PlayStation 2

Released in 1994, the original PlayStation proved to be a phenomenal worldwide success and signalled Sony's rise to power in the video game industry. Its launch elicited critical acclaim and strong sales; it eventually became the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units.{{cite press release|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/051130e.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103211119/http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/051130e.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2006|title=PlayStation 2 Breaks Record as the Fastest Computer Entertainment Platform to Reach Cumulative Shipment of 100 Million Units |date=30 November 2005 |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment |access-date=8 June 2008}} The PlayStation enjoyed particular success outside Japan in part due to Sony's refined development kits, large-scale advertising campaigns, and strong third-party developer support.{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=504}} By the late 1990s Sony had dethroned established rivals Sega and Nintendo in the global video game market.{{cite web|title=Sony PlayStation vs Nintendo 64|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/news/a443707/sony-playstation-vs-nintendo-64-gamings-greatest-rivalries.html|website=Digital Spy|date=9 December 2012|access-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820110224/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/news/a443707/sony-playstation-vs-nintendo-64-gamings-greatest-rivalries.html|archive-date=20 August 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite magazine|url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation/3/ |title=The Making Of: PlayStation |page=3 |magazine=Edge|publisher=Future plc|location=Bath |date=24 April 2009 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018182151/http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation/3/ |archive-date=18 October 2014 }} Sega, spurred on by their declining market share and significant financial losses,{{cite web|url=http://sega.jp/IR/en/ar/ar1998/ar98.pdf |title=Sega Enterprises Annual Report 1998 |publisher=Sega Enterprises, Ltd. |pages=1, 7–8 |access-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040504003308/http://sega.jp/IR/en/ar/ar1998/ar98.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2004}} launched the Dreamcast in 1998 as a last-ditch attempt to stay in the industry.{{cite web |title=State of the Game: August 1999 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/08/10/state-of-the-game-august-1999 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=17 January 2022 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=10 August 1999 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117223146/https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/08/10/state-of-the-game-august-1999 |url-status=live }} Fuelled by a large marketing campaign, it sold over 500,000 units within two weeks.{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/a-look-back-at-the-sega/|title=A Look Back at the Sega Dreamcast|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118053019/http://blogcritics.org/a-look-back-at-the-sega/|archive-date=18 January 2016}}{{cite web|last=Whitehead|first= Dan |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dreamcast-a-forensic-retrospective-article|title=Dreamcast: A Forensic Retrospective Article|publisher=Eurogamer.net|date=25 October 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141015103108/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dreamcast-a-forensic-retrospective-article|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=live}}

Though Sony has kept details of the PlayStation 2's development secret, Ken Kutaragi, "the Father of the PlayStation",{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5475462/whats-the-father-of-the-playstation-doing-these-days| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/http://kotaku.com/5475462/whats-the-father-of-the-playstation-doing-these-days| archive-date=1 October 2021 |title=What's The Father of the PlayStation Doing These Days? |first=Brian|last=Ashcraft |date=19 February 2010 |website=Kotaku|publisher=Future plc|location=Bath|access-date=11 August 2010|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6239672.html |title='Father of the PlayStation' adopts new start up |first=Tom |last=Magrino |date=11 November 2009 |website=GameSpot|publisher=Red Ventures|location=San Francisco|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303103306/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6239672.html |archive-date=3 March 2010 }} reportedly began working on a second console around the time of the original PlayStation's launch in late 1994.{{cite magazine|title=Letters|magazine=Next Generation|issue=22 |publisher=Imagine Media |date= October 1996|page=203}}{{cite web |last=Wojmar |first=Jason |title=10 Secrets Behind The Making Of The PlayStation 2 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/secrets-making-playstation-2/ |website=TheGamer |publisher=Valnet |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708230253/https://www.thegamer.com/secrets-making-playstation-2/ |archive-date=8 July 2019 |date=8 July 2019}} At some point during development, employees from Argonaut Games, under contract for semiconductor manufacturer LSI Corporation, were instructed to design a rendering chip for Sony's upcoming console.{{cite web |last=McFerren |first=Damien |title=The Team Behind Nintendo's Super FX Almost Made the PS2 CPU, And It Was Named After a Dog's Bits |url=https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/11/the_team_behind_nintendos_super_fx_almost_made_the_ps2_cpu_and_it_was_named_after_a_dogs_bits |website=Push Square |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227132350/https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/11/the_team_behind_nintendos_super_fx_almost_made_the_ps2_cpu_and_it_was_named_after_a_dogs_bits |archive-date=27 February 2021 |location=Brighton |date=26 November 2019}} Jez San, founder of Argonaut, recalled that his team had no direct contact with Sony during the development process. Unbeknownst to him, Sony was designing their own chip in-house and had instructed other companies to design rendering chips merely to diversify their options.

By early 1997, the press was reporting that a new PlayStation was being developed and would have backward-compatibility with the original PlayStation, a built-in DVD player, and Internet connectivity.{{cite magazine |title=Saturn/PS-X Sequels |magazine=Next Generation|issue=27|publisher=Imagine Media |date=March 1997|page=24}}{{cite magazine |title=Gaming Gossip|magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly |issue=93|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=April 1997|page=28}} However, Sony continued to officially deny that a successor was being developed.{{cite magazine |title=Can Sony Stay on Top? |magazine=Next Generation|issue=37|publisher=Imagine Media |date=January 1998 |pages=11–12}} Chris Deering, then-president of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE) recalled that there was a degree of trepidation among Sony leaders to produce a console which would recapture or exceed the success of its predecessor.{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Ellie |title=PS2: The Insiders' Story |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/ps2-the-insiders-story-article |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513110624/https://www.eurogamer.net/ps2-the-insiders-story-article |archive-date=13 May 2022 |location=Bath |language=en-gb |date=2 January 2013|url-status=live}} As such, Sony aimed for a consecutive market success, noting that neither Nintendo nor Sega had achieved back-to-back console victories. Deering compared the goal to winning "two gold medals in two back-to-back Olympics".

Sony officially revealed the first details of the PlayStation 2 on 2 March 1999, confirming in a press release that its processor would ensure full backwards compatibility with original PlayStation software,{{cite magazine |title=Backward Compatibility for PlayStation 2? |magazine=Next Generation|issue=39 |publisher=Imagine Media |date=March 1998|page=22}} significantly boosted performance, four-fold increase in data transfer rates, and a 20-times faster serial interface. Kutaragi affirmed that the new console would allow video games to convey "unprecedented emotions".{{sfn|Kent|2001|pages=560–561}}{{cite magazine |last=Parkin |first=Simon |date=25 June 2014 |title=A history of videogame hardware: Sony PlayStation 2 |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/a-history-of-videogame-hardware-playstation-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031500/http://www.edge-online.com/features/a-history-of-videogame-hardware-playstation-2/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=5 March 2015 |magazine=Edge}} Indeed, Sony estimated the PlayStation 2 could render 7.5 million{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Reaching for the Limits of PS2 Performance: How Far Have We Got? |url=http://www.technology.scee.net/sceesite/files/presentations/PSP/HowFarHaveWeGot.pdf#page=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031210074645/http://www.technology.scee.net/sceesite/files/presentations/PSP/HowFarHaveWeGot.pdf#page=32 |archive-date=10 December 2003 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment Europe}} to 16 million polygons per second, whereas contemporary independent estimates ranged from 3 million to 20 million,{{cite web |last=Casamassina |first=Matt |date=3 November 2000 |title=Gamecube Versus PlayStation 2 |url=https://ign.com/articles/2000/11/04/gamecube-versus-playstation-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104021340/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/04/gamecube-versus-playstation-2 |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=IGN |quote=}}{{sfn|Kent|2001|page=560}} compared to Sega's estimates of more than 3 million to 6 million for the rival Dreamcast.{{sfn|Johnston|1999|p=26-27}} Later in the year, Nintendo announced their next console, the GameCube, and Microsoft began development of their own console, the Xbox.{{sfn|Kent|2001|pages=563, 574}}{{sfn|DeMaria|Wilson|2004|page=313}}{{cite magazine |last=Parkin |first=Simon |date=27 June 2014 |title=A history of videogame hardware: Xbox |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/a-history-of-videogame-hardware-xbox/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121024245/http://www.edge-online.com/features/a-history-of-videogame-hardware-xbox/ |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=5 March 2015 |magazine=Edge}}

Rumours soon emerged suggesting that, despite its technical capabilities, the PlayStation 2 was notably difficult to develop for. Capcom designer Shinji Mikami, known for creating the Resident Evil and Dino Crisis franchises, criticised the lack of adequate development tools provided by Sony.{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=568}} Having worked on titles for multiple fifth-generation platforms, Mikami described the PlayStation 2 as the most challenging system he had encountered. Likewise, Konami's Hideo Kojima expressed disappointment with the console's power, feeling it had not met his expectations.{{sfn|Kent|2001|pp=569-570}}

