Plantago triandra
{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Plantago triandra flowering 176649858.jpeg
| image_caption = Plantago triandra in flower from Southland, New Zealand
| status = NT
| status_system = NZTCS
| genus = Plantago
| species = triandra
| authority = Berggr.{{Cite journal |last=Berggren |first=Sven |date=1877 |title=Några nya eller ofullständigt kända arter af ny-zeeländska fanerogamer |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124516803 |journal=Kungliga Fysiografiska sällskapets i Lund förhandlingar |volume=8 |pages=21–24}}
| synonyms = *Plantago masoniae Cheeseman{{Cite Q|Q115628331}}
}}
Plantago triandra is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Sven Berggren described the species in 1877. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with angular-ovate leaves, tiny calyces, numerous seeds, and often sessile flowers and fruiting capsules. The species is considered to be not threatened.
Taxonomy
Plantago triandrais in the plant family Plantaginaceae.{{Cite web |title=Plantago triandra |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/plantago-triandra/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |language=en}} It was first described by Swedish botanist Sven Berggren in 1877.
File:SP002343 Plantago triandra Berggr Te Papa 694304 33887.jpg
File:Plantago triandra Berggren (AM AK8673).jpg
The holotype was collected by Sven Berggren at Kelly's Hill, Canterbury, South Island in February 1874. The holotype is located at the herbarium at Lund University Biological Museum (LD),{{Cite web |title=Holotype of Plantago triandra. Occurrence Detail 788460618 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/788460618 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Holotype of Plantago triandra Berggr. [family PLANTAGINACEAE] on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ld1214475 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=plants.jstor.org }} and there are possible isotypes at herbaria at Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (K){{Cite web |title=Isotype of Plantago triandra Berggr. [family PLANTAGINACEAE] on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000438789 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=plants.jstor.org }} and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (WELT).{{Cite web |title=Possible isotype of Plantago triandra. Occurrence Detail 4520687221 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/4520687221 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}
Plantago masoniae Cheeseman and P. triandra subsp. masoniae (Cheeseman) W.R.Sykes are considered to be synonyms of P. triandra. The holotype of P. masoniae is housed at the Auckland War Memorial Museum (AK).{{Cite web |title=Holotype of Plantago triandra Berggren [family PLANTAGINACEAE] on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ak8673 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=plants.jstor.org }}{{Cite web |title=Holotype of Plantago masoniae Cheeseman on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ak8673 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=plants.jstor.org }}
File:Plantago triandra fruiting 225695599.jpeg
File:Plantago triandra 1202885.jpeg
Plantago triandra is morphologically most similar to P. obconica and P. unibracteata.{{Cite journal |last=Sykes |first=William Russell |date=1988-04-01 |title=Notes on New Zealand Plantago species |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54684047 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1988.10410121|bibcode=1988NZJB...26..321S |url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Meudt |first=Heidi |date=June 2012 |title=A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54666671 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |language=English |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=101–178 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179|bibcode=2012NZJB...50..101M |s2cid=84968326 |url-access=subscription }} It can be distinguished from those species and other New Zealand Plantago species by tiny calyx and many seeds. The calyx of P. triandra is very tiny, only 0.4–1.8 mm long, which is smaller than that of the other species. It also has between 8 and 42 uniform, angular seeds in each capsule (average 26) which is more than the other species.
It can be further distinguished from P. obconica by its leaves which are widest below the middle (rather than above the middle). It can be further distinguished from P. unibracteata by its many leaf teeth, usually 10 or more (rather than 4-10 leaf teeth).
Description
Plantago triandra plants are small rosettes with a primary root up to 12 mm thick, with up to 62 usually angular-ovate leaves, and with visible, short (<13 mm long), rust-coloured leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves have 1 vein, are 8–61 mm long (including petiole) and up to 11 mm wide, sometimes punctate, glabrous on both surfaces or with bands of hairs to sparsely hairy on the upper surface. The leaf has an acute apex, and its edges are smooth, wavy or with up to 24 small to large teeth. The petiole is usually distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 23 mm long. Each rosette plant has up to 22 erect inflorescences which can be up to 41 mm long. The scapes are smooth and glabrous or hairy. The spikes are globose with 1–3 densely crowded flowers. Each flower has a small bract that is broadly ovate to very broadly ovate and usually glabrous. The calyx is 0.3–1.7 mm long, 0.3–1.1 mm wide, mostly glabrous but rarely with a hair at the apex. The corolla tube is 2.0–4.4 mm long, corolla lobes 0.9–2.9 mm long, stamen filaments 1.7–6.8 mm long, anthers 0.7–1.4 mm long, and style 2.7–10.0 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.7–2.6 mm long, with up to 42 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, ellipsoid or globose, widest at middle, 2.1–4.3 mm long and 1.5–3.9 mm wide. Each capsule has 8–42 uniform rust or brown seeds 0.5–1.4 mm long, usually rhomboid or angular-ovoid.
Plantago triandra flowers from December to May and fruits from December to June.
