Polygalaceae
{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Securidaca longipedunculata MS 1933.JPG
| image_caption = Securidaca longepedunculata
| taxon = Polygalaceae
| authority = Hoffmanns. & Link{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format=PDF |access-date=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
| type_genus = Polygala
| type_genus_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision = See text.
| range_map = Polygaleae distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Polygalaceae
| synonyms=
- Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh
- Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer
- Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland
}}
The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp | year=2016 | title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=261 | pages=201–217 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue=3 | doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }} of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.
The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link.{{cite web |author1=Harvard University |author2=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |author3=Australian National Herbarium |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 |website=International Plant Names Index |access-date=July 16, 2020}} In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into 3 tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.{{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Bente |title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1993 |volume=186 |issue=1/2 |pages=33–55 |doi=10.1007/BF00937712 |jstor=23674643 |bibcode=1993PSyEv.186...33E |s2cid=32590790 |issn=0378-2697}} Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.
Description
Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas.{{R|FOA}} Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have 3-5 petals and 5 sepals.{{cite web |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c812c37c-2c1e-4bde-871a-75827877f679 |website=Flora of Victoria |publisher=Government of Victoria, Australia |access-date=July 16, 2020}} Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate. Each flower usually contains 8 stamens, though this may range from 3 to 10. They are usually in 2 series. The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe.
Tribes and genera
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,{{cite web |title=Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2 |access-date=23 July 2024}} with tribes based on various sources.{{cite journal | author=Abbott JR. | year=2011 | title=Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal= Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=125–137 | jstor=41972495}}{{cite journal | author=Pastore JFB. | year=2012 | title=Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae) | journal=Kew Bull | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=435–442 | doi=10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x| bibcode=2012KewBu..67..435P | s2cid=19252598 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL | year=2013 | title=Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae) | journal=Novon | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=304–306 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi=10.3417/2010113| bibcode=2013Novon..22..304P | s2cid=85269764 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbott JR, Pastore JF | year=2015 | title=Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae) | journal=Kew Bull | volume=70 | issue=3 | pages=39 | doi=10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2| bibcode=2015KewBu..70...39A | s2cid=22601207 }}{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Freire-Fierro A. | date=2015 | title=Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) | publisher=Drexel University | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | access-date=2017-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195921/http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | archive-date=2017-03-19 | url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C | year=2017 | title=A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae) | journal=Syst Bot | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=54–62 | doi=10.1600/036364417X694935| bibcode=2017SysBo..42...54P | s2cid=90353852 }}
- Carpolobieae Eriksen
- Atroxima Stapf
- Carpolobia G. Don
- Moutabeae Chodat
- Barnhartia Gleason
- Diclidanthera Mart.
- Eriandra P. Royen & Steenis
- Moutabea Aubl.
- Polygaleae Chodat
- Acanthocladus Klotzsch ex Hassk.
- Ancylotropis {{small|B.Eriksen}}
- Asemeia Raf.
- Badiera DC.
- Bredemeyera Willd.
- Caamembeca J.F.B. Pastore
- Comesperma Labill.
- Epirixanthes Blume
- Gymnospora (Chodat) J.F.B.Pastore
- Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.R.Abbott
- Heterosamara Kuntze
- Hualania Phil.
- Monnina Ruiz & Pav.
- Monrosia Grondona
- Muraltia DC.
- Phlebotaenia Griseb.
- Polygala L.
- Polygaloides Haller
- Rhamphopetalum J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota
- Rhinotropis (S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott
- Salomonia Lour.
- Securidaca L.
- Xanthophylleae Chodat
- Xanthophyllum Roxb.
- Tribe not assigned
- Senega (DC.) Spach
=Fossils=
- †Deviacer Manchester
- †Paleosecuridaca Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008
Systematics
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:{{cite journal | author=Persson C. | year=2001 | title=Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region | journal=Taxon | volume=50 | issue=3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5) | pages=763–779 | doi=10.2307/1223706 | jstor=1223706| bibcode=2001Taxon..50..763P }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA | year=2007 | title=The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) | journal=Evolution | volume=61 | issue=7 | pages=1675–1694 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x| pmid=17598748 | s2cid=37523521 | doi-access= }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA | year=2009 | title=Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data | journal=Syst Bot | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=102–114 | doi=10.1600/036364409787602348| bibcode=2009SysBo..34..102B | s2cid=85655712 }}{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Abbott JR. | date=2009 | title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera | publisher=University of Florida | url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041138/abbott_j.pdf}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS | year=2015 | title=Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes | journal=Am J Bot | volume=102 | issue=4 | pages=598–608 | doi=10.3732/ajb.1400549| pmid=25878092 | doi-access=free }}
{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=Surianaceae (outgroup)
|label2=Polygalaceae
|2={{clade
|label1=Xanthophylleae
|2={{clade
|label1=Moutabeae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Moutabea
|2=Balgoya (now included in Moutabea)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Eriandra
|2={{clade
|1=Barnhartia
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Carpolobieae
|1={{clade
|1=Atroxima
|2=Carpolobia
}}
|label2=Polygaleae
|2={{clade
|label1=Clade I
|1={{clade
|1=Bredemeyera
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Gymnospora
|2={{clade
|1=Hebecarpa
|2=Badiera
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Clade II
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Securidaca
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Phlebotaenia
|2=Rhinotropis
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Comesperma
|2={{clade
|1=Ancylotropis
|2=Monnina
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Asemeia
|2=Caamembeca
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Hualania
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Heterosamara
|2={{clade
|1=Polygaloides
|2=Polygala subgen. Chodatia
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Salomonia
|2=Epirixanthes
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Polygala subgen. Polygala (Old World Clade)
|2=Polygala subgen. Polygala (New World Clade)
}}
|3=Muraltia
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
References
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Polygalaceae |title=Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link |last1=Messina |first1=Andre |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=15 April 2024}}
}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156360}}
{{Authority control}}