{{Quote box

|quote="PlayStation 2's real-time graphics have no limitations. That's why I chose the colour black as it represents the infinity of the universe. The blue represents the intelligence and life spouting up."|source = —Teiyu Goto reflecting on the PlayStation 2's aesthetics{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=90}}|align=left |width = 30em}}

The PlayStation 2 was officially unveiled at the Tokyo Game Show on 20 September 1999,{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/1999/09/21/tgs-1999-sonys-grand-showing|title=TGS 1999: Sony's Grand Showing|first=Douglass C.|last=Perry|date=20 September 1999|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728080543/http://www.ign.com/articles/1999/09/21/tgs-1999-sonys-grand-showing|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}} in the presence of around 1,500 journalists. Although no physical console was shown and the name had yet to be finalised, Sony presented a series of visually striking—if somewhat overstated—technical demonstrations that generated considerable media attention. A press release issued the same day described the hardware as featuring "the world’s fastest graphics rendering processor", capable of producing "movie-quality 3D graphics in real time".{{sfn|Kent|2001|page=560}} One of the event's most symbolic moments came when Sony president Norio Ohga expressed pride in formally associating the Sony name with the PlayStation brand—a notable reversal from the company's cautious stance during the development of the original console, when concerns about entering the video game industry had led executives to distance the corporate brand from the project.{{cite magazine |title=The Making Of: PlayStation |author=Edge staff |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation |magazine=Edge |publisher=Future plc|location=Bath|date=24 April 2009 |access-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003333/http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation|archive-date=16 May 2012}} By this point, the PlayStation had sold over 50 million units worldwide and become one of Sony's most profitable divisions, accounting for roughly a quarter of their operating income. Shortly after its unveiling, Sony announced a major restructuring that included workforce reductions and a shift in focus towards PlayStation as a core part of the company's future. Kutaragi, once considered a maverick for championing the original PlayStation, remarked: "We’re just going to be forced to educate the Sony Corporation a bit".

On 1 April 1999, Sony and Toshiba established a joint venture in Nagasaki Prefecture to manufacture the PlayStation 2's central processor, known as the Emotion Engine. Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) held a 49 per cent stake in the new company, which was formed to ensure a steady supply of the chip and avoid production issues similar to those faced by rivals such as Sega and NEC. The Emotion Engine was central to Kutaragi's vision for the console. Designed specifically for gaming, it featured strong floating-point performance and could deliver 6.2 gigaflops at 300 MHz—twice the speed of the leading PC processors at the time. Kutaragi envisioned the chip as enabling more lifelike and emotionally resonant gameplay. According to then-Worldwide Studios head Phil Harrison, the processor's architecture was initially met with scepticism when presented at a chip design conference, with some experts doubting it could be manufactured at scale. Sony ultimately invested over $1 billion in production during the console's first two years. The ultimate success of the Emotion Engine helped elevate SCE's profile from a game developer to a serious player in semiconductor design.{{Cite web |title=The Sony Emotion Engine: Will PlayStation 2 replace your PC?|date=1 February 2000 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/01/emotion.engine.idg/index.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=CNN}}

Incorporating a DVD player in the console proved to be a pivotal decision. While Sony presented it primarily as a gaming device, the DVD functionality would prove influential in expanding its appeal.{{Cite web |last=Fanneran |first=Vinny |date=28 June 2022 |title=Pivotal Decisions in Gaming History - PlayStation 2 and DVD Playback |url=https://techstomper.com/pivotal-decisions-in-gaming-history-playstation-2-and-dvd-playback/ |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=TechStomper |language=en-GB}} Ray Maguire, then-managing director of SCE UK, later said that although the DVD feature was acknowledged in marketing, the focus remained on games. In contrast, Deering noted that in regions such as Southern Europe, where gaming was less prevalent, the DVD capability was to be promoted more heavily. This strategy proved successful in increasing console penetration in markets like Spain, where the PS2 significantly expanded the installed base of video game hardware.{{cite web |last=Calvin |first=Alex |title=How Sony's PlayStation 2 took the world by storm |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-01-06-how-sonys-playstation-2-took-the-world-by-storm |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123053920/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-01-06-how-sonys-playstation-2-took-the-world-by-storm |archive-date=23 November 2021 |location=Brighton |language=en |date=6 January 2020|url-status=live}}

Sony launched the PlayStation 2 in Japan on 4 March 2000, at a price of {{¥|39,800|link=yes}}. Reported scenes of "hysteria" contrasted with the relatively subdued launch of the original PlayStation in 1994.{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Dave |title=PlayStation - The total history |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/a-playstationhistory-3 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=3 June 2025 |location=Bath, Somerset |language=en |date=22 November 2006}} More than 10,000 people queued across Tokyo on its launch day, some of whom had started waiting four days earlier. Demand was exceptionally high, with all one million launch units selling out over the course of the first weekend.{{cite web |last1=Segaud Noel |first1=Pierre |title=The story of PS2, Sony's crowning achievement |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/features/the-story-of-ps2-sonys-crowning-achievement/ |website=VGC |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=9 June 2020}} A black market had quickly opened up in Akihabara, with most consoles on eBay selling in excess of $2000 each.{{cite web|title=PlayStation 2 Timeline|publisher=GameSpy|url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february04/PS2timeline/index3.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604031531/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february04/ps2timeline/index3.shtml |url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2004|access-date=19 December 2007|page=3}} One Japanese man committed suicide after failing to purchase one. Despite very strong hardware sales, the Japanese launch was not without issues. Software sales were initially low, with reports suggesting that many consumers purchased the console primarily for its DVD playback capabilities. Additionally, early complaints about faulty memory cards contributed to a dip in Sony's stock price on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in the days following the release.

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| quote = We were awfully unprepared [...] because of the fast transition between PS1 and PS2, we had no idea how the industry manages these things.

| source = —Shuhei Yoshida, speaking at a conference in 2018.{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Ivy |title=Shuhei Yoshida reflects on the PS2 launch: "We were awfully unprepared" |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/shuhei-yoshida-reflects-on-the-ps2-launch-we-were-awfully-unprepared |website=GamesIndustry.biz |access-date=4 June 2025 |language=en |date=11 July 2018}}

| width = 30em

}}

Former Worldwide Studios president Shuhei Yoshida acknowledged that Sony had been "awfully unprepared" for the transition from the original PlayStation, noting the company's limited experience in managing generational console launches. Due to a lack of launch software, much of the early consumer interest centred on the console's ability to play DVDs. According to Yoshida, in Japan, the best-selling title during the launch period was not a game, but a DVD of The Matrix.{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=571}} He remarked that while standalone DVD players were still expensive at the time, the PlayStation 2 offered comparable functionality at a significantly lower price point, contributing to its immediate commercial success. The PlayStation 2 launched with eleven "underwhelming" titles, including Ridge Racer V, Tekken Tag Tournament, and Street Fighter EX3.{{Cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=２０００年 テレビゲームソフト 年間売上 ＴＯＰ１００ |url=http://supernova-novx.my.coocan.jp/t2000tsd.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125045944/http://supernova-novx.my.coocan.jp/t2000tsd.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 }} By 31 March 2000, the PlayStation 2 had sold its entire inventory of 1.4 million units in Japan.

The United States launch on 26 October 2000 received a mixed reception. Sony reduced their initial shipment from one million units to approximately 500,000 due to supply constraints and manufacturing issues with a new, smaller version of the Graphics Synthesiser chip,{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=586}} leading to widespread shortages. This sparked rumours of intentional stock manipulation to drive hype, especially as small supplies remained available in Japan. Retailers, who had taken pre-orders based on the higher estimates, were forced to cancel many reservations. Despite the frustration, the scarcity created a media frenzy, with widespread coverage of long queues and eager buyers camping outside stores.{{sfn|Kent|2001|pp=585-586}} Technology analyst Michael Gartenberg remarked that "you could not get a PlayStation 2 in the US in that first holiday season", and felt that its demand could have harmed Sony's image when consumers were looking to purchase, but ultimately could not.

