Peter Grünberg

Grünberg was born in Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, which at the time was known as Pilsen in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic) to the Sudeten German1939 wurde ich im damals von Hitler annektierten Pilsen, heute Tschechien, als Sudetendeutscher geboren. Gleich nach Kriegsende, mit dem Einmarsch der Alliierten-Truppen, wurden alle Deutschen, so auch meine Familie, interniert. Meine Eltern kamen in ein Lager: Mein Vater Feodor ist im Lager geblieben, meine Mutter Anna dann zur Feldarbeit in das Dorf meiner Großeltern gekommen. Wir Kinder sind anfangs zu meiner tschechischen Tante gebracht worden, später zu meiner Mutter. 1946 bin ich nach Lauterbach in Hessen ausgesiedelt und dort eingeschult worden. Meinen Vater habe ich nicht mehr gesehen, er ist im Internierungslager gestorben. — interview at {{cite web |title=Glauben Sie an Gott? |url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |archive-date=2007-11-30 |access-date=2008-06-05}} family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg.Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg — Peter Andreas Grünberg, born on 18 May 1939 in Pilsen (now Czech Republic), parents: Dipl.-Ing. Feodor A. Grünberg and Anna Grünberg. [http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 CVV at fz-juelich.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 |date=2007-12-15}} They first lived in Dýšina{{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Heimatkreis Mies-Pilsen e. V |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft, „Kreisgruppe Hochtaunus“,20.11.2007 [http://www.sl-hochtaunus.de/Nobelpreis/nobelpreis.html] to the east of Plzeň. Grünberg was a Catholic.Glauben Sie, Professor Grünberg, als Naturwissenschaftler an Gott? — Peter Grünberg: Ja, natürlich. Ich bin streng katholisch aufgewachsen und denke, einiges dabei gewonnen zu haben. Aber ich halte es mit Lessings Ringparabel. Welcher der drei Ringe ist der echte? – Grünberg states he believes in God, was raised strictly Catholic, and adheres to Lessing's Ring Parable in an interview with Gerhard Ertl and Peter Grünberg at [http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 cicero.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |date=2007-11-30 }}

After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Plzeň which is also inscribed with Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945.Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945, [http://www.westboehmen.de/tafel_pilsen.jpg westboehmen.de] His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100){{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Nobelpreisträger Grünberg aus Pilsen |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }} had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the PetermannPhoto 2, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan2.jpg westboehmen.de] house in UntersekerschanPhoto 1, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan.jpg westboehmen.de] (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (Peter's sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.{{cite web|url=http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|title=Curriculum Vitae|access-date=2007-10-09|publisher=Forschungszentrum Jülich|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|archive-date=2007-12-15}}

Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He then attended the Technische Universität Darmstadt, where he received his BSc diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher.{{cite news|last1=Overbye|first1=Dennis|author-link1=Dennis Overbye|title=Peter Grünberg, 78, Winner of an 'iPod Nobel,' Is Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/obituaries/peter-grunberg-winner-of-an-ipod-nobel-dies-at-78.html|access-date=16 April 2018|work=The New York Times|date=13 April 2018|page=A25}} From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.{{Cite web|title=Grünberg, Peter, 1939–|url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11710007.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=history.aip.org}} He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.

In 1984–1985 he served as visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratories, Lemont, Illinois, USA. From 1984 to 1992 he had Habilitation process and was a lecturer (Junior Professor), and since 1992 till 2004 a Tenured Professor (ausserplanmässiger Professor) at the University of Cologne, Germany. He was also a visiting professor at the Tohoku University at Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken, Japan from 1998 till 2004.

In 2007, Grünberg was awarded Honorary Doctorate from the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, in 2008 Honorary Doctorate from the Saarland University, and from Gebze Institute of Technology, and in 2009 from the University of Athens.

In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR).{{cite journal |author1=G. Binasch |author2=P. Grünberg |author3=F. Saurenbach |author4=W. Zinn | title=Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | journal=Phys. Rev. B |year=1989 | volume=39 | issue=7 | pages=4828–4830 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 |pmid=9948867 |bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B |doi-access=free }} GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by Albert Fert from the Université de Paris Sud. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern hard drives. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, magnetic random access memory.

