Power of Siberia
{{short description|Natural gas pipeline from Siberia to China}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Power of Siberia
Sila Sibiri
| type = Natural gas
| map = File:Power of Siberia Map.png
| map_caption = The routes of the Power of Siberia pipeline (left), the Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline (right) and the proposed link between them (centre)
| country = Russia
| coordinates =
| photo = Церемония соединения первого звена газопровода «Сила Сибири» (2014).jpg
| caption = Ceremony to mark the joining of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline’s first section
| operator = Gazprom
| length_km = 3968
| discharge = {{convert|61|e9m3/a}}
| diameter_mm = 1420
| direction = West-east-south
| start = Chayanda field (phase 1)
Kovykta field (phase 2)
| finish = Blagoveshchensk (phase 1)
Vladivostok (further expansion)
| est = 2 December 2019
| through = Lensk
Olyokminsk
Aldan
Neryungri
Skovorodino
Svobodny
Khabarovsk (further expansion)
| par = Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
| compressor_stations_no = 2 (operational)
9 (total)
| compressor_stations = Chayandinskaya
Atamanskaya
Saldykelskaya
Olyokminskaya
Amginskaya
Nimnyrkaya
Nagornaya
Skovorodinskaya
Sivakiskaya
| pipe_manufacturer = Vyksa Steel Works (OMK)
Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant
Izhora Pipe Mill (Severstal)
Volzhsky Pipe Plant of TMK
Zagorsk Pipe Plant
Pipe Innovative Technologies
|contractors = Stroytransgaz
Neftegazstroy
Stroygazmontazh
}}
Power of Siberia (Sila Sibiri, formerly named the Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline, also known as China–Russia East-Route Natural Gas pipeline; {{langx|ru|Сила Сибири}}, {{Zh|s=中俄东线天然气管道|t=|p=zhōng é dōng xiàn tiānránqì guǎndào}}) is a Gazprom-operated pipeline in Eastern Siberia that transports natural gas from Yakutia to Primorsky Krai and China. It is a part of the eastern gas route from Siberia to China. The proposed western gas route to China is known as Power of Siberia 2 (Altai gas pipeline).
History
In 2007, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia approved the Eastern Gas Program, which included construction of the Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline.
{{cite news
| url = https://vostokmedia.com/article/general/26-11-2019/sila-sibiri-sila-progressa-i-razvitiya
| script-title=ru: "Сила Сибири" – сила прогресса и развития
|trans-title = Power of Siberia – the power of progress and development
| date = 26 November 2019
| access-date = 2019-12-12
| publisher = Vostok Media
| language = ru}}
On 29 October 2012, Russian president Vladimir Putin instructed Alexey Miller, CEO of Gazprom to start the construction of the pipeline.
{{cite news
| url = http://www.interfax.ru/business/273323
| script-title=ru:"Газпром" получил импульс для освоения Чаянды
|trans-title=Gazprom received an impulse for conquest of Chayanda
| date = 29 October 2012
| access-date=2014-04-11
| agency = Interfax
| language = ru}}
The Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline project was officially renamed Power of Siberia at the end of 2012.
{{cite news
| url = https://news.ykt.ru/article/7679
| title = Газопровод "Якутия - Хабаровск - Владивосток" получил название "Сила Сибири"
| trans-title = The Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok gas pipeline renamed Power of Siberia
| date = 2012-12-28
| work = News Ykt
| access-date=2019-12-04
| language = ru}}
On 21 May 2014, Russia and China signed a 30-year gas deal worth $400 billion which was needed to make the project feasible. Construction was launched on 1 September 2014 in Yakutsk by Putin and Chinese deputy prime minister Zhang Gaoli.
