Pinoy

File:PinoyFTM at the 2016 Metro Manila LGBT Pride March.jpg

Pinoy ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|p|iː|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}}{{Cite OED|Pinoy|access-date=30 September 2024}} {{IPA|tl|pɪˈnɔi|lang}}) is a common informal self-reference used by Filipinos to refer to citizens of the Philippines and their culture as well as to overseas Filipinos in the Filipino diaspora.{{page needed|date=October 2020}}{{cite book |last=Rodell |first=Paul A. |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313304156 |pages=218 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |access-date=August 18, 2008}} A Pinoy who has any non-Filipino foreign ancestry, particularly white ancestry, is often informally called Tisoy, derived from Spanish mestizo.

Many Filipinos refer to themselves as Pinoy, sometimes the feminine Pinay ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|n|aɪ}} {{IPA|tl|pɪ'nai|lang}}), instead of the standard term Filipino.{{page needed|date=October 2020}} Filipino is the widespread formal word used to call a citizen of the Philippines. Pinoy is formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino and adding the diminutive suffix -y in the Tagalog language (the suffix is commonly used in Filipino nicknames: e.g. "Noynoy" or "Kokoy" or "Toytoy"). Pinoy was used for self-identification by the first wave of Filipinos going to the continental United States before World War II and has been used both in a pejorative sense and as a term of endearment.{{cite book |last=Posadas |first=Barbara Mercedes |title=The Filipino Americans |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313297427 |page=[https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa/page/165 165] |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa |url-access=registration |access-date=August 18, 2008}}{{cite book |last=Coronadon |first=Marc |title=Crossing Lines: Race and Mixed Race Across the Geohistorical Divide |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780970038418 |page=91 |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psydQ_VWwN8C |access-date=August 18, 2008}}{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=George |title=The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780815329800 |page=484 |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzipfA-IyccC |access-date=August 18, 2008}}

Pinoy was created to differentiate the experiences of those immigrating to the United States, but is now a slang term used to refer to all people of Filipino descent.{{page needed|date=October 2020}} "Pinoy music" impacted the socio-political climate of the 1970s and was employed by both Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and the People Power Revolution that overthrew his regime. Recent mainstream usages tend to center on entertainment (Pinoy Big Brother) that can be watched on Pinoy Tambayan{{cite web|url=https://pinoynetworktambayan.net/|title=Pinoy TV website to watch all Pinoy Tambayan shows of Pinoy Channel|work=Pinoy TV Shows|access-date=September 16, 2019|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727115513/https://pinoynetworktambayan.net/|url-status=dead}} and music (Pinoy Idol), which have played a significant role in developing national and cultural identity.

Etymology

The term Pinoy was coined by expatriate Filipino Americans during the 1920s and was later adopted by Filipinos in the Philippines. According to historian Dawn Mabalon, the historical use has been to refer to Filipinos born or living in the United States and has been in constant use since the 1920s. She adds that it was reclaimed and politicized by "Filipino American activists and artists in the FilAm movements of the 1960s/1970s".{{cite book |last=de Jesus |first=Melinda L. |title=Pinay Power: Feminist Critical Theory : Theorizing the Filipina/American Experience |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415949828 |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZBJvrkItwC |access-date=August 18, 2008 |page=14}}

Earliest usages

The earliest known usages of Pinoy/Pinay in magazines and newspapers date to the 1920s include taking on social issues facing Pinoy, casual mentions of Pinoys at events, while some are advertisements from Hawaii from Filipinos themselves.{{cite web |title=Pinoys search of The United States and its Territories, 1870 – 1925: The Age of Imperialism |publisher=University of Michigan |date=1920s |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&type=simple&rgn=full+text&q1=pinoys&cite1=&cite1restrict=author&cite2=&cite2restrict=author&singlegenre=All&firstpubl1=1814&firstpubl2=2004&Submit=Search |access-date=August 18, 2008}}{{cite web |title=Pinoy search of The United States and its Territories, 1870 – 1925: The Age of Imperialism |publisher=University of Michigan |date=1920s |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&type=boolean&rgn=pages&q1=pinoy&op2=and&q2=&op3=and&q3=&cite1=&cite1restrict=author&cite2=&cite2restrict=author&singlegenre=All&firstpubl1=1814&firstpubl2=2004&Submit=Search |access-date=August 18, 2008}} The following are the more notable earliest usages:

=United States=

In the United States, the earliest published usage known is in a Republic article written in January 1924 by Dr. J. Juliano, a member of the faculty of the Schurz school in Chicago – "Why does a Pinoy take it as an insult to be taken for a Shintoist or a Confucian?" and "What should a Pinoy do if he is addressed as a Chinese or a Jap?"{{cite web |last=Sundita |first=Christopher |title=Much Ado About Pinoy |publisher=Salita Blog |date=March 12, 2006 |url=http://salitablog.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html |access-date=August 18, 2008}}{{cite book |last=Juliano |first=Dr. J. |title=Reflections of a "Traveler": How Long Will I Stay In America? Will I Marry An American Girl? |publisher=Philippine Republic, University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 – 1925: The Age of Imperialism |page=17 |date=January 1924 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=pinoy;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACC6198.1924.001;didno=ACC6198.1924.001;view=image;seq=00000041 |access-date=August 18, 2008}}

According to the late Filipino-American historian Dawn Bohulano Mabalon, another early attestation of the terms "Pinoy" and "Pinay" was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. The article that featured the terms is titled "Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses: Invade Business, Politics."Dawn Mabalon, Little Manila is in the Heart (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013), 20, 37.

