Polymer derived ceramics

PDCs are mainly fabricated through the pyrolysis of preceramic polymers.

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In the families of preceramic polymers, polysiloxanes are the most famous preceramic polymers. The backbones comprise silicon and oxygen atoms. Poly(organo)siloxanes are polysiloxanes with organic groups in the backbones, e.g., polyborosiloxanes, poly(carbosiloxanes). Another important category of preceramic polymers are polycarbosilanes and poly(organo)carbosilanes, containing alternating carbon and silicone atoms in the backbones. Similarly, polymers made up of Si-N bonds are classified as polysilazane, poly(organosilazanes) and poly(organosilylcarbodiimides).{{Cite journal|last1=Colombo|first1=Paolo|last2=Mera|first2=Gabriela|last3=Riedel|first3=Ralf|last4=Sorarù|first4=Gian Domenico|date=2010-06-07|title=Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics: Polymer-Derived Ceramics|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03876.x|journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society|language=en|pages=no|doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03876.x}} Different polymer compositions influence processing temperatures, microstructure transitions, ceramic yields and stabilities.{{Cite journal|last=Greil|first=P.|date=2000|title=Polymer Derived Engineering Ceramics|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1527-2648%28200006%292%3A6%3C339%3A%3AAID-ADEM339%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K|journal=Advanced Engineering Materials|language=en|volume=2|issue=6|pages=339–348|doi=10.1002/1527-2648(200006)2:6<339::AID-ADEM339>3.0.CO;2-K|issn=1527-2648}}

The conversion of preceramic polymers to PDCs can be divided into four phases, shaping, cross-linking, pyrolysis, crystallization. Typically, PDC processing is completed at 1100 °C-1300 °C. To form a crystalline PDC, some materials require higher temperature to crystalize, usually over 1700 °C.{{Cite journal|last1=Barroso|first1=Gilvan|last2=Li|first2=Quan|last3=Bordia|first3=Rajendra K.|last4=Motz|first4=Günter|date=2019-01-29|title=Polymeric and ceramic silicon-based coatings – a review|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ta/c8ta09054h|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=1936–1963|doi=10.1039/C8TA09054H|s2cid=104389084 |issn=2050-7496}}

PDCs are characteristic with many properties, including:{{Cite journal|last1=Barrios|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Zhai|first2=Lei|date=2020-12-14|title=A review of the evolution of the nanostructure of SiCN and SiOC polymer derived ceramics and the impact on mechanical properties|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/me/d0me00123f|journal=Molecular Systems Design & Engineering|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1606–1641|doi=10.1039/D0ME00123F|s2cid=229265961 |issn=2058-9689}}

• Mechanical properties: high hardness, modulus and strength.
• Stability in extreme environments: good thermostability, high oxidation and corrosion resistance.
• Adhesion properties: high adhesive attraction and low surface tension.
• Durability: wear resistance, anti-fouling and anti-biofilm formation properties.
• Low toxicity and biocompatibility.

The combination of PDCs and other materials with different properties can develop combining properties for PDC-based composite materials. PDC-based composite materials can extend functions and usages of PDCs to a wide range of areas, for example, in biological, medical, electrical, magnetic, engineering and optical applications.{{Cite journal|last=Francis|first=A|date=2018-06-29|title=Progress in polymer-derived functional silicon-based ceramic composites for biomedical and engineering applications|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/aacd28|journal=Materials Research Express|language=en|volume=5|issue=6|pages=062003|doi=10.1088/2053-1591/aacd28|s2cid=139400551|issn=2053-1591}}

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Compared with other coating methods, the thermal treatment (e.g. thermal spraying) of PDC processing is simple and low-cost. PDC coatings are good components in electronic devices and gas separation membranes. Due to the intrinsic stability of PDC materials, PDC coatings are also commonly used in environmental barrier coatings (EBCs).

Fused filament fabrication 3D printing-based polymers to use for PDC processing on a wide range of applications such as heat exchangers, heat sinks, scaffolding for bone tissue growth, chemical/ gas filters and custom open hardware. Specific 3D printing techniques such as direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) can control the structure of preceramic polymers from nanoscale to macroscale. 3D printing of PDCs can facilitate the fabrication and integration of advanced ceramic materials.{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=Molecule editable 3D printed polymer-derived ceramics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854520303817|journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews|language=en|volume=422|pages=213486|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213486|issn=0010-8545|last1=Zhou |first1=Shixiang |last2=Mei |first2=Hui |last3=Chang |first3=Peng |last4=Lu |first4=Mingyang |last5=Cheng |first5=Laifei |s2cid=224936606 }}

Biocompatible PDCs and PDC-based composites can be applied in various biological systems. They are usually used to produce interface or surface with multi-functionality and complex shapes for biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration, implant design, drug delivery, and wound dressing.{{Cite journal|last=Francis|first=Adel|date=2021|title=Biological evaluation of preceramic organosilicon polymers for various healthcare and biomedical engineering applications: A review|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.b.34740|journal=Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=109|issue=5|pages=744–764|doi=10.1002/jbm.b.34740|pmid=33075186 |s2cid=224813437 |issn=1552-4981}}{{Cite journal|last1=Abdollahi|first1=Sorosh|last2=Paryab|first2=Amirhosein|last3=Khalilifard|first3=Rashid|last4=Anousheh|first4=Mohsen|last5=Malek Khachatourian|first5=Adrine|date=March 2021|title=The fabrication and characterization of bioactive Akermanite/Octacalcium phosphate glass-ceramic scaffolds produced via PDC method|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272884220333149|journal=Ceramics International|language=en|volume=47|issue=5|pages=6653–6662|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.11.003|s2cid=228837741 }}

Hybrid PDC materials are feasible and tunable for substrate manufacturing in lithium ion batteries, sensors, actuators, high temperature electrical devices, etc. Common processing strategies of PDC composites for electronic applications include chemical modification, blending with metal or metal oxides, and incorporating with functional fillers.

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Category:Ceramics