{{cite news
| url = http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-china-gas-pipeline-yakutsk/26559938.html
| title = Putin In Yakutsk To Inaugurate Construction Of Pipeline To China
| date = 1 September 2014
| agency = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
| access-date= 2014-09-02}}
{{cite news
| url = https://tass.com/economy/747552
| title = Putin gives start to Power of Siberia gas pipeline construction
| date = 1 September 2014
| agency = TASS
| access-date=2019-12-09}}
{{cite press release
| url = https://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2014/september/article200026/
| title = Power of Siberia construction launched
| date = 1 September 2014
| publisher = Gazprom
| access-date=2019-12-04}}
Construction of the connecting pipeline in China started on 29 June 2015.{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/05/c_138366684.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109124602/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/05/c_138366684.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2020|title=Construction goes smoothly on China-Russia gas pipeline|work=Xinhua|date=2019-09-05|access-date=2019-11-26}}
{{cite news
| url = http://nrt24.ru/en/power-of-siberia-pipeline-s-construction-launched-in-china?language=en
| title = Power of Siberia pipeline's construction launched in China
| date = 2015-06-30
| work = NRT24
| access-date=2019-12-04}}
On 4 September 2016, Miller and China National Petroleum Corporation's Chairman Wang Yilin signed an agreement to build a crossing under the Amur River for the pipeline.{{Cite press release|url=http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2016/september/article282854/|title=Gazprom and CNPC sign EPC contract to construct underwater crossing of Power of Siberia|date=2016-09-04|publisher=Gazprom|access-date=2017-10-15}} Two tunnels under the river were completed by China Petroleum Pipeline in March 2019.
In 2017, construction of the Atamanskaya (Zeyskaya) compressor station began. The Atamanskaya and Chayandinskaya compressor stations were completed in 2019.
{{cite news
| url = https://neftegaz.ru/news/oilfield/495275-na-tsentralnoy-dks-chayandinskogo-mestorozhdeniya-zapushchen-v-rabotu-1-y-gazoperekachivayushchiy-ag/
| script-title=ru: На Центральной ДКС Чаяндинского месторождения запущен в работу 1-й газоперекачивающий агрегат
| trans-title = The 1st gas pumping unit was launched at the Central BCS of the Chayandinskoye field
| date = 12 September 2019
| access-date=2019-12-09
| website = Neftegaz.ru
| language = ru}}
Construction of all compressor stations is scheduled to be completed by 2022.
The pipeline was filled with gas in October 2019.{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-gas-china/gazprom-finishes-filling-china-bound-power-of-siberia-gas-pipeline-idUSKBN1X8165 | title = Gazprom finishes filling China-bound Power of Siberia gas pipeline | first = Tom | last = Balmforth | work = Reuters |date=2019-10-25| access-date = 2019-11-26}} Deliveries to China started on 2 December 2019.{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/02/c_138600270.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203093148/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/02/c_138600270.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2019|title=China-Russia east-route natural gas pipeline in operation|date=2019-12-02|work=Xinhua|access-date=2019-12-04}}{{cite news|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/business/putin-xi-expected-to-hold-teleconference-for-770525.html|title=Putin, Xi Expected To Hold Teleconference For Launching Power Of Siberia Dec 2 - Kremlin|first=Fahad|last=Shabbir|work=UrduPoint|date=2019-11-25|access-date =2019-11-26}} In 2020, China has imported 4.1 billion cubic meters of natural gas from Russia through the pipeline. It is expected that amount will increase to 38 billion cubic meters by 2023.{{Cite web |last=Pao |first=Jeff |date=2022-07-20 |title=Power of Siberia 2 to divert Europe-bound gas to China |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/07/power-of-siberia-2-to-divert-europe-bound-gas-to-china/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}
By December 2024, the full pipeline for the Power of Siberia was completed by China.{{Cite news |date=December 2, 2024 |title=China completes full pipeline for Power-of-Siberia gas |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-completes-full-pipeline-power-of-siberia-gas-2024-12-02/ |work=Reuters}} After the pipeline's full completion, Russian state-owned gas supplier Gazprom announced that daily flows of pipeline gas supplies to China exceeded Russia's maximum contractual obligations.{{Cite news |date=2024-12-08 |title=Russia’s Pipe-Gas Flows to China at New Daily Record |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-08/russia-s-pipe-gas-flows-to-china-at-new-daily-record |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}
Technical description
Together with the development of the Chayanda field and the Amur Gas Processing Plant, the whole Power of Siberia project was expected to cost US$55–70 billion.