However, the launch was supported by a broader selection of games compared to Japan. Electronic Arts sold 40,000 copies of Madden NFL 2001 prior to the console's release, and Rockstar Games saw early success with Midnight Club: Street Racing (2000) and Smuggler's Run (2000). Despite some criticism of the launch itself, Rockstar's Sam Houser remarked that it marked the "beginning of a new era" for the video game industry. American sales of the console generated $250 million on the first day, beating the $97 million made on the first day of the Dreamcast.{{cite web|url = http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/07/sony-pulls-in-over-250-million-at-launch |title = Sony Pulls in Over $250 Million at Launch|url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055949/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/07/sony-pulls-in-over-250-million-at-launch |archive-date=21 September 2013 |website =IGN|date = 17 June 2012}} Sony's strategy of shipping approximately 100,000 PlayStation 2 units per week to the American market did little to ease consumer frustration. While the console was readily available in Japan, it remained largely sold out in the United States until March 2001 due to manufacturing delays.{{cite news|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=21241 |title= PS2 history|publisher=gamesindustry.biz|date=22 November 2006|access-date=25 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071905/http://gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=21241|archive-date=11 October 2007}}

The PlayStation 2 had a yet more troubled launch in the United Kingdom and rest of Europe on 24 November 2000. The BBC's consumer advocacy programme Watchdog criticised the console's £299 price as part of a "Rip-off Britain" segment. Additionally, some media outlets speculated that Sony had deliberately limited supply to create artificial demand. This perception was intensified by the decision to allocate only 80,000 preorders to the European market, despite Sony having previously identified Europe as its largest PlayStation territory, with 28 million original PlayStation units sold—compared to 27 million in North America and 17 million in Japan. Particularly serious were complaints about faults with the new consoles, many of which purportedly failed to work on Christmas Day.{{cite web |title=Playstation 2 faults reported |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1113698.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=12 January 2001}}

The European launch of the PlayStation 2 was marked by stock shortages, which led to an unusual scene on release night as journalists searched unsuccessfully for the kind of large-scale consumer queues seen in Japan and the United States. Early resale attempts online saw ambitious asking prices of up to £1,500, though most units ultimately sold for closer to £500. Post-launch criticism emerged online, with some gaming outlets focusing on the console's lack of anti-aliasing and developers voicing frustration over the system's programming complexity. At the time, Phil Harrison dismissed the backlash as indicative of the "worldwide cultural significance" of the console's arrival.

Despite its problematic launch, the PlayStation 2 was an immediate financial and competitive triumph. Its success at the end of 2000 compounded Sega's serious financial issues; having sold 6.5 million Dreamcast consoles over a period of 22 months, Sony managed to ship 10 million PlayStation 2 units in under 15 months, with sales continuing to accelerate. As the PlayStation 2 increasingly dominated the market, and with Nintendo and Microsoft preparing to enter with new consoles, Sega chairman Isao Okawa made the decision to exit the hardware business.{{sfn|Kent|2001|pp=582-583}} The Dreamcast was discontinued on 31 March 2001.{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shahed |date=31 January 2001 |title=Sega announces drastic restructuring |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-announces-drastic-restructuring/1100-2680518/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510200945/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-announces-drastic-restructuring/1100-2680518/ |archive-date=10 May 2015 |access-date=9 December 2014 |website=GameSpot}} On the same day, Sony announced that over 10.6 million units had been sold worldwide.{{Cite web|url=http://scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdataps2_e.html|title=PlayStation 2 Cumulative Production Shipments of Hardware |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment|date=9 June 2012|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161654/http://scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdataps2_e.html|archive-date=9 June 2012|url-status=live}}

File:PlayStation2 in Magical of Taipei City Mall 2006-07-15.jpg, Taiwan.]]

Sony soon faced a new challenge from Microsoft's entry into the gaming sector with their release of the Xbox in November 2001. Internally, Sony executives recognised the scale of the threat, aware that Microsoft held significantly greater financial resources.{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=568}} Whilst the Japanese team were less alarmed, SCEE's Chris Deering anticipated intense competition and took a cautious approach. However, Microsoft's US-centric strategy resulted in the Xbox struggling to gain traction outside North America, despite hiring talented staff. Sony's emphasis on building strong relationships with third-party publishers, and attractive incentives such as reduced platform fees, marketing support, and access to advanced development kits, secured key exclusives that helped maintain their market lead. This initiative was heavily emphasised by Ken Kutaragi, who advocated for a diverse ecosystem of software support. He advised that Sony should not dominate more than a third of its own software market to avoid alienating third-party developers.

By 2001, Sony had established a commanding lead in the gaming market, bolstered by the break-out success of Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto III and Konami's Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2002/04/21/grand-theft-auto-iii-interview |title=Grand Theft Auto III Interview |page=1 |last=Adams |first=Dan |work=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=21 April 2002 |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420083220/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/21/grand-theft-auto-iii-interview |archive-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live}}{{Cite magazine |date=January 2002 |title=PlayStation 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/edge-020/Edge-106/page/n59/ |magazine=Edge |page=59 |issue=106}}{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2002/05/14/technology/ps2_pricecuts/|title=Sony slashes PlayStation prices: Preemptive move undercuts competition and could spark video game price war|publisher=CNN|date=14 May 2002|first=Chris|last=Morris|access-date=4 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130091256/http://money.cnn.com/2002/05/14/technology/ps2_pricecuts/|archive-date=30 November 2005|url-status=live}} The game's open-world design captured the attention of a broad audience and marked a turning point in the PlayStation 2's momentum. The console's growing library reflected the same wide-ranging appeal that had defined the original PlayStation, offering something for "every type" of consumer. Sony also positioned itself at the forefront of innovation. Early trade show demonstrations showcased the PlayStation 2's USB capabilities, with developers experimenting with motion controls long before they became industry standard. This experimentation would eventually lead to the release of the EyeToy, a camera-based peripheral that introduced a new form of interactive play and inspired a wave of titles aimed at broader, non-traditional audience.

Many analysts initially predicted a close three-way matchup among the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube. While the Xbox boasted the most powerful hardware, and the GameCube least expensive of the three, the PlayStation 2 continued to rapidly outsell both platforms. By October 2002, it had sold 40 million units worldwide.{{cite web |title=Playstation 2 is 'console champion' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2373399.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 June 2025 |location=London |date=30 October 2002}} Market research firm In-Stat projected that Sony would sell 120 million consoles by 2006, reaffirming the platform's commercial dominance. The report highlighted the expanding scale of the video game industry, characterising it as an increasingly significant segment of the consumer electronics market.{{cite news|last1=Twist|first1=Jo|title=Decade of dominance for PlayStation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4054797.stm|publisher=BBC News|location=London|date=3 December 2004|access-date=3 December 2004|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224063014/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4054797.stm|url-status=live}} Sony cut the price of the console in 2002 from $299 to $199 in North America, undercutting both the Xbox and GameCube.{{sfn|Gaither|2002|p=34}} Further price drops in Japan followed in the following year.{{sfn|Taylor|2003|p=21}}

In early 2004, Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) reported over 25 million PlayStation 2 units had sold in North America. Of these, approximately 2.6 million were equipped for online play, with one million users actively engaging in online gaming services. While hardware sales were expected to decline as the PlayStation 2 entered its post-peak sales period, software sales remained strong. Analysts projected continued growth in the platform's game library and online engagement, particularly as new online-compatible titles were released and existing users looked to extend the utility of their consoles.{{cite web |last1=Fahey |first1=Rob |title=PlayStation 2 passes 25 million sales milestone in North America |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/playstation-2-passes-25-million-sales-milestone-in-north-america |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=4 June 2025 |language=en |date=3 March 2004}}

In September 2004, Sony revealed a newer, slimmer model of the PlayStation 2 dubbed the "Slimline".{{cite web |last1=Dunham |first1=Jeremy |title=Sony Announces New PS2 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/09/21/tgs-2004-sony-announces-new-ps2 |website=IGNpublisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=4 November 2023|date=21 September 2004}} An apparent manufacturing issue and underestimated demand caused initial slowdown in producing the new unit caused in part by shortages between the time Sony cleared out the old units and the new units were ready. The issue was compounded in the United Kingdom when a Russian oil tanker became stuck in the Suez Canal, blocking a ship from China carrying PlayStation 2s bound for the Port of Felixstowe. During one week in November 2004, British sales totalled 6,000 units—compared to 70,000 units a few weeks prior. Sony remedied the issue by hiring Russian Antonov AN-24 cargo planes to airlift units twice a week.{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article400887.ece|title=Merry Christmas, your PlayStation 2 is stuck in Suez|first=Valerie|last=Elliott|publisher=News International|work=Times Online|date=9 December 2004|access-date=1 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316130431/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article400887.ece|archive-date=16 March 2007|url-status=dead}} There were shortages in more than 1,700 shops in North America on the day before Christmas.{{cite web|url=http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=GME&script=1010&item_id=997399|title=2004 Holiday Sales Results Call|publisher=GameStop|access-date=9 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505014038/http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=GME&script=1010&item_id=997399|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=live}}

It became the fastest game console to sell 100 million units by 2008, accomplishing the feat within 5 years and 9 months from its launch; though this was surpassed 4 years later when the Nintendo DS reached 100 million shipments in 4 years and 5 months from its launch.{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090311006007/en |title=Nintendo Ships 100 Millionth Portable Nintendo DS System |access-date=11 March 2009 |date=11 March 2009 |publisher=Nintendo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133601/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090311006007/en |archive-date=15 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}