=Philippines=

In the Philippines, the earliest published usage known is from December 1926, in History of the Philippine Press, which briefly mentions a weekly Spanish-Visayan-English publication called Pinoy based in Capiz and published by the Pinoy Publishing Company.{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Carson |title=History of the Philippine Press |publisher=University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 – 1925: The Age of Imperialism |page=59 |year=1927 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=pinoy;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACR6448.0001.001;didno=ACR6448.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000063 |access-date=August 18, 2008}}, Pinoy’s publication date is December 27, 1926. The publisher was Pinoy Publishing Company. Other than that, there's no further information. In 1930, the Manila-based magazine Khaki and Red: The Official Organ of the Constabulary and Police printed an article about street gangs stating "another is the 'Kapatiran' gang of Intramuros, composed of patrons of pools rooms who banded together to 'protect pinoys' from the abusive American soldados."{{cite book |title=Khaki and Red: The Official Organ of the Constabulary and Police |publisher=University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 – 1925: The Age of Imperialism |pages=6 |date=October 1930 |volume=10 |issue=10 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=pinoy;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACR6448.0001.001;didno=ACR6448.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000063 |access-date=August 18, 2008}}

Motivations

Image:Phillanguages.jpg]]

The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the archipelagic country – comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean – which trace back 30,000 years before being colonized by Spain in the 16th century and later occupied by the United States, which led to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).{{cite book |editor-last=Dolan |editor-first=Ronald E. |chapter=Early History |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/3.htm |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinescount00dola |title=Philippines: A Country Study |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0748-7 |year=1991}} The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the Pacific Theatre of the Second World War had ended.{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |title=General information |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=October 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155742/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/ |title=Official Website |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=October 1, 2007 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224035104/http://www.nhi.gov.ph//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=3 |url-status=dead }} The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. In 1939, then-president Manuel L. Quezon renamed the Tagalog language as the Wikang Pambansa ("national language").{{Cite journal |author=Andrew Gonzalez |year=1998 |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |access-date=March 24, 2007 |pages=487–525 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 }} The language was further renamed in 1959 as Filipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language to be known as Filipino. Since then, the two official languages are Filipino and English.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |title=World Factbook — Philippines |publisher=CIA |access-date=July 24, 2008}}

As of 2003 there are more than eleven million overseas Filipinos worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines |author=Yvette Collymore |date=June 2003 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |quote=An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad |access-date=August 14, 2007 |archive-date=February 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216053330/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |url-status=dead }}

Notable literature

Pinoy is first used by Filipino poet Carlos Bulosan, in his 1946 semi-autobiography, America Is in the Heart – "The Pinoys work every day in the fields but when the season is over their money is in the Chinese vaults."{{cite book |last=Bulosan |first=Carlos |title=America is in the Heart: A Personal History |publisher=Harcourt, Brace and company |date=January 1924 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=pinoy;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACC6198.1924.001;didno=ACC6198.1924.001;view=image;seq=00000041 |access-date=August 18, 2008}} The book describes his childhood in the Philippines, his voyage to America, and his years as an itinerant laborer following the harvest trail in the rural West. It has been used in American ethnic studies courses to illustrate the racism experienced by thousands of Filipino laborers during the 1930s and 40s in the United States.

Pinoy music

In the early 1970s, Pinoy music or "Pinoy pop" emerged, often sung in Tagalog – it was a mix of rock, folk and ballads – marking a political use of music similar to early hip hop but transcending class.{{cite book |last=Lockard |first=Craig A. |title=Dance of Life: Popular Music and Politics in Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824819187 |year=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/danceoflifepopul00lock_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=August 18, 2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/danceoflifepopul00lock_0/page/135 135]–151}} The music was a "conscious attempt to create a Filipino national and popular culture" and it often reflected social realities and problems. As early as 1973, the Juan de la Cruz Band was performing "Ang Himig Natin" ("Our Music"), which is widely regarded as the first example of Pinoy rock.{{cite book |last=Rodell |first=Paul A. |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313304156 |page=186 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |access-date=August 18, 2008}} "Pinoy" gained popular currency in the late 1970s in the Philippines when a surge in patriotism made a hit song of Filipino folk singer Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y mga Pinoy" ("We are Pinoys"). This trend was followed by Filipino rapper Francis Magalona's "Mga Kababayan Ko" ("My Countrymen") in the 1990s and Filipino rock band Bamboo's "Noypi" ("Pinoy" in reversed syllables) in the 2000s. Nowadays, Pinoy is used as an adjective to some terms highlighting their relationship to the Philippines or Filipinos. Pinoy rock was soon followed by Pinoy folk and later, Pinoy jazz. Although the music was often used to express opposition to then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his use of martial law and the creating of the Batasang Bayan, many of the songs were more subversive and some just instilled national pride. Perhaps because of the cultural affirming nature and many of the songs seemingly being non-threatening, the Marcos administration ordered radio stations to play at least one – and later, three – Pinoy songs each hour. Pinoy music was greatly employed both by Marcos and political forces who sought to overthrow him.