{{cite news
| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/09/gazproms-gas-pipeline-to-china-to-cost-up-to-70bln-kremlin-says-a37153
| title = Gazprom's Gas Pipeline to China to Cost Up to $70Bln, Kremlin Says
| first = Delphine | last = d'Amora
| date = 2014-07-09
| access-date=2019-12-05
| newspaper = The Moscow Times}}
{{As of|April 2018}}, the pipeline was estimated to cost 1.1 trillion roubles, the development of the Chayanda field was estimated to cost 450 billion roubles, and the Amur Gas Processing Plant was estimated to cost 950 billion roubles.
{{cite news
| url = https://www.rbc.ru/business/27/04/2018/5ae344799a794785d0b58ea9
| script-title=ru: Стоимость строительства газопровода «Сила Сибири» превысила 1 трлн руб.
|trans-title= The cost of building the Power of Siberia gas pipeline exceeded 1 trillion rubles
| date = 2018-04-27
| access-date=2019-12-09
| work = RBC
| language = ru}}
The total length of the pipeline, when fully completed, will be {{convert|3968|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
{{cite news
| url = https://tass.com/economy/813734
| title = Half of pipes supplied for Russia's China-bound Power of Siberia gas pipeline construction
| date = 2015-08-11
| agency = TASS
| access-date=2019-12-05}}
The full capacity of the {{convert|1420|mm|in|adj=on|abbr=on}} pipeline would be up to {{convert|61|e9m3|abbr=unit}} per annum of natural gas,{{cite news |url=http://siberiantimes.com/business/others/news/putting-the-power-into-siberia/|title=Putting the Power into Siberia|newspaper=Siberian Times| date = 2014-09-02 |access-date=2017-10-15}} of which {{convert|38|e9m3|abbr=unit}} per annum are supplied to China.
{{cite news
| url = http://www.vedomosti.ru/companies/news/23557561/gazprom-otlozhil-zapusk-gazoprovoda-sila-sibiri-do-2019-g
| script-title=ru:«Газпром» отложил запуск газопровода «Сила Сибири» до 2019 г.
|trans-title=Gazprom postponed start of the Power of Siberia pipeline until 2019
| first = Yelena | last = Khodyakova
| date = 4 March 2014
| access-date=2014-04-11
| newspaper = Vedomosti
| language = ru}}
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-rosneft-gas-idUKL6N0M412120140307
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102004/http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-rosneft-gas-idUKL6N0M412120140307
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = March 6, 2016
| title = Rosneft challenges Gazprom monopoly to export Russian pipeline gas
| first1 = Vladimir | last1 = Soldatkin
| first2 = Denis | last2 = Pinchuk
| date = 7 March 2014
| access-date=2014-04-11
| work = Reuters}}
In 2019, the export to China was expected to start with {{convert|5|e9m3|abbr=unit}} per annum in 2020, and to increase gradually to {{convert|38|e9m3|abbr=unit}} per annum by 2025.{{needs update|date=October 2022}}
The pipeline's working pressure is ensured by nine compressor stations
{{cite web
| url = https://minenergo.gov.ru/node/8982
| title = Реализация проекта «Магистральный газопровод «Сила Сибири» (ПАО «Газпром»)
| trans-title = Implementation of the gas pipeline project Power of Siberia (PJSC Gazprom)
| publisher = Ministry of Energy
| access-date = 2019-12-04
| language = ru}}
with a total capacity of 1,200 MW. The working pressure between the Chayanda field and the Atamanskaya compressor station is {{convert|9.8|MPa|abbr=on}}, and between the Atamanskaya compressor station and the border of China is {{convert|11.8|MPa|abbr=on}}.{{cite news|url=https://pipelinesinternational.com/2017/06/15/gazprom-project-ahead-schedule/|title=Gazprom project ahead of schedule|date=2017-06-15|work=Pipelines International|access-date=2017-09-07}} The Chayandinskaya compressor station has capacity of 577 MW and the Atamanskaya compressor station has capacity of 128 MW. The remaining seven compressor stations—Saldykelskaya, Olyokminskaya, Amginskaya, Nimnyrkaya,
{{cite news
| url = https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2016/05/23/573f1d949a794729a502994c
| script-title=ru: 20% «Силы Сибири». Компания Тимченко без конкурса получила второй подряд на строительство трубопровода в Китай
|trans-title= 20% of Power of Siberia. Timchenko's company received a second contract for the construction of a pipeline to China without a tender
| date = 2016-05-20
| access-date=2019-12-05
| work = RBC
| language = ru}}
Nagornaya, Skovorodinskaya, and Sivakiskaya
{{cite news
| url = https://www.interfax.ru/business/605327
| script-title=ru: Сумма контрактов на стройку "Силы Сибири" выросла до 554 млрд рублей
|trans-title = The amount of contracts for the construction of Power of Siberia increases to 554 billion rubles
| date = 26 March 2018
| access-date=2019-12-09
| agency = Interfax
| language = ru}}
—have a total capacity of 481 MW.