The PlayStation 2 remained the best-selling and most played console by 2008, even surpassing the PlayStation 3.{{Cite news |title=PS2 the most played console of 2008 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2009/01/05/ps2_most_played_2008_nielson_yearly_roundup/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250126082930/https://www.theregister.com/2009/01/05/ps2_most_played_2008_nielson_yearly_roundup/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025 |language=en}} By July 2009, the system had sold 138.8 million units worldwide, with 51 million of those units sold in PAL regions.{{Cite web|title=Slimmer, Lighter PlayStation®3, new PlayStation®Network services, plenty of content and a great value price|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/090819b_e.pdf|date=2 September 2009|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902132609/http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/090819b_e.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2009|url-status=live}} Later that year, Sony announced that it had discontinued all console colours, however sales remained consistently strong.{{cite web | url=http://www.famicom-plaza.com/blog/2009/03/ps2.html | title=Ps2本体セラミックホワイト・サテンシルバー出荷完了へ メモリーカードやコントローラも }} In 2010, Sony introduced a Bravia television with a built-in PlayStation 2.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-tv-with-ps2-built-in-parties-like-its-2000/|title=Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 TV with PS2 built-in parties like it's 2000|first=Richard|last=Trenholm|website=CNET|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222045158/https://www.cnet.com/news/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-tv-with-ps2-built-in-parties-like-its-2000/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-lcd-tv-sports-playstation-2/| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://www.zdnet.com/article/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-lcd-tv-sports-playstation-2/| archive-date=1 October 2021|title=Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 LCD TV sports PlayStation 2|first=Rachel|last=King|website=ZDNet}}{{cbignore}}

Sales dropped significantly to 600,000 units by the beginning of 2012, partly due to the global launch of the PlayStation Vita a few months prior.{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/12q1_sonypre.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508042927/https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/12q1_sonypre.pdf | archive-date=8 May 2021}} By 31 March 2012, twelve years after its launch, over 155 million units were sold worldwide.{{Cite web |title=Cumulative Worldwide Hardware Unit Sales (Sell-In) |url=https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/data.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427203732/https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/data.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |website=Sony Interactive Entertainment Business Development}} Sony officially stopped supplying updated sales numbers of the system in the same year.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/data.html|title=SIE Business Development {{!}} Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.|website=www.sie.com|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427203732/https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/data.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}} Production was officially discontinued on 4 January 2013 after almost thirteen years of production—one of the longest lifespans of any video game console. Sales in the fourth quarter of 2012 reached an "astonishing" 1.6 million units, totalling to 5 million units sold that year, surpassing the previous year's sales of 4.1 million units. New games continued to be made until the end of 2013, including Final Fantasy XI for Japan, and FIFA 14: Legacy Edition for North America and South America. The last game ever released for the system was Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for the United Kingdom on 8 November 2013.{{cite web |last1=Crawley |first1=Dan |title=Playing the last PlayStation 2 game ever made |url=https://venturebeat.com/games/playing-the-last-playstation-2-game/ |website=VentureBeat |access-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304094316/https://venturebeat.com/games/playing-the-last-playstation-2-game/ |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=2 February 2014}} Repair services for the system in Japan ended on 7 September 2018 due to a shortage of parts.{{cite web |title=PlayStation 2 repair services close in Japan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-45407057 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=6 June 2025 |location=London |date=4 September 2018}}

In February 2024, Jim Ryan (CEO of Sony Interactive Entertainment) confirmed on the Official PlayStation Podcast that the PlayStation 2 had sold 160.63 million units worldwide.{{Cite web |last=Cripe |first=Michael |date=29 March 2024 |title=PlayStation Boss Jim Ryan Reveals PS2 Sold 160 Million Units Worldwide |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/playstation-boss-jim-ryan-reveals-ps2-sold-160-million-units-worldwide |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=IGN|publisher=Ziff Davis|location=Chicago|language=en}} This statement was not directly corroborated by Sony themselves until eight months later, when this figure officially appeared on the PlayStation 30th Anniversary website in November that year.{{Cite web |last=Stedman |first=Alex |date=26 November 2024 |title=Sony Confirms the PlayStation 2 Has Sold Over 160 Million Consoles Worldwide |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/sony-confirms-the-playstation-2-has-sold-over-160-million-consoles-worldwide |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}}

{{Main|PlayStation 2 technical specifications}}

The main central processing unit (CPU) is the 64-bit R5900-based "Emotion Engine", custom-designed by Sony and Toshiba.{{Cite web |last=Copetti |first=Rodrigo |date=8 April 2020 |title=PlayStation 2 Architecture: A Practical Analysis |url=https://www.copetti.org/writings/consoles/playstation-2/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=The Copetti site |language=en}}{{efn|The Emotion Engine was referred to as a "128-bit" processor in marketing materials, referring to its SIMD instructions that operate on 128-bit wide groups of integers in a single instruction, but the customised variant of the MIPS III instruction set architecture implemented by the processor uses general registers with a size of 64 bits.}} The Emotion Engine consists of eight separate "units", each performing a specific task, integrated onto the same die. These units include a central CPU core, two Vector Processing Units (VPU), a 10-channel DMA unit, a memory controller, and an Image Processing Unit (IPU). There are three interfaces: an input output interface to the I/O processor running at a clock speed of 36.864 MHz, a graphics interface to the graphics synthesiser, and a memory interface to the system memory.{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2000/02/ee/|title=Sound and Vision: A Technical Overview of the Emotion Engine|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=16 February 2000|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610154901/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2000/02/ee/|archive-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2015}} The Emotion Engine CPU has a clock rate of 294.912 MHz (299 MHz on newer versions) and 6,000 MIPS, with a floating point performance of 6.2 GFLOPS.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=92}}{{cite journal|url=http://docencia.ac.upc.edu/ETSETB/SEGPAR/microprocessors/emotionengine%20(mpr).pdf|first=Keith|last=Diefendorff|author-link=Keith Diefendorff|title=Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip|journal=Microprocessor Report|volume=13|number=5|date=19 April 1999|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911110828/http://docencia.ac.upc.edu/ETSETB/SEGPAR/microprocessors/emotionengine%20(mpr).pdf|archive-date=11 September 2006|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20070226073502.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081956/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20070226073502.html|title=Sony Removes Emotion Engine, Graphics Synthesizer from PAL PlayStation 3|last=Shiloy|first=Anton|date=26 February 2007|archive-date=26 October 2016|publisher=X-bit labs|access-date=7 May 2014}}{{Cite book |last1=Hennessy |first1=John L. |author-link1=John L. Hennessy |title=Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach |last2=Patterson |first2=David A. |date=7 December 2017 |author-link2=David Patterson (scientist) |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers |isbn=978-0-12-811905-1 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}} The system's I/O processor was based on the PlayStation's CPU and was designed to provide full backward compatibility with the PlayStation.{{cite web |title=Announcement of I/O processor development |url=http://www.playstation.com/press_releases/show.asp?spec=91 |website=playstation.com |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991111235914/http://www.playstation.com/press_releases/show.asp?spec=91 |archive-date=11 November 1999|date=2 March 1999 |url-status=dead}} The system has 32 MB of RDRAM.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=92}}

The GPU is likewise custom-designed for the console, named the "Graphics Synthesizer". It has a fillrate of 2.4 gigapixels per second, capable of rendering up to 75 million polygons per second.{{cite web|last=Casamassina|first=Matt|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/04/gamecube-versus-playstation-2|title=Gamecube Versus PlayStation 2|publisher=Ziff Davis|location=Chicago|website=IGN|date=3 November 2000|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104021340/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/04/gamecube-versus-playstation-2|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status=live}} The GPU also runs with a clock frequency of 147.456 MHz (which is half the clock speed of the Emotion Engine), 4 MB of DRAM is capable of transmitting a display output of 1280 x 1024 pixels on both PAL and NTSC televisions.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=93}} The PlayStation 2 has a maximum colour depth of 16.7 million true colours.{{sfn|Leigh|2018|p=201}} When accounting for features such as lighting, texture mapping, artificial intelligence, and game physics, the console has a real-world performance of 25 million polygons per second.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=93}} The PlayStation 2 also features two USB ports, and one IEEE 1394 (Firewire) port for SCPH-10000 to 3900x models only. A hard disk drive can be installed in an expansion bay on the back of the console, and is required to play certain games, notably the popular Final Fantasy XI.{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/final-fantasy-xi-review/1900-6092072/|title=Final Fantasy XI Review for PlayStation 2 – GameSpot|publisher=CBS Interactive|website=GameSpot|location=San Francisco|first1=Greg|last1=Kasavin|date=31 March 2004|access-date=11 November 2010}} The system has 4 MB of Video RAM in the form of eDRAM.{{cite web|last1=Perry|first1=Douglass|title=The Untapped Power of PlayStation 2|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/the-untapped-power-of-playstation-2|website=IGN|date=10 March 2000|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218182930/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/the-untapped-power-of-playstation-2|archive-date=18 February 2017|publisher=Ziff Davis|location=Chicago}}{{cite web|last1=Leadbetter|first1=Richard|title=Digital Foundry vs. PS2 Classics on PlayStation 3|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-vs-ps2-classics-on-ps3|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806194433/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-vs-ps2-classics-on-ps3|archive-date=6 August 2012|date=21 July 2012|publisher=Future plc|location=Bath}}

