Plasmodium gallinaceum

{{Speciesbox

| image = Malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum.jpg

| image_alt = Scanning electron micrograph of invasion of mosquito midgut

| image_caption = Scanning electron micrograph of invading mosquito midgut

| genus = Plasmodium

| species = gallinaceum

| authority = Brumpt, 1935

}}

Plasmodium gallinaceum is a species of the genus Plasmodium (subgenus Haemamoeba) that causes malaria in poultry.{{cite web | title = Plasmodium Infection | website = The Merck Veterinary Manual | year = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/200107.htm | access-date = 2007-07-03 }}

Description

This species was described by Alexandre Joseph Emile Brumpt (1877–1951) a French professor of parasitology during a trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).{{ Cite journal|year=1936|first=Emile|pages=597–620|journal=Annales de Parasitologie|last=Brumpt|title=Etude Expérimentale du Plasmodium gallinaceum Parasite de la Poule Domestique. Transmission de ce Germe par Stegomyia fasciata et Stegomyia albopicta|trans-title=Experimental Study on the Plasmodium gallinaceum Parasite of the Domesticated Chicken : Transmission of the Pathogen by Stegomyia fasciata and Stegomyia albopicta|author-link=Emile Brumpt}}

= Stages =

Oocysts must develop inside the vector host. They are not transmissible {{endash}} if they enter an avian host they will not develop.

Sporozoites are the transmission stage. If they enter an avian host they may infect.

Vectors

Aedes aegypti is a vector.

P. gallinaceum manipulates A. aegypti to increase its own chances of success. Koella et al., 2002 finds that oocysts in the gut increase the volume of each blood meal. This lowers the chances of disgorgement of the parasites into the final host {{endash}} chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) {{endash}} which is important because oocysts can't infect. This prolongs the average duration of oocyst residence in the vector, increasing their chance of successfully maturing to the transmission stage.

On the other hand sporozoites do the opposite: They decrease the volume of meals, increasing the number of meals taken, shortening the time they must continue to be in the vector, and increasing their chance of being successfully disgorged into a final host. Because this is the transmittable (infectious) stage that is desirable.

This appears to generalize to P. gallinaceum and any combination of mosquito and avian.

{{ Unbulleted list citebundle

| These reviews:

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal

| language =en

| year =2008

| publisher =Elsevier B.V.

| pmid =17588825

| doi =10.1016/j.meegid.2007.05.008

| s2cid =5933503

| journal =Infection, Genetics and Evolution

| issn =1567-1348

| title =Behind the scene, something else is pulling the strings: Emphasizing parasitic manipulation in vector-borne diseases

| issue =4

| volume =8

| pages =504–519

| first2 =Frederic

| first1 =Thierry

| last2 =Thomas

| last1 =Lefevre| bibcode =2008InfGE...8..504L

| url =https://hal.science/hal-02520474v1/file/1-s2.0-S156713480700072X-main.pdf

}}

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal

| language =en

| year =2010

| volume =119

| pages =1217–1223

| doi =10.1111/J.1600-0706.2009.18077.X

| title =Host manipulation by parasites: a multidimensional phenomenon

| first3 =Frederic

| first2 =Robert

| first1 =Jacques

| last3 =Thomas

| last2 =Poulin

| last1 =Brodeur

| publisher =John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Nordic Society Oikos)

| journal =Oikos

| issue =8

| bibcode =2010Oikos.119.1217T

| s2cid =36582693| url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02518588

}}

| ...cite Koella:

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal

| language =en

| year =2002

| issue =6

| volume =13

| first3 =Richard

| first2 =Linda

| first1 =Jacob

| last3 =Paul

| pages =816–820

| publisher =Oxford University Press (OUP) (International Society for Behavioral Ecology)

| last2 =Rieu

| last1 =Koella

| journal =Behavioral Ecology

| issn =1045-2249

| eissn =1465-7279

| oclc =41963900

| lccn =90650061

| title =Stage-specific manipulation of a mosquito's host-seeking behavior by the malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum

| s2cid =86576999

| doi =10.1093/BEHECO/13.6.816| doi-access=free

}}

Virulence factors

Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is required for host invasion. Warburg et al., 1992 provides a monoclonal antibody against CSP and demonstrates efficacy. The complete inhibition of sporozoite colonization of Aedes aegypti salivary glands they achieved could be due to the antibody itself blocking contact between the sporozoites and the gland surface, however the antibody's binding is inhibited by a particular CSP motif, suggesting antibody efficacy is due to its anti-CSP effect. This 15-amino acid motif is one found by the original Dame et al., 1984 discovery of CSP which contains the 5-length CSP Region I.

{{ Cite journal

| last1=Ghosh

| first1=Anil Kumar

| last2=Jacobs-Lorena

| first2=Marcelo

| title=Plasmodium sporozoite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland

| journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology

| publisher=Elsevier

| volume=12

| issue=4

| date=2009-07-14

| issn=1369-5274

| pmid=19608457

| pmc=2759692

| doi=10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.010

| pages=394–400

| id=NIHMS# 124325}}

{{ Cite journal

| last1=Baldacci

| first1=Patricia

| last2=Ménard

| first2=Robert

| title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host

| journal=Molecular Microbiology

| publisher=Wiley-Blackwell

| volume=54

| issue=2

| date=2004-08-31

| issn=0950-382X

| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x

| pages=298–306

| pmid=15469504

| s2cid=30488807

| doi-access=free

}}

Pathology

Infection produces severe changes in blood plasma composition. Williams 2005 finds large changes in plasma proteins at 8 days post infection. There is a reduction in albumin, α2-globulin, and creatinine. Meanwhile, there is an increase in γ1-globulin, γ2-globulin, total plasma protein, and total plasma enzyme. (The enzyme increase is due to an increase in aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase.)

{{ Unbulleted list citebundle

| These reviews...

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal |

title =Antimalarial Drug Toxicity: A Review|

pmid =17934257|

doi =10.1159/000109767|

s2cid =7888082|

issn =0009-3157|

eissn =1421-9794|

journal =Chemotherapy|

last =Alkadi|

first =Hussien|

volume =53|

pages =385–391|

publisher =Karger|

year =2007|

issue =6|

department =Review|

language =en}}

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal |

language =en|

year =2012|

publisher =Wiley-Blackwell (New York Academy of Sciences (NYAS))|

journal =Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|

issn =0077-8923|

volume =1249|

first3 =Michael|

first2 =Carter|

first1 =Dennis|

last3 =Samuel|

last2 =Atkinson|

last1 =LaPointe|

issue =1 The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology|

pages =211–226|

title =Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria|

s2cid =1885904|

doi =10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x|

pmid =22320256|

bibcode =2012NYASA1249..211L|

url =https://zenodo.org/record/1230770|

doi-access=free}}

| ...cite this study:

|{{*}} {{ Cite journal |

language =en|

year =2005|

publisher =Taylor & Francis + Houghton Trust Ltd|

issue =1|

volume =34|

last =Williams|

pages =29–47|

journal =Avian Pathology|

issn =0307-9457|

eissn =1465-3338|

title =Avian malaria: clinical and chemical pathology of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the domesticated fowl Gallus gallus|

first =R.|

s2cid =24382098|

pmid =15763737|

doi =10.1080/03079450400025430}}

}}

Plasmodium gallinaceum

Description

= Stages =

Vectors

Virulence factors

Pathology

References

Further reading