Politics of North Korea

Kim Il Sung ruled the country from 1948 until his death in July 1994, holding the offices of General Secretary of the WPK from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1972), Premier of North Korea from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong Il. While the younger Kim had been his father's designated successor since the 1980s, it took him three years to consolidate his power. He was named to his father's old post of general secretary in 1997, and in 1998 became chairman of the National Defence Commission (NDC), which gave him command of the armed forces. The constitution was amended to make the NDC chairmanship "the highest post in the state."{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YB1wAgAAQBAJ&dq=The+constitution+was+amended+to+make+the+NDC+chairmanship+%22the+highest+post+in+the+state.%22&pg=PT631 |title=Whitaker's Shorts 2014: International |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4729-0613-7 |language=en}} At the same time, the presidential post was written out of the constitution, and Kim Il Sung was designated "Eternal leader of Juche Korea" in order to honor his memory forever. Most analysts believe the title to be a product of the cult of personality he cultivated during his life.

According to the Constitution of North Korea, the country is a democratic republic and the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) and Provincial People's Assemblies (PPA,도 인민회의) are elected by direct universal suffrage and secret ballot. Suffrage is guaranteed to all citizens aged 17 and over.s:Constitution of North Korea In reality, DPRK elections are for show and feature single-candidate races only.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/north-korea-elections-guide/358875/|title=Yes, There Are Elections in North Korea and Here's How They Work|first=Danielle|last=Wiener-Bronner|website=The Atlantic|date=6 March 2014|access-date=31 January 2018}} Those who want to vote against the sole candidate on the ballot must go to a special booth—in the presence of an electoral official—to cross out the candidate's name before dropping it into the ballot box—an act which, according to many North Korean defectors, is far too risky to even contemplate.{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Jean H. |title=North Korea votes for new rubber-stamp parliament |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2009Mar08/0,4670,ASNKoreaElection,00.html |website=Fox News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=7 January 2021|date=8 March 2009}}

All elected candidates are members of the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea (DFRK), a popular front dominated by the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).{{Update inline|date=March 2024|reason=DFRK no longer exists.}} The two minor parties are the Chondoist Chongu Party and the Korean Social Democratic Party, who also have a few elected officials. The WPK exercises direct control over the candidates selected for election by members of the other two parties. In the past, elections were contested by other minor parties as well, including the Korea Buddhist Federation, Democratic Independent Party, Dongro People's Party, Gonmin People's Alliance, and People's Republic Party.{{cite book|author1=Dieter Nohlen|author2=Florian Grotz|author3=Christof Hartmann|title=Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl-4AAAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-924959-6|page=404}}

File:Dprk pyongyang chuche monument 05.jpg symbolizes the official state philosophy of Juche.|left]]

Originally a close ally of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union, North Korea has increasingly emphasized Juche, an adoption of socialist self-reliance, which roots from Marxism–Leninism, its adoption of a certain ideological form of Marxism–Leninism is specific to the conditions of North Korea.{{cite journal|last1=Lankov|first1=Andrei N.|title=Kim Takes Control: The 'Great Purge' in North Korea, 1956-1960|journal=Korean Studies|volume=26|issue=1|year=2002|pages=91–92|issn=1529-1529|doi=10.1353/ks.2002.0010|s2cid=153356279}} Juche was enshrined as the official ideology when the country adopted a new constitution in 1972.s:Constitution of North Korea (1972){{Cite book| last=Martin| first=Bradley K.| title=Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty| publisher=Thomas Dunne Books| year=2004| location=New York City, New York| page=111| quote=Although it was in that 1955 speech that Kim gave full voice to his arguments for juche, he had been talking along similar lines as early as 1948.| isbn=978-0-312-32322-6}} In 2009, the constitution was amended again, quietly removing the brief references to communism ({{Korean|hangul=공산주의|context=north}}).[http://leonidpetrov.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/dprk-has-quietly-amended-its-constitution/ DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421015549/http://leonidpetrov.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/dprk-has-quietly-amended-its-constitution/ |date=21 April 2013 }}) However, North Korea continues to see itself as part of a worldwide leftist movement. The Workers' Party maintains a relationship with other leftist parties, sending a delegation to the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties.{{cite web|url=http://actofdefiance.wordpress.com/2011/11/29/13th-international-meeting-of-communist-and-workers-parties-in-athens/ |publisher=Act of Defiance |date=29 November 2011 |title=13th International meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties in Athens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314143905/http://actofdefiance.wordpress.com/2011/11/29/13th-international-meeting-of-communist-and-workers-parties-in-athens/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 }} North Korea has a strong relationship with Cuba;{{cite magazine|title=The North Korea-Cuba Connection |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/the-north-korea-cuba-connection/ |first=Samuel |last=Ramani |magazine=The Diplomat |date=7 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608150617/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/the-north-korea-cuba-connection/ |archive-date=8 June 2016 }} in 2016, the North Korean government declared three days of mourning after Fidel Castro's death.{{cite news|title=N.K. declares 3-day mourning over ex-Cuban leader Castro's death |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/11/28/0200000000AEN20161128002852315.html |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200044/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/11/28/0200000000AEN20161128002852315.html |archive-date=28 November 2016 }}

File:Mangyongdae Children's Palace 09.JPG, Kim Il Sung (left), and the Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party, Kim Jong Il (right).]]