Software was distributed primarily on DVD-ROMs,{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=91}} with some titles being published on blue-tinted CD-ROM format. In addition, the console can play audio CDs and DVD films and is backward-compatible with almost all original PlayStation games.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=93}} The PlayStation 2 also supports PlayStation memory cards and controllers, although original PlayStation memory cards will only work with original PlayStation games{{Cite web|date=6 December 2018|title=Playstation 1 and Playstation 2 Compatibility|url=https://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/ps2_faq_compatibility|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206091728/https://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/ps2_faq_compatibility|archive-date=6 December 2018}} and the controllers may not support all functions (such as analogue buttons) for PlayStation 2 games. The standard PlayStation 2 memory card has an 8 megabyte (MB) capacity{{Cite web|date=5 March 2016|title=Memory Card (8 MB) (for PlayStation 2)|url=http://uk.playstation.com/ps2/accessories/detail/item51357/Memory-Card-(8 MB)-(for-PlayStation-2)/;PDC4_COOKIE=QZJ2WYLMn7s67JSXj9Zpv5JyvPy1H3sm1xnLllJNDpGGpYpn5LSt!247410369|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070657/http://uk.playstation.com/ps2/accessories/detail/item51357/Memory-Card-(8 MB)-(for-PlayStation-2)/;PDC4_COOKIE=QZJ2WYLMn7s67JSXj9Zpv5JyvPy1H3sm1xnLllJNDpGGpYpn5LSt!247410369|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=15 July 2020}} and features MagicGate encryption.{{cite web |title=Press Release - Sony Announces Memory Stick™ for Audio Application "Memory StickTM Walkman®" and "MagicGate Memory Stick™" To Be Launched |website=Sony Global |date=22 September 1999 | url=https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/199909/99-072/index.html |access-date=21 January 2019}}

The PlayStation 2 can natively output video resolutions on SDTV and HDTV from 480i to 480p, and some games, such as Gran Turismo 4 and Tourist Trophy, are known to support up-scaled 1080i resolution.{{cite web| url = http://www.ign.com/top/ps2-games/9| title = Gran Turismo 4 - #9 Top PS2 Games| website = IGN | access-date = 1 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160226175849/http://www.ign.com/top/ps2-games/9| archive-date = 26 February 2016| url-status = live| df = mdy-all}} The PlayStation 2 supports the following standards: composite video{{Cite web|date=6 September 2019|title=Amazon.com: TRADERPLUS 6FT AV to RCA Composite Cable Cord for Sony Playstation 2 (PS2), Playstation 3 (PS3): Video Games|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/TRADERPLUS-Composite-Cable-Cord-Playstation-2/dp/B01NA6CKXM|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906193238/https://www.amazon.com/TRADERPLUS-Composite-Cable-Cord-Playstation-2/dp/B01NA6CKXM|archive-date=6 September 2019}}(480i), S-Video{{Cite web|date=12 March 2015|title=Amazon.com: 6' S-Video Cable for PlayStation 2 (Black): Video Games|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/6-S-Video-Cable-PlayStation-2-Black/dp/B00004U8KL|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312040744/https://www.amazon.com/6-S-Video-Cable-PlayStation-2-Black/dp/B00004U8KL|archive-date=12 March 2015}} (480i), RGB{{Cite web|date=15 July 2020|title=Sony Playstation RGB SCART lead Sync on Luma PS1 PS2 GROUNDED cable co {{!}} Retro Access|url=https://retro-access.com/products/sony-playstation-rgb-scart-lead-ps1-ps2-grounded-cable-cord-lead|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715210403/https://retro-access.com/products/sony-playstation-rgb-scart-lead-ps1-ps2-grounded-cable-cord-lead|archive-date=15 July 2020}} (480i/p), VGA{{Cite web|date=15 July 2020|title=Official Sony Genuine PS2 Linux VGA Cable Playstation 2 [VideoGameX] {{!}} eBay|url=https://www.ebay.ph/itm/Official-Sony-Genuine-PS2-Linux-VGA-Cable-Playstation-2-VideoGameX-/291309369187|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715203952/https://www.ebay.ph/itm/Official-Sony-Genuine-PS2-Linux-VGA-Cable-Playstation-2-VideoGameX-/291309369187|archive-date=15 July 2020}} (for progressive scan games and PS2 Linux only), {{YPbPr}} component video{{Cite web|date=27 February 2020|title=Amazon.com: Gam3Gear Component AV Audio Video Cable for PS3 PS2: Artist Not Provided: Electronics|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/Gam3Gear-Component-Audio-Video-Cable/dp/B00005MDZD|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163357/https://www.amazon.com/Gam3Gear-Component-Audio-Video-Cable/dp/B00005MDZD|archive-date=27 February 2020}} (which display most original PlayStation games in their native 240p mode which most HDTV sets do not support{{Cite web|date=18 November 2019|title=240p — HD Retrovision|url=https://www.hdretrovision.com/240p/|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118125813/https://www.hdretrovision.com/240p/|archive-date=18 November 2019}}), and D-Terminal.{{Cite web|date=28 February 2015|title=Amazon.com: (PS3/PS2 for) D Terminal Cable: Video Games|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/PS3-PS2-D-Terminal-Cable/dp/B004CFBZ2G|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228180406/https://www.amazon.com/PS3-PS2-D-Terminal-Cable/dp/B004CFBZ2G|archive-date=28 February 2015}} Cables are available for all of these signal types; these cables also output analogue stereo audio. Additionally, an RF modulator is available for the system to connect to older TVs.{{Cite web|url=https://content.abt.com/documents/13762/PlayStation2_Installation-RFU-Adaptor.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705224712/http://content.abt.com/documents/13762/PlayStation2_Installation-RFU-Adaptor.pdf| archive-date=5 July 2015|title=PS2 – Installation using an RFU adapter}}{{cbignore}}

{{Main|PlayStation 2 models}}

File:Sony-PlayStation-2-70001-Console-BR.jpg

The PlayStation 2 underwent many revisions during its lifespan.{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=PS2 Model Identification – PS2 Model Numbers |url=https://www.ps2cover.com/pages/ps2-model-identification-ps2-model-numbers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065141/https://www.ps2cover.com/pages/ps2-model-identification-ps2-model-numbers.html |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=PS2Cover.com}} It is primarily differentiated between models featuring the original "fat" case design and "slimline" models, which were introduced at the end of 2004. In 2010, the Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 was made available to consumers. It was a 22" HD-Ready television which incorporated a built-in PlayStation 2.{{Cite web |last=Trenholm |first=Richard |title=Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 TV with PS2 built-in parties like it's 2000 |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-tv-with-ps2-built-in-parties-like-its-2000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222045158/https://www.cnet.com/news/sony-bravia-kdl-22px300-tv-with-ps2-built-in-parties-like-its-2000/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=CNET |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=The PS2 Isn't Gone, It's In This TV |url=https://kotaku.com/the-ps2-isnt-gone-its-in-this-tv-5705041 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://kotaku.com/the-ps2-isnt-gone-its-in-this-tv-5705041 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=Kotaku |language=en-us}}{{cbignore}}

The standard colour of the PS2 is matte black. Several variations in colour were produced in different quantities and regions, including ceramic white, light yellow, aqua, metallic silver, navy blue, opaque blue, midnight black, pearl white, sakura purple, satin gold, satin silver, snow white, super red, ocean blue, and pink, which was distributed in some regions such as Oceania, and parts of Asia.{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=Justin |date=4 November 2003 |title=PS2 Price Drop, New Colors for Japan |url=http://www.gamespot.com/PS2/action/mobilesuitzgundamaeugvstitans/news.html?sid=6078108 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003803/http://www.gamespot.com/PS2/action/mobilesuitzgundamaeugvstitans/news.html?sid=6078108 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=GameSpot}}{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Rob |date=9 March 2004 |title=Sony Launches New PS2 Colors in Japan |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=3080 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155603/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=3080 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=GamesIndustry.biz}}

In October 2004, Sony released the "Slimline", a smaller, redesigned version of the original PlayStation 2. It includes a built-in Ethernet port and an internal power supply. Due to its thinner profile, it does not contain the 3.5" expansion bay and therefore does not support the internal hard disk drive. The removal of the expansion bay was criticised as a limitation to software, due to the existence of titles such as Final Fantasy XI, which required the HDD use.{{cite web |last1=Carnoy |first1=David |title=Sony PlayStation 2 Slim review: Sony PlayStation 2 Slim |url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-slim-preview/ |website=CNET |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en}} The slimline model features a top-loading disc mechanism, replacing the motorised tray-loading system of the original version. Like its predecessor, the slimline console is designed to operate in both horizontal and vertical orientations; however, vertical placement requires a dedicated stand for stability.{{cite web |last1=Falcone |first1=John |title=Sony PlayStation 2 Slim review: Sony PlayStation 2 Slim |url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-slim-review/ |website=CNET |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Fahey|first1=Rob|title=PS2 sales triple as new slimline model launches |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/ps2-sales-triple-as-new-slimline-model-launches |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=IGN |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=3 November 2004}}

Sony also manufactured a consumer electronic device, the PSX, which was marketed as an all-in-one home media centre. Integrating nanotechnology, the system combines the PlayStation 2's Graphics Synthesiser and Emotion Engine processors into a single chipset, known as the 90 nm EE+GS.{{Cite web |date=25 March 2019 |title=Sony PSX (DVR) {{!}} Video Game Console Library |url=https://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg00-psx.htm#page=reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325131418/https://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg00-psx.htm#page=reviews |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=VideoGameConsoleLibrary.com}} In addition to its gaming capabilities, the PSX features an integrated analogue television tuner, as well as the ability to record both television programmes and DVDs.{{cite web |last1=Fahey |first1=Rob |title=Sony drops PSX features to meet Xmas launch date |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/sony-drops-psx-features-to-meet-xmas-launch-date |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=IGN |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=2 December 2003}} The device also supports broadband internet connectivity and features a memory card slot, enabling users to view digital photographs and play MP3 audio files directly on a connected television. It was released exclusively in Japan on 13 December 2003 in two models: the DESR-5000, featuring a 160 GB hard drive, priced at ¥79,800, and the DESR-7000, with a 250 GB hard drive, priced at ¥99,800.

