Phantasy Star II#Remake

{{Short description|1989 video game}}

{{Infobox video game

| title = Phantasy Star II

| image = Phantasy Star II.jpg

| caption = North American cover art

| developer = Sega

| publisher = Sega

| director = Chieko Aoki

| producer = Yuji Naka

| programmer = Yuji Naka

| artist = Rieko Kodama

| writer = Chieko Aoki

| series = Phantasy Star

| composer = Tokuhiko Uwabo

| released = {{vgrelease|JP|March 21, 1989|NA|March 1990|EU|November 30, 1990|BR|1996}}

| genre = Role-playing

| modes = Single-player

| platforms = Sega Genesis

}}

{{nihongo foot|Phantasy Star II|ファンタシースターII 還らざる時の終わりに|Phantasy Star II: At the End of the Restoration|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} is a science fantasy role-playing video game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released in Japan in 1989 and North America and Europe in 1990. It was later ported to a variety of different platforms. An updated remake, {{nihongo foot|Phantasy Star Generation 2|ファンタシースター generation:2|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}}, was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 in Japan.

Phantasy Star II is the second installment in Sega's acclaimed Phantasy Star series and serves as a sequel to the original Phantasy Star for the Master System. Phantasy Star II takes place 1,000 years after the events of its predecessor and follows the journey of a government agent named Rolf and his friends, who are on a mission to discover why the protector of the planet Mota, Mother Brain, has started malfunctioning.

Phantasy Star II was the first video game to use a 6 mega-bit cartridge, making it the biggest video game on a console at the time. Since its release Phantasy Star II has been the subject of critical acclaim.

Gameplay

File:Phantasystar2 top down.jpg

Gameplay is similar to the original Phantasy Star, the first game in the series. Its battle system is turn-based as well as menu-based, allowing the player to choose commands for their party of up to four characters. Each of the eight characters has a different set of preferred weapons and armor, as well as techniques, suited to the character's job. The player must defeat enemies in the overworld and in dungeons to advance in the game.

The game abandoned the first-person view that the first game used for dungeons and battles. Phantasy Star II instead uses a top-down perspective for exploration and a third-person view in battles.

Plot

Somewhere deep within the Andromeda Galaxy lies the Algol Star System. The parent star, Algol (referred to as "Algo" by this point in the timeline), has three planets orbiting about it. First is Palm ("Palma"), the home of the government. Governors, treasurers, and great thinkers dwell here in great ivory towers, away from the hubbub of everyday life. Next is Mota ("Motavia"), the shining jewel. Once a dry desert planet infested with ant lions, Mota has been transformed into a blue and green tropical paradise. Domed farms grow crops, and the water is regulated into dammed rivers. Life on Mota is sweet, peaceful, and easy. The people have everything they want and do not need to work. Farthest out is Dezo ("Dezoris"), the ice planet. Little is known about this mysterious and dark planet.

One thousand years have passed since Alis and her friends liberated Algo from the evil Lassic in the previous game; Algo has since prospered under the care of a giant computer called the Mother Brain. The Mother Brain regulates the Climatrol tower which has terraformed Mota, the biosystems lab, and all other things that provide whatever the people in Mota need.

The game begins with the character Rolf recalling a strange recurring nightmare he has been having. In the dream, a young girl who Rolf does not recognize – but who resembles Alis – is battling a demon. Finally, just before the demon would kill her, Rolf awakens. From his home in Paseo, Mota's capital, Rolf goes to the central tower to meet with the head of government on Mota, in order to receive his newest mission.

The first threat is an increase in dangerous biomonsters (biologically altered animals). Rolf sets off with his companion Nei, a humanoid with catlike features, to investigate, accompanied by six others with each different, but same purpose. Along the way, the group discovers a human-biomonster hybrid named Neifirst, who reveals that Nei's origins are the same as her own. Being part biomonster, she is an outcast from society, causing her to loathe mankind and, because of this, sabotage both Mota's climate control system and the biosystems laboratory. Nei confronts Neifirst and battles her in a one-on-one fight, but is defeated and killed. Anguished, Rolf and the remaining party defeat Neifirst, causing the biosystems laboratory to self-destruct and bringing an end to Mota's Biomonster hazard.

However, this sets another incident in motion: the explosion of the lab damages the Climatrol equipment and causes the central lake, the residential reservoir of Mota, to overflow with water. To prevent a massive flood, Rolf and his friends decide to open up the surrounding four dams. After unlocking the last one, they are captured by Mother Brain's security robots, charged with causing the environmental disaster, and sentenced to death upon the Gaira satellite. However, the satellite malfunctions and collides with Palm, destroying both. Rolf and company are rescued in the nick of time by a space pirate, Tyler.