Apart from the Nobel Prize, work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the Wolf Prize in Physics and the 2007 Japan Prize. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named European Inventor of the Year{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2006/Gruenberg.html|title=European Inventor of the Year 2006 in the category Universities and research institutions: Peter Grünberg (Jülich Research Centre, Germany)|date=2006 |access-date= 10 April 2018 }} in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the European Patent Office and European Commission in 2006.

• American Physical Society's International Prize for New Materials (1994)
• International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) Magnetism Award (1994)
• Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (1997) with Albert Fert and Stuart Parkin
• German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation (1998)
• Max Planck Society Member (2003).
• Germany Physical Society's Stern-Gerlach Medal (2006)
• European Inventor of the Year (2006)
• Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
• Japan Prize (2007)
• Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)
• Friendship Award (China) (2016)

File:Peter Grünberg playing guitar.jpg

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• {{Patent|DE|3820475|"Magnetfeldsensor mit ferromagnetischer, dünner Schicht" filed on 16.06.1988}}
• {{Patent|US|4949039|"Magnetic field sensor with ferromagnetic thin layers having magnetically antiparallel polarized components"}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Suzuki | first1=Y. | last2=Katayama | first2=T. | last3=Takanashi | first3=K. | last4=Schreiber | first4=R. | last5=Grünberg | first5=P. | last6=Tanaka | first6=K. | title=The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001) | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=165 | issue=1–3 | year=1997 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/s0304-8853(96)00488-x | pages=134–136| bibcode=1997JMMM..165..134S }}
• {{cite journal | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. | last2=Wolf | first2=J.A. | last3=Schäfer | first3=R. | title=Long-range exchange interactions in epitaxial layered magnetic structures | journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=221 | issue=1–4 | year=1996 | issn=0921-4526 | doi=10.1016/0921-4526(95)00949-3 | pages=357–365| bibcode=1996PhyB..221..357G }}
• M. Schäfer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1995. "Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan). J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng. . B31, 17.
• {{cite journal | last1=Fert | first1=A. | last2=Grünberg | first2=P. | last3=Barthélémy | first3=A. | last4=Petroff | first4=F. | last5=Zinn | first5=W. | title=Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=140–144 | year=1995 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/0304-8853(94)00880-9 | pages=1–8| bibcode=1995JMMM..140....1F }}
• {{cite book | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. A. | last2=Fuss | first2=A. | last3=Leng | first3=Q. | last4=Schreiber | first4=R. | last5=Wolf | first5=J. A. | series=NATO ASI Series | volume=309 | pages=87–100 | title=Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension | chapter=Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure | publisher=Springer US | publication-place=Boston, MA | year=1993 | isbn=978-1-4899-1521-4 | issn=0258-1221 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-1519-1_9}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Fuß | first1=A. | last2=Demokritov | first2=S. | last3=Grünberg | first3=P. | last4=Zinn | first4=W. | title=Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=103 | issue=3 | year=1992 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/0304-8853(92)90192-q | pages=L221–L227| bibcode=1992JMMM..103L.221F }}
• {{Cite journal | last1 = Binasch | first1 = G. | last2 = Grünberg | first2 = P. | last3 = Saurenbach | first3 = F. | last4 = Zinn | first4 = W. | title = Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 4828–4830 | year = 1989 | pmid = 9948867|bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. | last2=Schreiber | first2=R. | last3=Pang | first3=Y. | last4=Brodsky | first4=M. B. | last5=Sowers | first5=H. | title=Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=57 | issue=19 | date=10 November 1986 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.57.2442 | pages=2442–2445| pmid=10033726 | bibcode=1986PhRvL..57.2442G | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233851 }}

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{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Peter Grünberg}}

• [http://www.fz-juelich.de/pgi/EN/UeberUns/AboutPeterGruenberg/artikel.html Peter Grünberg webpage] at Forschungszentrum Jülich
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011054452/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Peter_Grunberg_Paper List of selected papers]
• {{Nobelprize}}

{{Wolf Prize in Physics}}

{{2007 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics}}

{{Japan Prize}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grunberg, Peter}}

Category:1939 births

Category:2018 deaths

Category:Scientists from Plzeň

Category:German Roman Catholics

Category:Sudeten German people

Category:20th-century German physicists

Category:German Nobel laureates

Category:Nobel laureates in Physics

Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Category:Members of the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia

Category:People from Jülich

Category:German people of German Bohemian descent

Category:European Inventor Award winners

Category:Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni

Category:Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt

Category:21st-century German physicists

Category:Jülich Research Centre