{{Main|PlayStation 2 online functionality}}

{{See also|List of PlayStation 2 online games}}

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The PlayStation 2 introduced optional online functionality via a dedicated network adaptor, which enabled both Ethernet and dial-up internet connections. The hardware component of the adaptor was compact—smaller than a standard paperback book—and installed easily into the expansion bay at the rear of the console. Once secured with two screws and connected to a telephone line or Ethernet cable, the adaptor was ready for use.{{Cite web|title=Sony PlayStation 2 Online Adaptor review|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-online-adaptor-review/| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-online-adaptor-review/| archive-date=1 October 2021|last=Falcone|first=John|date=12 November 2002|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}{{cbignore}} Sony did not operate their own subscription-based online service for the PlayStation 2, instead allowing users to connect through existing internet service providers. However, some providers, such as AOL, imposed additional charges for console connectivity—typically around $4.95 per month.

A key distinction in Sony's approach was their support for both broadband and dial-up connections, in contrast to Microsoft's broadband-only requirement for the Xbox. While broadband provided a significantly smoother experience, Sony's decision ensured greater accessibility for users with limited internet infrastructure. For households with established home networks, connecting the PlayStation 2 via Ethernet to a router was straightforward and efficient.{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shahed |date=8 November 2000 |title=Sun-Denshi Discusses PS2 Modem |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sun-denshi-discusses-ps2-modem/1100-2651749/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=GameSpot|publisher=Fandom|location=San Francisco |language=en-US}} Sony also delegated the responsibility for online functionality to individual game developers and publishers. Each third-party developer was required to manage their own servers and infrastructure for their respective titles. This decentralised model meant that users often needed to create separate login credentials for each game, and the quality of online services varied depending on the developer's expertise and resources.

{{Main|PlayStation 2 accessories}}

The PlayStation 2's DualShock 2 controller retains most of the same functionality as its predecessor, with several key enhancements. The most significant functional upgrade is the inclusion of pressure-sensitive inputs across all primary controls.{{sfn|Keeling|2000|p=92}} Unlike the original DualShock controller, which featured only digital input for the directional pad and face buttons, the DualShock 2 allowed for 255 levels of pressure sensitivity on the directional pad; four face buttons, and four shoulder buttons. Aesthetically, the DualShock 2 is distinguished by its black colour scheme and minor adjustments in weight and internal components. It is marginally lighter than the original, due in part to a reduction in the mechanical complexity of the vibration motors. The DualShock 2 maintained the overall layout and ergonomics of the original controller.{{cite web |last1=Zdyrko |first1=Dave |title=Dual Shock 2 Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/09/27/dual-shock-2-review |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=6 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=27 September 2001}} Like its predecessor, the DualShock 2 controller has force feedback, or "vibration" functionality.{{cite web |title=Bad Vibrations |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45456 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Bath |language=en |date=1 February 2002}}

Specialised controllers include light guns (GunCon), fishing rod and reel controllers, a Dragon Quest VIII "slime" controller,{{Cite web |last=Gantayat |first=Anoop |date=25 October 2004 |title=DQVIII Gets Slimy |url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/559/559886p1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421104036/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/559/559886p1.html |archive-date=21 April 2006 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}} a Final Fantasy X-2 "Tiny Bee" dual pistol controller,{{Cite web |title=Final Fantasy X-2 Tiny Bee Controller |url=http://www.play-asia.com/final-fantasy-x-2-tiny-bee-controller/13/7025w |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820120739/http://www.play-asia.com/final-fantasy-x-2-tiny-bee-controller/13/7025w |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=Play-Asia}} an Onimusha 3 katana controller,{{Cite web |last=Dunham |first=Jeremy |date=7 January 2004 |title=Onimusha 3 Soul Controller and Memory Card |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/01/07/onimusha-3-soul-controller-and-memory-card |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160355/http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/01/07/onimusha-3-soul-controller-and-memory-card |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}} and a Resident Evil 4 chainsaw controller.{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Rhys |date=25 October 2023 |title=Yes, the PS2's Resident Evil 4 Chainsaw Controller Really Is That Bad |url=https://www.techradar.com/gaming/consoles-pc/yes-the-ps2s-resident-evil-4-chainsaw-controller-really-is-that-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025163609/https://www.techradar.com/gaming/consoles-pc/yes-the-ps2s-resident-evil-4-chainsaw-controller-really-is-that-bad |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}

Much like the original PlayStation, Sony released a series of peripherals to add extra layers of functionality. Such peripherals include memory cards,{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=PS2 to support Memory Stick |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-46090 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |location=Bath |language=en |date=5 June 2002|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816015558/https://www.eurogamer.net/article-46090|archivedate=16 August 2024}} a DVD remote control,{{cite web |last1=Truman |first1=Doug |title=InterAct Announces Wireless DVD Remote Control for the PS2 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/interact-announces-wireless-dvd-remote-control-for-the-ps2/1100-2580036/ |website=GameSpot |publisher=Fandom |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612155645/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/interact-announces-wireless-dvd-remote-control-for-the-ps2/1100-2580036/ |archive-date=12 June 2025 |date=17 May 2006 |url-status=live}} an internal or external hard disk drive (HDD),{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=PS2 HDD out in July? |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-30864 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106043730/https://www.eurogamer.net/article-30864 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |location=Bath |language=en |date=4 July 2001|url-status=live}} network adapter,{{cite web |last1=Satterfield |first1=Shane |title=Sony announces further PlayStation 2 network details |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sony-announces-further-playstation-2-network-details/1100-2853637/ |website=GameSpot |publisher=Fandom |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613185353/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sony-announces-further-playstation-2-network-details/1100-2853637/ |archive-date=13 June 2021 |date=17 May 2006 |url-status=live}} horizontal and vertical stands,{{cite web |last1=Zdyrko |first1=Dave |title=Vertical Stand Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/09/29/vertical-stand-review |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912125225/https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/09/29/vertical-stand-review |archive-date=12 September 2024 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=29 September 2001 |url-status=live}} the Multiplayer Adapter (a four-player Multitap),{{sfn|Layton|1997|p=174}} a USB motion camera (EyeToy),{{cite web |last1=Reed |first1=Kristan |title=EyeToy: Play 2 review |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/r-eyetoyplay2-ps2 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211045925/https://www.eurogamer.net/r-eyetoyplay2-ps2 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |location=Bath |language=en |date=2 November 2004 |url-status=live}} keyboard and mouse,{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=Telewest in Playstation alliance with Sony |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-30659 |website=Eurogamer.net |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211045925/https://www.eurogamer.net/r-eyetoyplay2-ps2 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |location=Bath |language=en |date=17 May 2001 |url-status=live}} and a headset.{{cite web |last1=Varanini |first1=Giancarlo |title=Logitech to release PS2 USB headset |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/logitech-to-release-ps2-usb-headset/1100-6026265/ |website=GameSpot |publisher=Fandom |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619224528/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/logitech-to-release-ps2-usb-headset/1100-6026265/ |archive-date=19 June 2021 |date=5 May 2003 |url-status=live}} Unlike the original PlayStation, which requires the use of an official PlayStation Mouse to play mouse-compatible games, the few PlayStation 2 games with mouse support also work with a standard USB mouse as well as a USB trackball.{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Douglass |title=Tribes Hi-Res Trailer and Impressions (PS2) |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/08/02/tribes-hi-res-trailer-and-impressions-ps2 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612161533/https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/08/02/tribes-hi-res-trailer-and-impressions-ps2 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=2 August 2001 |url-status=live}}