Now the system's most wanted criminals, blamed for Palm's destruction and the deaths of its people, the group boards Mota's last remaining spacecraft – legacy of a space program now falling into ruins – to the mysterious and dangerous Dezo. Located at a far corner of the planet is the Esper Mansion: upon reaching it, Rolf awakens the legendary Lutz from a long sleep. Lutz reveals the secrets of Rolf's past, as well as the dark secret of Mother Brain which relates to the fate and destruction Algo is now facing. In order to save the System, the heroes seek to recover the powerful Nei arsenal, found in four hidden dungeons, capable of defeating the enemies on the spaceship Noah, where Mother Brain resides.

It is eventually revealed that the demon from Rolf's original nightmare – Dark Force, Lassic's true corruptor and Alis' enemy a thousand years ago – has corrupted Noah and been behind every threat Rolf has faced, including Mother Brain itself. Rolf confronts the two evil entities and defeats them. After the final battle, Lutz alerts him that there are still people on the ship: they're the remaining survivors from Earth. They reveal they created Mother Brain to satisfy their greedy lifestyle at the expense of Algo's resources, and a fight between the heroes and the earthmen ensues. The game ends with the outcome unrevealed.

Release

= Localization changes =

  • Lutz, a refugee Esper who lives in the Esper Mansion on Dezo, aids Rolf and friends in their mission. He is supposed to be the same Esper who accompanies Alis as "Noah" in the original Phantasy Star, but as Phantasy Star II names him Lutz internationally, this connection is lost in translation.
  • In the Japanese version, Ustvestia, a musician who teaches the characters the Musik technique, is openly gay; when requested to teach a male character the Musik technique, he comments, "He looks cute", and charges less than he would for teaching female characters. Any obvious references to this were removed from the American release; he instead comments, "He looks smart" – and still charges less for teaching the male characters.{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Ripplinger|year=2002|title=The Two Phantasy Stars |url=http://www.ripplinger.us/camineet/theories/twophantasystars.asp|publisher=Camineet|access-date=2010-01-29}}
  • While the tracks in the soundtrack are the same for both versions, the snare drums are much louder in the Japanese version.{{cite web|first=Damian|last=Thomas|year=2008|title=Phantasy Star 1st Series Complete Album|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/soundtracks/ps-1st/index.html|publisher=RPGFan|access-date=2010-01-29|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522122158/http://rpgfan.com/soundtracks/ps-1st/index.html|url-status=dead}}
  • In the Japanese version the game is set 942 years after the events of Phantasy Star I.

= Ports =

Phantasy Star II was re-released as a port in two different forms for the Sega Saturn and Game Boy Advance as part of Phantasy Star Collection. It was also released on the Sega Smash Pack Volume 1 for the Dreamcast. It is also part of the Sega Genesis Collection for PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. The game is available in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game is also included as part of Sega Genesis Classics for Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

The game was made available through Nintendo's Virtual Console service in 2008. On June 10, 2009, it was released on Xbox Live Arcade under the Sega Vintage Collection banner. On August 26, 2010, an iPhone port of the game was released.{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/phantasy-star-ii/id382953129?mt=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830222241/http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/phantasy-star-ii/id382953129?mt=8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2010 |title=Phantasy Star II on the App Store on iTunes |publisher=iTunes |date=2012-11-30 |access-date=2013-11-06}} The port later became available on the iPad and iPod touch as well. On June 22, 2017, Sega made the game available for free through both iTunes and Android.{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/news/nation/sega-classic-games-on-phone-sega-forever |title=You Can Finally Play Classic Sega Games on Your Phone |publisher=Thrillist |date=2017-06-22 |access-date=2017-06-28}}

In October 1993, Atari Corporation filed a lawsuit against Sega for an alleged infringement of a patent originally created by Atari Corp. in the 1980s, and Atari sought a preliminary injunction to stop manufacturing, usage, and sales of hardware and software for the Genesis and Game Gear. On September 28, 1994, both parties reached a settlement involving a cross-licensing agreement to publish up to five games each year across their systems until 2001. Phantasy Star II was one of the first five games approved from the deal by Sega in order to be converted for the Atari Jaguar, but it was never released.{{cite web|author=CRV|url=http://gdri.smspower.org/wiki/index.php/Blog:Legal_Brief:_Atari_vs._Sega|title=Blog:Legal Brief: Atari vs. Sega|website=gdri.smspower.org|date=August 6, 2017|access-date=November 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043230/http://gdri.smspower.org/wiki/index.php/Blog:Legal_Brief:_Atari_vs._Sega|archive-date=November 16, 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=https://www.timeextension.com/features/flashback-the-atari-jaguar-almost-got-shinobi-streets-of-rage-wonder-boy-and-other-sega-classics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524214003/https://www.timeextension.com/features/flashback-the-atari-jaguar-almost-got-shinobi-streets-of-rage-wonder-boy-and-other-sega-classics | archive-date=May 24, 2024 | title=Flashback: The Atari Jaguar Almost Got Shinobi, Streets of Rage, Wonder Boy and Other Sega Classics | date=April 26, 2023 }}

