Pomeranian culture
{{Short description|Iron Age culture of Poland}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
| name = Pomeranian culture
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| region = Central Europe, Eastern Europe
| period = Iron Age
| dates = 7th century BC - 3rd century BC
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| precededby = Lusatian culture
| followedby = Oksywie culture, Przeworsk culture
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[[File:ArcheologicalCulturesOfCentralEuropeAtEarlyPreRomanIronAge.png|thumb|200px|Early Iron Age:
{{colorbox|green}} Nordic Bronze Age
{{colorbox|#b31010}} Jastorf culture
{{colorbox|yellow}} Harpstedt-Nienburg group
{{colorbox|orange}} Celtic groups
{{colorbox|#bbcc00}} Pomeranian culture
{{colorbox|#00FF00}} House urns culture
{{colorbox|#f36b78}} East Baltic culture
{{colorbox|#ca34ee}} West Baltic cairns culture
{{colorbox|#40d0c8}} Milograd culture
{{colorbox|black}} Estonian group]]
{{See also|Iron Age Europe|Prehistoric Europe}}
The Pomeranian culture, also Pomeranian or Pomerelian Face Urn cultureAnthropological Literature, Tozzer Library, "The Pomerelian Face Urn culture: a report on the status of the research", Acta praehistorica et archaeologica Berlin, no. 11/12, 1980/81. p. 219–304, Redgrave Pub. Co., 1982 was an Iron Age culture with origins in parts of the area south of the Baltic Sea (which later became Pomerania, part of northern Germany/Poland), from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, which eventually covered most of today's Poland.
About 650 BC, it evolved from the Lusatian culture between the lower Vistula and Parseta rivers,Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.23, {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} and subsequently expanded southward. Between 200 and 150 BC, it was succeeded by the Oksywie culture in eastern Pomerania and the Przeworsk culture at the upper Vistula and Oder rivers.J. B. Rives, Tacitus' Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.8, {{ISBN|0-19-924000-0}}
Features
The Pomeranian culture developed in Western Pomerania covering the entire range of the Oder (Odra) and Vistula river basins. It has been sometimes associated with the Bastarnae. The original homeland of the Bastarnae remains uncertain. Babeş and Shchukin argue in favour of an origin in eastern Pomerania on the Baltic coast of northwestern Poland, on the grounds of correspondences in archaeological material e.g. a Pomeranian-style fibula found in a Poieneşti site in Moldavia.Shchukin (1989) 65-6, 71-2
The most characteristic feature was the use of burial urns with faces. The urns were often contained in stone cists. The face-urns have lids in the form of hats, often miniature ear-rings of real bronze are added. The faces are sometimes modelled very naturalistically, and no two urns show the same face. Incised drawings on the urns show hunting scenes, chariot races, or riders. Brooches of Certoza-type and necklaces of multiple bronze rings are typical examples of metal work.
The economy was similar to that of the Lusatian culture. Rye was systematically cultivated for the first time, but still formed a minor component of the cereals. There were fewer hill forts than in the area of the Lusatian culture further west. Southern imports were sparse as well.
Related cultures
Spread
In the later Iron Age, the Pomeranian culture spread southward, into areas formerly belonging to the Lusatian, Wysoko- and Milograd cultures. In Masovia and Poland, this mixture led to the development of the group with bell-shaped burials.
Gallery
File:Bronze pectoral from Mrowino.jpg|Pomeranian bronze pectoral, Poland
File:019 Typishes Fachwerkhaus in der Nahe von Krakau zirka 8. Jh. v. Chr..jpg|8th century BC house model
File:055 Pomerellische Funde, Archaologisches Museum, Krakau.JPG|Tools and weapons
File:0857 Pomoranische Kultur, Hallstattzeitlicher Bronzedolch im Kraków-Museum.JPG|Antenna sword, Hallstatt period, 8th century BC
File:056 Pomerellische Funde, Archaologisches Museum, Krakau.JPG|Bronze cup
File:Gesichtsurne Dreidorf.jpg|Urn with facial decoration
File:0178 Pommerellische Keramik des 7. Jhts. v. Chr., Kraków.jpg|7th century cinerary urn burial
File:02019 1647 Hausurne, Hallstatt Grab von Obliwowice, 620–450 v. Chr.jpg
File:01933 3 1 0 10 1056 13 1 227528 Przedmioty kultury grobów skrzynkowych z wczesnego okresu żelaza na Pomorzu.jpg
File:02019 1641 Pomerellische Gesichtsurne aus Pomerania, 500–400 v. Chr., Gdańsk.jpg
File:3 1 0 10 754 2253 Muzeum Archeologiczne Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności.jpg
File:MuseumGrudziadzA5149.JPG
File:Collier Ambre Pologne Neues Museum Berlin 26042018.jpg|Amber necklace
File:GrudziadzMuseumA5147.JPG
File:02023 Bronze cross fibula, Kiełpino, around 750 BC — 550 BC.jpg
File:02023 Bronze fibula, Kiełpino around 750 BC — 550 BC.jpg
File:02023 Bronze bracelet, Wasosz, around 600 BC — 400 BC.jpg
File:02023 Kujawy-type spiral bracelet, around 600 BC — 400 BC.jpg
File:02023 Bronze pin with spiral head found in Przewóz.jpg
File:02019 1543 Gefäße der Pomoranische Kultur im San-Zuflussbereich, Späthallstatt- und Frühlatènezeit Horizont.jpg
File:02023 Cult vessel (22,5 cm).jpg
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Pomeranian culture}}
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZhc8LDGuyA Late Bronze and early Iron Age costumes in the Southern Baltic (2017)]
{{Pomeranian history|dem}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomeranian Culture}}
Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe
Category:Iron Age cultures of Europe
Category:Archaeological cultures in Belarus
Category:Archaeological cultures in Poland