The pipeline is able to withstand temperatures as low as {{convert|-62|°C|°F}}. It has a nanocomposite coating to increase the lifetime of the pipeline. To withstand earthquakes, the pipeline uses materials that will deform under seismic activity.{{Failed verification|date=May 2024}} Internal coatings ensure energy efficiency by reducing the friction of the pipeline's inner surfaces. The mass of all the pipes used to construct the pipeline is more than 2.25 million tonnes (2.5 million tons).{{Cite web|url=http://www.pipeintech.com/en/project/23|title=Power of Siberia Pipeline|website=www.pipeintech.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112120335/http://www.pipeintech.com/en/project/23|archive-date=2018-01-12|url-status=dead}}
According to the study published by the Cambridge University Press, the pipeline seems to avoid technical and legal standards applied to similar pipelines from Russia to Europe because of lower requirements in both Russia and China.{{Cite journal|title=The Power of Siberia: A Eurasian Pipeline Policy 'Good' for Whom?|first1 = Marc | last1 = Ozawa | last2 = Chi | first2 = Kong Chyong | last3 = Kun-Chin | first3 = Lin | first4 = Tim | last4 = Reilly | first5 = Caroline | last5 = Humphrey | first6 = Corine | last6 = Wood-Donnelly|date=June 2019|journal=In Search of Good Energy Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages = 305–335 |doi=10.1017/9781108639439.021 | isbn = 9781108639439 | series = Cambridge Studies on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Governance|s2cid = 197972584 }}
Route
The pipeline is fed from the Chayanda field in Yakutia,
{{cite news
| url = http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=46486
| title = Gazprom Eying Chayandinskoye, Sakhalin-3 Licenses
| publisher = Rigzone
| date = 2008-06-15
| access-date = 2008-08-02}}
which was launched in 2019. The Kovykta field in Irkutsk Oblast will start to supply to the pipeline in 2023.
{{cite news
| url = https://tass.ru/ekonomika/7241029
| title = Как устроен газопровод "Сила Сибири" и что даст его запуск
| trans-title = How is the Power of Siberia gas pipeline arranged and what will its launch give
| date = 2019-12-02
| agency = TASS
| access-date=2019-12-04
| language = ru}}
The {{convert|2156.1|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} first phase of the pipeline starts at the Chayanda field in Yakutia.
{{cite news
| url = https://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/100771
| title = "Газпром" завершит прокладку "Силы Сибири" в 2018 г.