Phantasy Star II would eventually see a rerelease on the Sega Genesis Mini 2 in October 2022, along with 60 other games. Ported by M2, this version features a few quality of life additions, including a faster run speed, faster combat and animations, and an additional mode where EXP and Meseta (the game's in-game currency) are doubled, to eliminate some level grinding. These changes were met with positive reception. {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN_Nhx9pjr0 |title=Sega just updated this game... |date=2024-07-24 |last=Goati_ |access-date=2024-07-27 |via=YouTube}}

Reception and legacy

{{Video game reviews

| title = Contemporary reception

| ACE = 887/1000{{cite journal |title=ACE Magazine Issue 37 |journal=ACE Magazine |date=October 1990 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ace-magazine-37/ACE_Issue_37_1990_Oct#page/n90 |access-date=25 February 2021}}

| ASM = 56/60{{cite journal|last=Hoogh|first=Eva|title=Segas Sternstunde|journal=Aktueller Software Markt|date=August–September 1990|issue=9|url=http://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=2359&s=2|access-date=5 February 2012}}

| Dragon = {{rating|5|5}}

| EGM = 32/40{{cite magazine |title=Phantasy Star 2 |magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly |issue=9 |date=April 1990 |page=18 |url=https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_Issue_009_April_1990/page/n19}}

| JS = 97%{{cite journal|title=Phantasy Star 2|journal=Joystick| date=November 1990 |issue=10|url=http://amr.abime.net/review_44258|access-date=5 February 2012|author=JM Destroy|page=98}}

| PO = 95%{{cite journal|title=Phantasy Star II|journal=Player One| date=March 1991 |issue=7|pages=24–5|url=http://www.abandonware-magazines.org/affiche_mag.php?mag=32&num=951&album=oui|access-date=5 February 2012}}

| Raze = 90%

| VGCE = 9/10{{cite journal|title=Phantasy Star II|journal=VideoGames & Computer Entertainment| date=March 1990 |issue=14|url=http://retrocdn.net/images/d/d2/VG%26CE_US_14.pdf#page=24|access-date=31 July 2016|page=34}}

| Zero = 89%{{cite journal|title=Phantasy Star 2|journal=Zero| date=March 1991 |issue=17|url=http://amr.abime.net/review_5765|access-date=5 February 2012|page=88}}

| rev1 = Mega

| rev1Score = 88%{{cite journal |title=Ying Games |journal=Mega |date=March 1994 |issue=18 |page=71 |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/3/35/Mega_UK_18.pdf#page=71}}

| rev2 = Sega Power

| rev2Score = 94%{{cite journal |title=Mega Drive: Phantasy Star II |journal=Sega Power |date=February 1991 |issue=15 |pages=22–3 |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/b/b8/SegaPower_UK_15.pdf#page=22}}

}}

=Contemporary=

Its demonstration at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show (Winter CES) in January 1990 received a positive reception.{{cite magazine |title=Home Games Look Robust at Winter CES Show; "Coin-Op Must Get On Track Fast," Observers Say |magazine=RePlay |date=February 1990 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=38–44 |url=https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%205%20-%20February%201990/page/38/mode/2up}} The original Phantasy Star game was a big game for its time, and because of the advancements in technology between the Master System and Genesis, Phantasy Star II featured a much larger cartridge than its predecessor, holding 6 megabits of data, making it the largest game on any game machine up until that time. RePlay magazine praised the game for providing a lengthy home video game experience not found in arcades, and reported it could take about 250 hours to complete.

