—alongside the U.S. and the West, repeatedly voted in favor of extending the authorization mandate of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan,United Nations Security Council Resolution 1707United Nations Security Council Resolution 1776 and increasing sanctions against Iran over its controversial nuclear program.United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747

The U.S. and Peruvian governments criticized North Korea's 2006 nuclear test. Peru urged North Korea to unconditionally return to the six-party talks and to suspend all activity related to its nuclear program.

In 2007, Peruvian Foreign Minister José Antonio García Belaúnde said that his country opposed America's occupation of Iraq, and called for the immediate withdrawal of US military forces from the country, noting that the Iraqi situation was very complex and that the invasion had been a mistake.

In 2008, Peru joined the U.S. and its allies in recognizing Kosovo,[http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=1sAKaqHrT6M= Peru formally recognizes Kosovo as independent state] Andina and ultimately refused to recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia,{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg/2000px-Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg.png|title=International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia}} yet opposed the U.S. and Israel by recognizing Palestine in 2011, claiming "no pressure from any side".{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/peru-recognises-palestinian-state|title=Peru recognises Palestinian state|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=January 25, 2011|work=The Guardian}}

In reaction to the Libyan Civil War, Peru became the first country to cut ties with Libya "until the violence against the people ceases" as a result of the aerial bombing of Tripoli.

Upon the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011, Garcia credited the death of bin Laden to late and recently beatified Pope John Paul II, saying, "His first miracle was to remove from the world the incarnation of evil, the demonic incarnation of crime and hatred..." He also said that bin Laden's death "vindicates George W. Bush's decision to punish Bin Laden and patiently continue this work that has borne fruit".{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |title=Peru leader credits late pope for bin Laden death |work=Forbes.com |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504230241/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |archive-date=May 4, 2011 }}

In 2012, the Cuzco Consulate assisted a group of American backpackers who were attacked by Peruvian villagers who suspected the group were "cattle rustlers".{{cite news |author=John Hall |date=4 February 2013 |title=Bound, beaten and robbed: Backpackers attacked by whip-brandishing Peruvian villagers in 'savage' two day ordeal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bound-beaten-and-robbed-backpackers-attacked-by-whipbrandishing-peruvian-villagers-in-savage-two-day-ordeal-8480069.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bound-beaten-and-robbed-backpackers-attacked-by-whipbrandishing-peruvian-villagers-in-savage-two-day-ordeal-8480069.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=6 February 2013 |newspaper=The Independent}}

Peru's Deputy Foreign Minister José Beraún Araníbar condemned "the excesses committed by the government of Syria" in a 2012 interview, stressing that Peru saw a political dialogue as the only viable means of peace enforcement and supported a joint UN/Arab League initiative to this effect, indicating Peru would not likely support a U.S. intervention.[http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_25/Russia-Peru-and-Ecuador-join-voices-on-Syria/ Russian, Peru and Ecuador join voices on Syria] Voice of Russia

In June 2013, Peruvian President Ollanta Humala visited the White House and together with U.S. President Barack Obama promised to strengthen ties between both nations, including in the fight against narcotics trafficking and in tightening economic ties.[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323495604578539820380845516 U.S., Peru Presidents Pledge to Fight Trafficking] June 11, 2013 WSJ