Early versions of the console could be networked via an i.LINK port, though this had little game support and was ultimately removed in the "Slimline" model.{{cite web |title=Untangling the Web of PS2 Cables |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/10/31/untangling-the-web-of-ps2-cables |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006231910/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/10/31/untangling-the-web-of-ps2-cables |archive-date=6 October 2022 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=31 October 2000 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=New PS2 Model Announced |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/04/14/new-ps2-model-announced |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621125501/https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/04/14/new-ps2-model-announced |archive-date=21 June 2023 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=14 April 2003 |url-status=live}} Some third-party companies, such as Joytech, produced LCD monitor and speaker attachments for the PlayStation 2, which attach to the rear of the console.{{cite web |last1=Roper |first1=Chris |title=Joytech 8" Digital LCD Monitor for PStwo |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/07/06/joytech-8-digital-lcd-monitor-for-pstwo |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522120341/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/07/06/joytech-8-digital-lcd-monitor-for-pstwo |archive-date=22 May 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=6 July 2005 |url-status=live}} These allow users to play games without access to a television as long as there is access to mains electricity or a similar power source.{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=Another LCD panel for a console |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45931 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103095803/https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45931 |archive-date=3 November 2024 |location=Bath |language=en |date=13 May 2002}}

There are many accessories for musical games, such as dance pads for Dance Dance Revolution titles,{{cite web |title=Codemasters prepares to revolutionise dance mat gaming with "Dance Factory" – coming spring 2006, exclusively for PlayStation 2. |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/codemasters-prepares-to-revolutionise-dance-mat-gaming-with-dance-factory-coming-spring-2006-exclusively-for-playstation-2 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=IGN |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124201402/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/codemasters-prepares-to-revolutionise-dance-mat-gaming-with-dance-factory-coming-spring-2006-exclusively-for-playstation-2 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=30 August 2005 |url-status=live}} Konami microphones for use with the Karaoke Revolution games,{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=Konami plans new karaoke titles on PS2 and Xbox |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/news230804karaokerevolution |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528151635/https://www.eurogamer.net/news230804karaokerevolution |archive-date=28 May 2025 |location=Bath |language=en |date=23 August 2004|url-status=live}} wireless microphones (sold with and used exclusively for SingStar games),{{cite web |last1=Contributor |first1=GamesIndustry biz |title=Wireless SingStar Microphones |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/wireless-singstar-microphones-launching-in-the-uk-on-march-20th-alongside-singstar-pop-edition |website=GamesIndustry.biz |publisher=IGN |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521202305/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/wireless-singstar-microphones-launching-in-the-uk-on-march-20th-alongside-singstar-pop-edition |archive-date=21 May 2024 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}} various "guitar" controllers (for the Guitar Freaks series and Guitar Hero series),{{cite web |last1=Wyman |first1=Walt |title=GuitarFreaks, DrumMania V2 jamming on PS2 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/guitarfreaks-drummania-v2-jamming-on-ps2/1100-6159350/ |website=GameSpot |publisher=Fandom |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519201631/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/guitarfreaks-drummania-v2-jamming-on-ps2/1100-6159350/ |archive-date=19 May 2025 |date=6 October 2006 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Guitar Compatibility Charts |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/guitar-compatibility-charts/1100-6183555/ |website=GameSpot |publisher=Fandom |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060538/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/guitar-compatibility-charts/1100-6183555/ |archive-date=20 June 2024 |date=5 August 2008 |url-status=live}} the drum set controller (sold in a box set (or by itself) with a "guitar" controller and a USB microphone (for use with Rock Band and Guitar Hero series),{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Ellie |title=New drum kits for Rock Band 2 |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/new-drum-kits-for-rock-band-2 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118082217/https://www.eurogamer.net/new-drum-kits-for-rock-band-2 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |location=Bath |language=en |date=11 July 2008 |url-status=live}} and a taiko drum controller for Taiko: Drum Master (2004).{{cite web |last1=Herold |first1=Charles |title=New Breed of Games Is Not All Thumbs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/09/technology/circuits/new-breed-of-games-is-not-all-thumbs.html |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228030616/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/09/technology/circuits/new-breed-of-games-is-not-all-thumbs.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |location=New York City |date=9 December 2004 |url-status=live}}

Sony released a Linux-based operating system kit, Linux for PlayStation 2, which included a keyboard, mouse, Ethernet adapter and HDD.{{cite web |last1=Bramwell |first1=Tom |title=PS2 Linux kit on sale in Europe |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-46045 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427152355/https://www.eurogamer.net/article-46045 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |location=Bath |language=en |date=27 May 2002 |url-status=live}} In Europe and Australia, the consoles comes with a free Yabasic interpreter on the bundled demo disc. This allows users to create simple programs for the PlayStation 2. A port of the NetBSD project and BlackRhino GNU/Linux, an alternative Debian-based distribution, are also available.{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ernie |title=How Sony Forged, Then Squandered, Its Relationship With Linux Users |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-sony-forged-then-squandered-its-relationship-with-linux-users/ |website=Vice |publisher=Vice Digital Productions, LLC |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328140657/https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-sony-forged-then-squandered-its-relationship-with-linux-users/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |date=1 February 2021 |url-status=live}}

{{See also|List of PlayStation 2 games (A–K)|List of best-selling PlayStation 2 video games|List of cancelled PlayStation 2 games|List of downloadable PlayStation 2 games}}

With a total of 10,987 game titles, the PlayStation 2 features a diverse global library.{{Cite web |title=Business Data & Sales |url=https://sonyinteractive.com/en/our-company/business-data-sales/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=Sony Interactive Entertainment |language=en-US}} Premier franchises include the Grand Theft Auto, Final Fantasy, and Metal Gear Solid series, most games of which were released exclusively for the console. Several prolific series first arrived on the console, including God of War (2005), Ratchet & Clank (2002), Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy (2001), Devil May Cry (2001), and Kingdom Hearts (2002). The best-selling PlayStation 2 game is Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, which sold 17.33 million units.{{sfn|Glenday|2009|p=48}} After the PlayStation 2's discontinuation in 2013, the cumulative software shipment was 1.54 billion units.{{Cite web |title=Business Data & Sales |url=https://sonyinteractive.com/en/our-company/business-data-sales/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=Sony Interactive Entertainment |language=en-US}}

Following its 2000 launch in Japan, the PlayStation 2 was released with eleven launch titles; early notable games included Ridge Racer V (2000) and Tekken Tag Tournament (2000).{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Andy |title=PlayStation 2's chaotic Japanese launch was 20 years ago today |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/playstation-2-japan-launch/ |website=VGC |access-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612130520/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/playstation-2-japan-launch/ |archive-date=12 June 2025 |date=4 March 2020|url-status=live}} This was increased to 29 titles for its North American launch,{{cite web |title=The PS2 Launch Titles |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/10/28/the-ps2-launch-titles |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320082132/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/10/28/the-ps2-launch-titles |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en |date=28 October 2000|url-status=live}} and 30 in Europe.{{cite web |last1=Strohm |first1=Alex |title=European PS2 Launch Titles Emerge |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/european-ps2-launch-titles-emerge/1100-2628749/ |website=GameSpot |access-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710124617/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/european-ps2-launch-titles-emerge/1100-2628749/ |archive-date=10 July 2021 |date=15 September 2000 |url-status=live}} The last games released for the console were Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin (2013) in Japan,{{cite web |last1=Nakamura |first1=Toshi |title=The Japanese PS2's Last Game Gets A Release Date |url=https://kotaku.com/the-japanese-ps2s-last-game-gets-a-release-date-5971429 |website=Kotaku |access-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420171538/https://kotaku.com/the-japanese-ps2s-last-game-gets-a-release-date-5971429 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |language=en |date=27 December 2012}} FIFA 14 (2013) in North America,{{Cite news|url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/noticias/nota?s=promociones&id=1837837&type=story|title=Chicharito es portada de FIFA 14|date=28 June 2013|work=ESPN Deportes|access-date=3 December 2020|language=es-MX|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624225840/https://espndeportes.espn.com/noticias/nota?s=promociones&id=1837837&type=story|url-status=live}} and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 (2013) in the United Kingdom.