The game was well received by critics upon release. In Dragon magazine, Phantasy Star II was described as "one of the best role-playing games yet to be released for any video game system."{{cite journal|title=The Role of Computers |last1=Lesser |last2=Lesser|last3=Lesser|first1=Hartley|first2=Patricia|first3=Kirk|journal=Dragon|issue=160|date=August 1990|pages=47–52}} Wizardry designer Roe R. Adams wrote in Computer Gaming World that Phantasy Star II was a system seller for the Genesis,{{cite magazine | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1990&pub=2&id=76 | title=Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is) | magazine=Computer Gaming World | date=November 1990 | access-date=16 November 2013 | author=Adams, Roe R. III | page=83}} stating that its "16-bit graphics are gorgeous, but the real fun lies in the science fiction story plot." He concluded that it is a "challenging and enjoyable" game with "superb combat and animated graphics."{{citation|first=Roe R.|last=Adams|magazine=Computer Gaming World|date=November 1990|issue=76|pages=85–6|title=Wishing on a Phantasy Star II}} Raze concluded that it is a "challenging quest packed with gameplay."{{cite journal|title=Phantasy Star II|journal=Raze| date=April 1991 |issue=5|url=http://www.outofprintarchive.com/articles/reviews/MegaDrive.html|access-date=29 January 2012}}

{{Clear}}

= Retrospective =

{{Video game reviews

| title = Retrospective reception

| SMD = true

| iOS = true

| X360 = true

| na=true

| GR_SMD = 80%{{cite web |url=https://www.gamerankings.com/genesis/526675-phantasy-star-ii/index.html |title=Phantasy Star II for Genesis |website=GameRankings |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209013012/https://www.gamerankings.com/genesis/526675-phantasy-star-ii/index.html |archive-date=2019-12-09 |url-status=dead}}

| MC_X360 = 64/100{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/phantasy-star-ii/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=Phantasy Star II for Xbox 360 Reviews |website=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date=2018-08-08}}

| IGN_X360 = 7/10{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/26/phantasy-star-ii-review |title=Phantasy Star II Review |last=Clayman |first=David |date=2009-06-26 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=2018-08-08}}

| IGN_iOS = 8.5/10

| rev1 = HonestGamers

| rev1_SMD = 10/10{{cite web|last=Hartley|first=Gary|title=Phantasy Star II: Staff Review|url=http://www.honestgamers.com/reviews/4251.html|work=HonestGamers|access-date=28 January 2012|date=October 29, 2005}}

}}

Phantasy Star II was a landmark game in its time, "a game of many firsts" according to Nintendo Power.{{cite magazine|title=Phantasy Star II|magazine=Nintendo Power|year=2009|volume=246–249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94lYAAAAYAAJ&q=phantasy+star+ii|access-date=28 January 2012|page=21|publisher=Nintendo of America}} It was the first RPG for the Mega Drive, and was released in the U.S. two months before the original Final Fantasy for the NES, another key game in the genre's popularization in North America.

Phantasy Star II is regarded by many as a forerunner for certain aspects of role-playing video games, such as an epic, dramatic, character-driven storyline dealing with serious themes and subject matter, a strategy-based battle system,{{cite web|first=Greg |last=Kasavin |url=http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129293/index.html |title=The Greatest Games of All Time: Phantasy Star II – Features at GameSpot |website=GameSpot |access-date=2010-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718001919/http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129293/index.html |archive-date=2005-07-18 }}{{cite web|title=Time Machine: Phantasy Star|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/281081/features/time-machine-phantasy-star/|publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com|access-date=15 May 2011|date=January 2, 2011}} and the demand for extensive strategy guides for such games (Phantasy Star II included one with the game itself). Phantasy Star II's predominantly science fiction setting was also a major departure for RPGs, which had previously been largely restricted to fantasy or science fantasy settings.{{cite magazine|last=Kaiser|first=Rowan|title=RPG Pillars: Phantasy Star II|url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/221338/rpg-pillars-phantasy-star-ii/|magazine=GamePro|access-date=6 September 2011|date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725005927/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/221338/rpg-pillars-phantasy-star-ii/|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-07-25}} The game's science fiction story was also unique, reversing the common alien invasion scenario by instead presenting Earthlings as the invading antagonists rather than the defending protagonists. The game's strong characterization, and use of self-discovery as a motivating factor for the characters and the player, was a major departure from previous RPGs and had a major influence on subsequent RPGs such as the Final Fantasy series. It also made an attempt at social commentary years before the Final Fantasy series started doing the same. Tor.com described the worldbuilding as "fantastic, probably the best in any 16-bit era game."{{cite web |last=Tieryas |first=Peter |title=Gaming Utopia: Phantasy Star II Replay (part 1) |url=http://www.tor.com/2015/12/21/why-phantasy-star-ii-is-one-of-the-best-jrpgs-of-the-16-bit-era-part-1/ |website=Tor.com |access-date=30 March 2020 |date=December 21, 2015}}