The US government condemned Pedro Castillo's attempted self-coup in December 2022 and welcomed the appointment of Dina Boluarte as president.{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=U.S. says welcomes appointment of Boluarte as Peru's President |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-says-welcomes-appointment-boluarte-perus-president-2022-12-08/ |access-date=2023-11-06}}{{Cite news |title=Castillo moves to dissolve Peruvian Congress, it impeaches him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/7/peru-president-pedro-castillo-calls-to-dissolve-congress |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Castillo eventually alleged that the United States aided his removal.{{cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=They denounce US interference in the dismissal of Pedro Castillo |url=https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/mundo/denuncian-injerencia-de-eeuu-en-destitucion-de-pedro-castillo/ |website=Ultimas Noticias}}{{cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=La Jornada: Se reúnen embajadora de EU y ministro de Defensa antes del golpe |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2022/12/16/mundo/026n2mun |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=La Jornada |language=es-MX}}{{cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Pedro Castillo denuncia en una carta "plan maquiavélico" en su contra |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/mundo/pedro-castillo-denuncia-en-una-carta-plan-maquiavelico-en-su-contra/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=es}} The US also initially supported Boluarte amidst civil unrest against her government and allegations of authoritarianism.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Protests resume against US-backed Boluarte regime in Peru |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/07/22/ywda-j22.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=World Socialist Web Site |language=en}} Relations have deteriorated under the government of her after the U.S condemned Peru for human rights violations.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 March 2023 |title=EE. UU. señala un "problema" de impunidad ante abusos policiales en Perú |url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2023/03/20/ee-uu-senala-un-problema-de-impunidad-ante-los-abusos-policiales-en-peru-1051020 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=La República |language=es}} 15 Democratic members of Congress also condemned the Peruvian government, expressing concern over the 'authoritarian' practices Congress of the Republic.{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Renzo Gómez |date=2023-07-29 |title=US Democrats pressure President Dina Boluarte over Peru's human rights violations |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-07-29/us-democrats-pressure-president-dina-boluarte-over-perus-human-rights-violations.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=El País |language=en-us}} Relations were further complicated after President Joe Biden was widely criticized for describing Boluarte's government as democratic, while democratic backsliding has reportedly hit an all time high in Peru.{{Cite web |last=Vasquez |first=Laura |date=2023-08-01 |title=Boluarte recibe respaldo de Biden pese a que congresistas denunciaron vulneración de derechos en protestas |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/08/01/dina-boluarte-recibe-respaldo-de-joe-biden-pese-a-que-congresistas-denunciaron-vulneracion-de-derechos-en-protestas-marchas-cidh-estados-unidos-eeu-noticia-65561 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=La República |language=es}}{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=2 August 2023 |title=Joe Biden ratifica respaldo a Dina Boluarte: "Espero con interés continuar nuestra colaboración" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/08/02/joe-biden-ratifica-respaldo-a-dina-boluarte-espero-con-interes-continuar-nuestra-colaboracion/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Dems urge Biden to halt aid to Peru over protest crackdown |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-district-of-columbia-caribbean-dina-boluarte-518fac934a1ad6209d90434030889e55 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}

In November 2024, President Joe Biden traveled to Peru to attend the APEC Summit held in Lima.{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-apec-biden-xi-china-trump-trade-c9883061b53ab82f5630a3bd6fcf87fa|title=Asia-Pacific summit closes in Peru with China’s Xi front and center as Trump whiplash looms|date=November 16, 2024|website=AP News}}

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;Diplomatic missions of Peru in the United States{{Cite web|url=https://www.gob.pe/embajada-del-peru-en-estados-unidos|title=Embajada del Perú en Estados Unidos - E-EstadosUnidos|date=June 4, 2024|website=www.gob.pe}}

• Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
• Atlanta (Consulate-General)
• Boston (Consulate-General)
• Chicago (Consulate-General)
• Dallas (Consulate-General)
• Denver (Consulate-General)
• Hartford (Consulate-General)
• Houston (Consulate-General)
• Los Angeles (Consulate-General)
• Miami (Consulate-General)
• New York City (Consulate-General)
• Paterson (Consulate-General)
• San Francisco (Consulate-General)

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;Diplomatic missions of the United States in Peru{{Cite web|url=https://pe.usembassy.gov|title=Homepage|website=U.S. Embassy in Peru}}

• Lima (Embassy)
• Cusco (Consular Agency)

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File:Embassy of Peru in Washington, D.C.jpg|Peruvian embassy in Washington, D.C.

File:Consulate of Peru 241 E 49 St jeh.jpg|Peruvian consulate-general in New York City

File:Consulate-General of Peru in Washington, D.C.jpg|Peruvian consulate-general in Washington, D.C.

File:U.S. Embassy in Lima on 4th of July.png|U.S. Embassy in Lima

U.S. investment and tourism in Peru have grown substantially in recent years. The U.S. is Peru's number one trade partner, and economic and commercial ties will deepen if the U.S.–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) is passed by the U.S. Congress. About 200,000 U.S. citizens visit Peru annually for business, tourism, and study. About 16,000 Americans reside in Peru, and more than 400 U.S. companies are represented in the country.