For much of its history, North Korean politics have been dominated by its adversarial relationship with South Korea. During the Cold War, North Korea aligned with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. The North Korean government invested heavily in its military, hoping to develop the capability to reunify Korea by force if possible and also preparing to repel any attack by South Korea or the United States. Following the doctrine of Juche, North Korea aimed for a high degree of economic independence and the mobilization of all the resources of the nation to defend Korean sovereignty against foreign powers.

In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the loss of Soviet aid, North Korea faced a long period of economic crisis, including severe agricultural and industrial shortages. North Korea's main political issue has been to find a way to sustain its economy without compromising the internal stability of its government or its ability to respond to perceived external threats. Recently, North Korean efforts to improve relations with South Korea to increase trade and to receive development assistance have been mildly successful. North Korea has tried to improve its relations with South Korea by participating in the Pyeongchang Olympics, when Kim Jong Un sent his band and a few officials to visit South Korea. But North Korea's determination to develop nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles has prevented stable relations with both South Korea and the United States. North Korea has also experimented with market economics in some sectors of its economy, but these have had limited impact.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

Although there are occasional reports of signs of opposition to the government, these appear to be isolated, and there is no evidence of major internal threats to the current government. Some foreign analysts{{Who|date=October 2015}} have pointed to widespread starvation, increased emigration through North Korea-China border, and new sources of information about the outside world for ordinary North Koreans as factors pointing to an imminent collapse of the regime.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} However, North Korea has remained stable in spite of more than a decade of such predictions. The Workers' Party of Korea maintains a monopoly on political power and Kim Jong Il remained the leader of the country until 2011, ever since he first gained power following the death of his father.

After the death of Kim Il Sung in 1994, his son, Kim Jong Il became the new leader, which marked the closure of one chapter of North Korean politics. Combined with external shocks and the less charismatic personality of Kim Jong Il, the transition of the leadership moved North Korea toward less centralized control. There are three key institutions: the Korean People's Army (KPA), the Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK), and the cabinet. Rather than dominate a unified system as his father had, each party has their own enduring goals, therefore providing checks and balances to the government. No one party could claim victory and power over the other ones. With changing internal situation, combined with external pressure, the cabinet started to endorse policies it had rejected for years.Kang, David C."They Think They’re Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea—A Review Essay." International Security, vol. 36 no. 3, 2011, pp. 142–171. Project MUSE, North Korea politics is gradually becoming more open and negotiable with foreign countries.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

Under Kim Jong Il the status of the military was enhanced, and appeared to occupy the center of the North Korean political system; all the social sectors were forced to follow the military spirit and adopt military methods. Kim Jong Il's public activity focused heavily on "on-the-spot guidance" of places and events related to the military. The enhanced status of the military and military-centered political system was confirmed in 1998 at the first session of the 10th Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) by the promotion of NDC members into the official power hierarchy. All ten NDC members were ranked within the top twenty on 5 September, and all but one occupied the top twenty at the fiftieth anniversary of the Day of the Foundation of the Republic on 9 September.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Under Kim Jong Un there has been an increased emphasis on economic matters, with major defence spending needing support from an economic standpoint.{{cite news |url=https://www.38north.org/2021/09/understanding-kim-jong-uns-economic-policymaking-defense-versus-civilian-spending/ |title=Understanding Kim Jong Un's Economic Policymaking: Defense Versus Civilian Spending |last1=Carlin |first1=Robert |last2=Minyoung |first2=Rachel Lee |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center |work=38 North |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021}}

While the commonly accepted view is that no dissent can be expressed in North Korea, the notionally academic economic journal Kyo'ngje Yo'ngu and the philosophical and economic journals of Kim Il Sung University permit the presentation and discussion of the different views of various parts of the government.

In 2005, a riot began at Kim Il-sung Stadium during a World Cup qualification match, after a dispute between a Korean player and a Syrian referee and the subsequent disqualification of the player.{{Cite web|date=2005-04-02|title=Soccer Riot in Tightly Controlled North Korea Surprises Observers|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-02-fg-soccer2-story.html|access-date=2020-09-14|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}{{subscription required}}

Between 2006 and 2007, "market riots" erupted in the countryside when the government "unsuccessfully tried to restart" the Public Distribution System.{{Cite book|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=The Real North Korea Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia|date=December 2014|isbn=978-0199390038|page=108|publisher=Oxford University Press }} Andrei Lankov goes on to say that the "outbreak of public discontent usually happens at the markets when vendors believe that their right to make money is being unfairly infringed by some decision of the authorities".