The PlayStation 2 received critical acclaim upon release. Initial reviews commended its hardware and graphics capabilities, ability to play DVDs, and backward compatibility with games and hardware for the original PlayStation. Early points of criticism included the lack of online support at the time, its inclusion of only two controller ports, and the system's price at launch compared to the Dreamcast in 2000.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/26/technology/playstation-2-game-console-as-trojan-horse.html|title=PlayStation 2: Game Console as Trojan Horse|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=26 October 2000|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713183041/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/26/technology/playstation-2-game-console-as-trojan-horse.html|archive-date=13 July 2019|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalbits.com/site_archive/reviews/ps2/sonyps2.html|title=Hardware Review – Sony PlayStation 2|website=www.thedigitalbits.com|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830124823/https://www.thedigitalbits.com/site_archive/reviews/ps2/sonyps2.html|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}} PC Magazine in 2001 called the console "outstanding", praising its "noteworthy components" such as the Emotion Engine CPU, 32 MB of RAM, support for IEEE 1394 (branded as "i.LINK" by Sony and "FireWire" by Apple), and the console's two USB ports while criticising its "expensive" games and its support for only two controllers without the multitap accessory.{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,22112,00.asp|title=Sony Playstation 2|last1=Sarrel|first1=Matthew D. |magazine=PC Magazine|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019|date=6 March 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830124822/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,22112,00.asp|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}

The inclusion of DVD playback was a major factor in the commercial success of the PlayStation 2. At launch, the PS2 was priced comparably to standalone DVD players, making it an attractive option for consumers. This multifunctionality also the increased console's appeal beyond traditional gamers and accelerate DVD adoption in households.{{cite news |date=3 December 2024 |title=Top 10 PlayStations, ranked |url=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/489628/top-10-playstations-30th-anniversary |website=Polygon}}{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=14 November 2006 |title=Sony's Grand Game |url=https://www.wired.com/2006/11/ff-playstation/ |magazine=Wired}}

There was, however, some concern about the system's abilities following the lack of anti-aliasing in the two most popular early titles, Ridge Racer V (2000) and Tekken Tag Tournament (2000).{{Cite web |author=I. G. N. Staff |date=1 July 2000 |title=PS2: Aliased No More |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/07/01/ps2-aliased-no-more |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}} It was exacerbated for a period of time post-launch amid concerns about the relative lack of new quality software.{{Cite web |last=Wehrfritz |first=George |date=17 December 2000 |title=Pow! Sony Gets Hit |url=https://www.newsweek.com/pow-sony-gets-hit-156177 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en}} This situation was eventually turned around following a spate of highly acclaimed games in the final quarter of 2001. Later reviews, especially after the launch of the competing GameCube and Xbox systems, continued to praise the PlayStation 2's large game library and DVD playback, while routinely criticising the PlayStation 2's lesser graphics performance compared to the newer systems and its rudimentary online service compared to Xbox Live. In 2002, CNET rated the console 7.3 out of 10, calling it a "safe bet" despite not being the "newest or most powerful", noting that the console "yields in-game graphics with more jagged edges". CNET also criticised the DVD playback functionality, claiming that the console's video quality was "passable" and that the playback controls were "rudimentary", recommending users to purchase a remote control. The console's two controller ports and the high cost of its memory cards were also a point of criticism.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-ps2-review/|title=Sony PS2 review: Sony PS2|last=Gladstone|first=Darren|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702035131/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-ps2-review/|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}

The slim model of the PlayStation 2 received positive reviews for its small size and built-in networking, but received criticism for easily overheating due to the exclusion of the original model's built-in fan. The requirement for a separate power adapter was criticised while the top-loading disc drive was noted as being less likely to break compared to the tray-loading drive of the original model.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-slim-review/|title=Sony PlayStation 2 (slim form factor)|last=Falcone|first=John|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830141258/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-playstation-2-slim-review/|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/games/reviews/playstation/68059-slim-line-playstation-2-ps2-console|title=Slim-line PlayStation 2 (PS2)|date=28 January 2005|website=Pocket-lint|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830124823/https://www.pocket-lint.com/games/reviews/playstation/68059-slim-line-playstation-2-ps2-console|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}

The PlayStation 2 overcame the earlier launch of the Sega's Dreamcast and then fended off competition from Microsoft's newcomer Xbox and Nintendo's GameCube.{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/7.html |title=PlayStation is number 7 |website=IGN|publisher=Ziff Davis|location=Chicago |access-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113091647/http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/7.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite magazine |author=McKinley Noble|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/171127/5_biggest_game_console_battles.html |title=5 Biggest Game Console Battles |magazine=PCWorld |date=31 August 2009 |access-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528214653/http://www.pcworld.com/article/171127/5_biggest_game_console_battles.html |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Cliff |title=Sega Vs. Sony: Pow! Biff! Whack! |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2000-12-17/sega-vs-dot-sony-pow-biff-whack |website=Bloomberg News |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123061235/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2000-12-17/sega-vs-dot-sony-pow-biff-whack |archive-date=23 January 2022 |location=New York City |date=18 December 2000 |url-status=live}} Its immense success and failure of the Dreamcast were among the main factors which led to Sega abandoning the console market entirely.{{cite web|last=Whitehead |first=Dan |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dreamcast-a-forensic-retrospective-article |title=Dreamcast: A Forensic Retrospective |website=Eurogamer|publisher=Future plc|location=Bath |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015103108/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dreamcast-a-forensic-retrospective-article |archive-date=15 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/ten-greatest-years-gaming/ |title=The ten greatest years in gaming |work=Edge |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022221114/http://www.edge-online.com/features/ten-greatest-years-gaming/ |archive-date=22 October 2014}} Sony's integration of a DVD player into the console not only positioned it as a cost-effective home entertainment device, but also helped broaden its reach beyond traditional gaming audiences. This feature contributed to the PlayStation 2's widespread adoption, particularly as DVD technology was gaining popularity.

Additionally, the console served as the exclusive platform for several early landmark titles such as Grand Theft Auto III (2001), Final Fantasy X (2001), and Metal Gear Solid 2 (2001), during a period marked by significant innovation in game design. This era saw the emergence of cinematic storytelling and expansive open-world gameplay, which further solidified the system's appeal. According to Piers Harding-Rolls, a senior analyst at IHS Screen Digest, Sony's marketing strategy—particularly its alignment with association football—was instrumental in securing strong market penetration in regions where console gaming had previously been underdeveloped. In its later years, the PlayStation 2 expanded its demographic by incorporating lifestyle and social games, further enhancing its longevity and appeal during the mid-2000s.

The PlayStation 2 has often ranked among the best video game consoles. In 2020, Keith Stuart from The Guardian named it as the second best console, declaring that its "utter dominance" and technical prowess heralded a golden era in video gaming.{{cite web |last1=Stuart |first1=Keith |title=The 25 greatest video game consoles – ranked! |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/jul/16/the-25-greatest-video-game-consoles-ranked |website=The Guardian |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105082500/https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/jul/16/the-25-greatest-video-game-consoles-ranked |archive-date=5 January 2021 |location=London |date=16 July 2020}} IGN ranked the PlayStation 2 in 2009 as the third best console, noting its diverse game library and appeal towards all audiences to be a strong testament to its "staying power".{{cite web |title=Top 25 Video Game Consoles |url=https://www.ign.com/lists/top-25-consoles/7 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172446/https://www.ign.com/lists/top-25-consoles/7 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |location=Chicago |language=en |date=21 July 2009}} In 2018, Retro Gamer named it the fifth best console, similarly crediting its large library and appeal to developers as key factors in gaining mass success, lauding it as a machine with "mad architecture".{{cite web |date=25 December 2018 |title=The 30 best video game consoles and systems of all time |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-video-game-console-system-of-all-time/4/ |website=GamesRadar |publisher=Future plc|access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013728/https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-video-game-console-system-of-all-time/4/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |location=Bath|url-status=usurped|language=en}}

{{Portal|2000s|Video games}}

• Linux for PlayStation 2
• PCSX2 – PlayStation 2 (PS2) emulator for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS
• PlayStation Broadband Navigator

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

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{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last1=DeMaria|first1=Rusel|last2=Wilson|first2=Johnny L.|title=High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games|year=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|location=Emeryville, California|isbn=978-0-07-223172-4}}
• {{cite news|last1=Gaither|first1=Chris|title=Sony to Cut PlayStation 2 Price by $100|newspaper=New York Times|location=New York City|date=14 May 2002}}
• {{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition |page=108 |editor-last=Glenday |editor-first=Craig |publisher=Guinness World Records |date=February 2009 |isbn=978-1-904-99445-9 }}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Johnston|first1=Chris |date=February 1999 |title=Hands On: Dreamcast |magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly|publisher=Future plc |location=Bath |issue=115 |pages=26–27}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Keeling |first1=Justin |title=Digital Dream Kids |journal=PlayStation World |date=February 2000 |issue=1 |pages=89–102 |publisher=Future plc |location=Bath}}
• {{cite book|last=Kent|first=Steven L.|author-link=Steven L. Kent|title=The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World|year=2001|publisher=Prima Publishing|location=Roseville|isbn=0-7615-3643-4}}
• {{cite magazine|date=October 1997|title=Fantastic Four: Dare We Say, 'It's Clobberin' Time?'|magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly|publisher=Ziff Davis|issue=99|page=174|last1=Layton|first1=Chris}}
• {{cite book |last1=Leigh |first1=Peter |title=The Nostalgia Nerd's Retro Tech |date=2018 |publisher=Ilex Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-78157-570-3 |pages=188–191}}
• {{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Matthew|title=Sony to Cut Price of PlayStation 2 Game Console by 20 Percent|newspaper=Knight Ridder Tribune Business News|publisher=Tribune Publishing|location=Chicago|date=4 November 2003}}

{{refend}}

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