Phantasy Star II has made a number of "greatest games of all time" type lists, including being inducted into GameSpot's list of greatest games of all time in 2005. Mega placed the game at #29 in their "Top Mega Drive Games of All Time" in 1992.Mega magazine issue 1, page 76, Future Publishing, October 1992. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it the 30th best console video game of all time, saying it was the best RPG on the Genesis due to its characters, story, enemies, and massive length.{{cite magazine |title=100 Best Games of All Time |magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly|issue=100 |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=November 1997|page=140}} Note: Contrary to the title, the intro to the article (on page 100) explicitly states that the list covers console video games only, meaning PC games and arcade games were not eligible. In 2003, IGN ranked it as the 92nd top game, choosing Phantasy Star II for how it "surprised everyone with the death of a major player 1/3 the way" years before Final Fantasy VII, in addition to "a balanced experience point system, tough-as-nails bosses, and one of the biggest and most difficult RPG quests that we've ever seen."{{cite web|url=http://uk.top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |title=IGN's Top 100 Games of All Time |publisher=Uk.top100.ign.com |access-date=2013-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104104413/http://uk.top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |archive-date=2013-11-04 }} In 2009, Nintendo Power called Phantasy Star II, along with Phantasy Star IV, one of the greatest role-playing games of all time.Editors of Nintendo Power: Nintendo Power February 2009; issue 2 (in English). Future US Inc, 39–42. Retrieved February 1, 2010. In 2011, GamePro included it in its list of "20 Games That Defined Role-Playing Games".{{cite magazine|title=RPG Pillars: 20 Games That Defined Role-Playing Games|url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/221341/rpg-pillars-20-games-that-defined-role-playing-games/|magazine=GamePro|access-date=6 September 2011|author=Kat Bailey|author2=Jason Wilson|date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203005802/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/221341/rpg-pillars-20-games-that-defined-role-playing-games/|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-12-03}}

Levi Buchanan of IGN reviewed the iPhone version in 2010. He praised it as an "awesome game" with a "real sense of discovery" and one of his "favorite final twists in videogames."{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/08/28/phantasy-star-ii-iphone-review |title=Phantasy Star II iPhone Review |last=Buchanan |first=Levi |date=August 28, 2010 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=28 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201110816/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/08/28/phantasy-star-ii-iphone-review |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}

= Remake =

A remake, Phantasy Star Generation 2, was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2 as a part of Sega Ages in 2005. Much like Phantasy Star Generation 1, the remake mirrors the events of the original game while adding character development and fleshing out the story in more detail. It featured enhanced graphics, a revised combat system, and a rearranged soundtrack. Other new features included the ability to play the original Mega Drive version, and to load a system file from Phantasy Star Generation:1 to allow the ability to play as Nei throughout the entire game.

It was originally slated for North American and European release by Conspiracy Entertainment as a part of the Phantasy Star Trilogy, a compilation of the remakes of Phantasy Star, Phantasy Star II, and Phantasy Star IV. The compilation's future is uncertain, however, since Sega reclaimed the publishing rights for North America and Europe. This is evidenced by the fact that the trilogy no longer appears on Conspiracy Entertainment's list of products on their website.{{cite web |url=http://www.conspiracygames.com/products.php |title=Conspiracy Entertainment's current product list |publisher=Conspiracygames.com |access-date=2009-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124230506/http://www.conspiracygames.com/products.php |archive-date=2005-11-24 }} Sega has abandoned their plans for a Phantasy Star IV remake in favor of a compilation featuring the original iterations of Phantasy Star IIV.{{cite web|url=http://ps2.ign.com/objects/686/686588.html |title=IGN.com entry on Phantasy Star Trilogy indicating its cancellation |publisher=Ps2.ign.com |date=2004-05-27 |access-date=2009-10-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/segaagesphantasystartrilogy/tech_info.html |title=Gamespot entry on Phantasy Star Trilogy indicating its cancellation |publisher=Gamespot.com |access-date=2009-10-23}}

Game designer Yasushi Yamaguchi, who was responsible for the 'Mechanical Design' in the game, expressed interest for a 3D remake.{{cite web|url=https://www.timeextension.com/news/2024/01/phantasy-star-ii-designer-would-love-to-do-a-genshin-impact-style-3d-remake |title=Phantasy Star II Designer Would Love To Do A Genshin Impact-Style 3D Remake |date=8 January 2024 |publisher=timeextension.com |access-date=2024-01-08}}

{{Clear}}

References