In June 2011, it was reported that the government had ordered universities to cancel most classes until April 2012, sending students to work on construction projects, presumably for fear of similar developments as in North Africa. In the previous months, the regime had ordered riot gear from China.{{cite news|title=North Korea shuts down universities for 10 months |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8602525/North-Korea-shuts-down-universities-for-10-months.html |access-date=16 October 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=28 June 2011}} However, "as soon as universities were reopened, graffiti appeared again. Perhaps the succession is not the real reason, but greater awareness among North Koreans could lead to changes."{{cite news|title=The symbols of the Kims' power under attack, North Koreans are waking up |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-symbols-of-the-Kims’-power-under-attack,-North-Koreans-are-waking-up-23970.html |access-date=16 October 2018|author1=Joseph Yun Li-sun |publisher=AsiaNews |date=14 Feb 2012}}

After the death of Kim Jong Il on 17 December 2011, his youngest son, Kim Jong Un, inherited the political leadership of the DPRK. The succession of power was immediate: Kim Jong Un became Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army on 30 December 2011, was appointed first secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK) on 11 April 2012, and was entitled first chairman of the National Defense Commission (NDC) two days later. To gain complete political power, he became the military rank of Marshal of the KPA.{{Cite journal|last=Woo|first=Jongseok|date=June 2014|title=Kim Jong-il's military-first politics and beyond: Military control mechanisms and the problem of power succession|journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|volume=47|issue=2|pages=117–125|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.04.002|issn=0967-067X}}

Up until his death, Kim Jong Il maintained a strong national military-first political system that equated stability with military power. Kim Jong Un continues to carry on the militarized political style of his father, but with less commitment to complete military rule. Since he took power, Kim Jong Un has attempted to move political power away from the KPA and has divided it among the WPK and the cabinet. Because of his political lobbying, the WPK's Central Committee has vastly shifted power in April 2012: out of 17 members and 15 alternates of the Committee, only five members and six alternates derive from military and security sectors. Ever since, the economic power of the WPK, the cabinet, and the KPA has been in a tense balance. The KPA has lost a significant amount of economic influence because of the current regime, which continually shifts from what Kim Jong Il built his regime on, and may cause later internal issues.

{{Main|Foreign relations of North Korea}}

File:Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un (2024-06-19) 01.jpg and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Pyongyang, North Korea, 19 June 2024]]

The foreign relations of North Korea have been shaped by its conflict with South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea) and its historical ties with world communism. The governments of both North and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of the whole of Korea. The Korean War in the 1950s failed to resolve the issue, leaving North Korea locked in a military confrontation with South Korea and the United States Forces Korea across the Demilitarized Zone.

At the start of the Cold War, North Korea only had diplomatic recognition by communist countries. Over the following decades, it established relations with developing countries and joined the Non-Aligned Movement. When the Eastern Bloc collapsed in the years 1989–1992, North Korea made efforts to improve its diplomatic relations with developed capitalist countries. At the same time, there were international efforts to resolve the confrontation on the Korean peninsula (known as the Korean conflict). At the same time, North Korea acquired nuclear weapons, adding to the concerns of the international community.{{cite web |url = http://38north.org/2017/03/wmckinney031517/ |title=Understanding North Korea's Nuclear Coercion Strategy |access-date = 2017-04-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170506115104/http://38north.org/2017/03/wmckinney031517/ |archive-date=2017-05-06 }}

• Communism in Korea

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Buzo|first=Adrian|title=The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics And Leadership In North Korea|year=2018|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-429-97609-4}}
• {{cite book|author1=Heonik Kwon|author2=Byung-Ho Chung|title=North Korea: Beyond Charismatic Politics|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham|isbn=978-1-4422-1577-1}}
• [http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=english Uriminzokkiri.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111120500/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=english |date=11 January 2015 }}
• [http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6993 Freedom House Country Report on North Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714213705/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6993 |date=14 July 2007 }}
• {{Cite web |url=http://wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/nkhra.htm |title=The North Korean Human Rights Act: Documents and Background Materials |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060601193654/http%3A//wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/nkhra.htm |archive-date=1 June 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
• [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nkidp The North Korean International Documentation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222205/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nkidp |date=16 May 2008 }}
• [http://www.nkeconwatch.com/north-korea-uncovered-google-earth North Korea Uncovered], a comprehensive mapping on Google Earth of the DPRK's political and economic infrastructure

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