File:Aircraft of US Navy Carrier Air Wing 2 and the Air Force of Peru in Flight in October 2015.JPG and Mirage 2000 flying beside aircraft of the United States Navy]]File:USS John P. Murtha (LPD 26) and the Peruvian navy landing platform dock ship BAP Pisco (AMP-156) conduct tactical maneuvers in the eastern Pacific Ocean during UNITAS LXII. (51535611938).jpg (background) conduct a joint training exercise in the eastern Pacific in 2021]]

The United States and Peru cooperate on efforts to interdict the flow of narcotics, particularly cocaine, to the United States. Bilateral programs are now in effect to reduce the flow of drugs through Peru's port systems and to perform ground interdiction in tandem with successful law enforcement operations. These U.S. Government-supported law enforcement efforts are complemented by an aggressive effort to establish an alternative development program for coca farmers in key coca growing areas to voluntarily reduce and eliminate coca cultivation. This effort is funded by the Department of State's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Peru remains part of SICOFAA (whose creation was proposed by the Peruvian Air Force in 1964) and the Rio Pact, requiring it and the U.S. to assist each other in case of attack, and continues to be a regular participant in RIMPAC, an international maritime military exercise led by the U.S. to promote stability throughout the Pacific in the event of potential conflicts ranging from China invading Taiwan or North Korean aggression against its neighbors.

{{Portal|Peru|United States|Politics}}

• Foreign relations of Peru
• Foreign relations of the United States
• Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.
• Ambassadors of Peru to the United States
• Embassy of the United States, Lima
• Ambassadors of the United States to Peru
• Latin America–United States relations
• CIA activities in Peru
• Peruvian North American Cultural Institute

{{StateDept|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35762.htm#relations}}

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{{Library resources box}}

• Brands, Hal. "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.3 (2010): 471–490. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.2010.508418 online]
• Carey,James. Peru and the United States, 1900-1962 (U of Notre Dame Press, 1964).
• Clayton, Lawrence. ''Peru and the United States: The Condor and the Eagle" ( U of Georgia Press, 1999).
• De Ferrari, Gabriella. Gringa Latina: A Woman of Two Worlds (Houghton Mifflin, 1996).
• Jasper, M. L. and C. R. Seelke. "Peru: Political Situation, Economic Conditions and U. S. Relations" (US Congressional Research Service, January 15, 2008) [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22715.pdf online]
• Kofas, Jon V. Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peruvian Economic Relations (University Press of America, 1996).
• McClintock, Cynthia, and Fabián Valias. The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost (Routledge, 2018).
• McClintock, Cynthia, and Fabian Vallas. "The United States and Peru in the 2000s." in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations (Routledge, 2010) pp. 217-237.
• Olson, Richard Stuart. “Economic Coercion in International Disputes: The United States and Peru in the IPC Expropriation Dispute of 1968-1971.” Journal of Developing Areas 9#3 (1975): 395–414.
• Packel, John. "Peruvian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 467–476. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300143/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=3a0cffff online]
• Paerregaard, Karsten. “Inside the Hispanic Melting Pot: Negotiating National and Multicultural Identities among Peruvians in the United States.” Latino Studies 3 (2005): 76–96.
• Pike, Frederick. The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador (Harvard UP, 1977).
• Roberts, Lauren. "Comparing Theoretical Explanations Regarding United States Decision-Making on Regime Change in Peru and in Chile from 1968 to 1973." (2021).[https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9319&context=etd online]
• Sharp, Daniel. U.S. Foreign Policy and Peru (U of Texas Press, 1972).
• Stephenson, Hollie E. "The Pinnacle of United States-Peru Relations: A Survey of the Motivations for and the Ratification Process of the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." (PhD Diss. Johns Hopkins University, 2008) [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32758/Final.pdf?sequence=1 online], with long bibliography
• Taft–Morales, Maureen. Peru: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations (US Congressional Research Service, July 21, 2009) [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40716.pdf online]
• Walter, Richard. Peru and the United States, 1960-1975: How their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era (Pennsylvania State UP, 2010)
• Wordliczek, Rafał. "USAID, Foreign Military Financing, and Total Assistance USAID." Americana 11#2 (2015) [http://americanaejournal.hu/vol11no2/wordliczek online]

• [https://history.state.gov/countries/peru History of Peru - U.S. relations]

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United States

Category:Bilateral relations of the United States