The chromosome number of Plantago triandra is 2n=48.{{Cite journal |last=Rattenbury |first=J. A. |date=1957 |title=Chromosome Numbers in New Zealand Angiosperms |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89183704 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand |language=English |volume=84 |pages=936–938}}{{Cite journal |last1=Groves |first1=B. E. |last2=Hair |first2=J. B. |date=1971 |title=Contributions to a Chromosome Atlas of the New Zealand Flora—15 Miscellaneous Families |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124350938 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430222|bibcode=1971NZJB....9..569G }}{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=B. G. |last2=Meudt |first2=Heidi |last3=Tay |first3=Mei Lin |last4=Garnock-Jones |first4=Philip John |date=2010 |title=New chromosome counts in New Zealand species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56769508 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=48 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–204 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.2010.515598|bibcode=2010NZJB...48..197M }}
Distribution and habitat
File:Plantago triandra 106816677.jpeg
Plantago triandra is a plantain that is endemic to the North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands of New Zealand. In the North Island it is found in Auckland, Volcanic Plateau, Taranaki, and Southern North Island regions, whereas on the South Island it is found in Marlborough, Western Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, Otago, Fiordland, and Southland regions.
File:Plantago triandra 30172337.jpeg
It is found on coastal banks, cliffs, herbfields, dunes and rock outcrops in damp or wet areas, from sea level to 1520 m above sea level. It can also be found in bowling or golf course greens.
Phylogeny
Plantago triandra was included in phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions).{{Cite journal |last1=Tay |first1=Mei Lin |last2=Meudt |first2=Heidi |last3=Garnock-Jones |first3=Philip John |last4=Ritchie |first4=Peter |date=2010-01-01 |title=DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60380215 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=47 |doi=10.1071/SB09040 |doi-access=free}} In that study, Plantago triandra was moderately to strongly supported as sister or closely related to another New Zealand species, Plantago unibracteata.
Similarly, Plantago triandra was closely related to P. unibracteata in a phylogenetic study of the New Zealand species using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs).{{Cite journal |last=Meudt |first=Heidi |date=2011-02-01 |title=Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61014540 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=English |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=220–237 |doi=10.1086/657657|s2cid=85402923 |url-access=subscription }} These two species formed a clade with high support, but the species themselves were not monophyletic. It was hypothesized that decaploid and dodecaploid P. unibracteata are allopolyploids that have evolved multiple times from octoploid P. triandra and another species.
Individuals of P. triandra and P. unibracteata could not be distinguished in another study using only nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer region) with several individuals of each species sampled.{{Cite journal |last1=Tay |first1=Mei Lin |last2=Meudt |first2=Heidi |last3=Garnock-Jones |first3=Philip John |last4=Ritchie |first4=Peter |date=2010 |title=Testing species limits of New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60380228 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |language=English |volume=48 |issue=3–4 |pages=205–224 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.2010.518318|bibcode=2010NZJB...48..205T }} However, the sole individual of P. triandra was not sister to the sole individual of P. unibracteata in another phylogenetic study focusing on Plantago species throughout the world using whole chloroplast genomes, although they were in the same larger clade.{{Cite journal |last1=Hassemer |first1=Gustavo |last2=Bruun-Lund |first2=Sam |last3=Shipunov |first3=Aleksey Borisovich |last4=Briggs |first4=Barbara G. |last5=Meudt |first5=Heidi |last6=Rønsted |first6=Nina |date=2019-05-18 |title=The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67213137 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=English |volume=138 |pages=156–173 |doi=10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013 |pmid=31112781 |doi-access=free}} Finally, the species was not included in another phylogenetic studies focusing on oceanic island Plantago species using standard DNA sequencing markers.{{Cite journal |last1=Ahlstrand |first1=Natalie Iwanycki |last2=Verstraete |first2=Brecht |last3=Hassemer |first3=Gustavo |last4=Dunbar-Co |first4=S. |last5=Hoggard |first5=R. |last6=Meudt |first6=Heidi |last7=Rønsted |first7=Nina |date=2019-03-15 |title=Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64955709 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=English |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=706–722 |doi=10.1111/JBI.13525 |pmc=6559316 |pmid=31217659|bibcode=2019JBiog..46..706I }}
Conservation status
Plantago triandra is listed as Not Threatened in the most recent assessment (2017–2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants.{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Peter J. de |last2=Rolfe |first2=Jeremy R. |last3=Barkla |first3=John W. |last4=Courtney |first4=Shannel P. |last5=Champion |first5=Paul D. |last6=Perrie |first6=Leon R. |last7=Beadel |first7=Sarah M. |last8=Ford |first8=Kerry A. |last9=Breitwieser |first9=Ilse |last10=Schönberger |first10=Ines |last11=Hindmarsh-Walls |first11=Rowan |date=May 2018 |title=Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017 |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf |journal=New Zealand Threat Classification Series |volume=22 |pages=1–86 |oclc=1041649797}}
Gallery
File:Plantago triandra 172640403.jpeg
File:Plantago_triandra_kz8.jpg
File:Plantago triandra 240466057.jpeg
File:Plantago triandra 339992866.jpeg
File:Plantago triandra 341725069.jpeg
File:Plantago triandra 1366001.jpeg
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
- [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=plantago+triandra#tab_mapView Plantago triandra occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium]
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