| trans-title = Gazprom will complete the laying of the Power of Siberia in 2018
| date = 2018-04-25
| work = Vesti
| access-date=2019-12-05
| language = ru}}
{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-25/how-russia-china-gas-pipeline-changes-energy-calculus-quicktake | title = How Russia-China Gas Pipeline Changes Energy Calculus | first1 = Olga | last1 = Tanas | first2 = Anna | last2 = Shiryaevskaya | first3 = Dan | last3 = Murtaugh | work = Bloomberg | date = 2019-11-25| access-date = 2019-11-26}} It runs, partly within the same corridor as the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline,
{{cite news
| url = https://tass.com/economy/840515
| title = Gazprom announces tender for construction of Power of Siberia section for $2.35 bln
| date = 2015-11-30
| agency = TASS
| access-date=2019-12-05}}
through Lensk, Olyokminsk, Aldan, Neryungri, Skovorodino, and Svobodny,
{{cite news
| url = https://primamedia.ru/news/758521/
| title = "Сила Сибири" – проект мирового значения
| trans-title = Power of Siberia – a project of world significance
| date = 2018-11-12
| website = PrimaMedia.ru
| access-date=2019-12-09
| language = ru}}
where the pipeline is connected to the Amur Gas Processing Plant. From there, the pipeline branches south to Blagoveshchensk on the Russia–China border. By the two {{convert|1139|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} tunnels under the Amur River, it is connected to the {{convert|3371|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} Heihe–Shanghai pipeline in China.{{cite news | url = http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/29/c_137933106.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154247/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/29/c_137933106.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 30, 2019 | title = Underwater tunnels completed for China-Russia gas pipeline | work = Xinhua | date = 2019-03-29| access-date = 2019-11-26}} Together they form the eastern route for gas supplies from Siberia to China.
The {{convert|803.5|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} second phase of the pipeline connects the Kovykta field to the Chayanda field. According to the original plan, the further {{convert|1000|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} extension of the Power of Siberia pipeline will continue from Svobodny through Birobidzhan to Khabarovsk where the pipeline will be linked with the Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline.[http://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/32/739876/map_vostok_eng.jpg]Gazprom map of gas pipelines in Siberia, planned and projected retrieved 2012-11-26 Gazprom has not published if and when this extension will be built.
Contractors
Gazprom Transgaz Tomsk was the main construction contractor, while VNIPIgazdobycha, both subsidiaries of Gazprom, was the general design contractor.
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/power-siberia-pipeline-russia-china/
| title = The Power of Siberia Pipeline, Russia-China
| access-date=2019-12-12
| work = NS Energy}}
Different sections of the pipeline were built by Stroytransgaz owned by Gennady Timchenko, Neftegazstroy, and Stroygazmontazh owned by Arkady Rotenberg.
{{cite news
| url = https://www.interfax.ru/business/509286
| script-title=ru:Стройтрансгаз без конкурса получил подряд на второй участок "Силы Сибири"
| trans-title= Stroytransgaz without a tender received a contract for the second section of Power of Siberia
| date = 2016-05-20
| access-date=2019-12-12
| agency = Interfax
| language = ru}}
Pipes were manufactured by the Vyksa Steel Works of OMK, the Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant, the Izhora Pipe Mill of Severstal, the Volzhsky Pipe Plant of TMK, Zagorsk Pipe Plant, and Pipe Innovative Technologies.
{{cite news
| url = https://neftegaz.ru/news/Oborudovanie/212524-gazprom-vybral-postavshchikov-trub-bolshogo-diametra-dlya-gazoprovoda-sila-sibiri-1-na-65-8-mlrd-rub/
| script-title=ru: Газпром выбрал поставщиков труб большого диаметра для газопровода Сила Сибири-1 на 65,8 млрд руб
| trans-title = Gazprom selected suppliers of large-diameter pipes for the Power of Siberia-1 gas pipeline for 65.8 billion rubles
| date = 21 February 2017
| access-date=2019-12-12
| website = Neftegaz.ru
| language = ru}}
{{cite news
| url = https://www.interfax.ru/business/638802
| script-title=ru: "Газпром" заключил крупнейшую трубную сделку
| trans-title= Gazprom concluded the largest pipe deal
| date = 2018-11-21
| access-date=2019-12-12
| agency = Interfax
| language = ru}}
Anti-corrosion nanocomposite coating of pipes was done by Metaclay, a joint venture of Rusnano and Gazprom.
{{cite news
| url = http://www.mrcplast.ru/news-news_open-308565.html
| script-title=ru: Трубы "Метаклэй" будут использованы для большей части газопровода "Сила Сибири"
| trans-title= Metaclay pipes will be used for most of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline
| first = Anna | last = Larionova
| date = 2015-04-23
| access-date=2019-12-12
| work = MRC
| language = ru}}
{{cite news
| url = http://www.toinnov.com/news/joint-actions-of-hi-tech-/
| title = Joint actions of hi tech and oil and gas industries
| date = 2016-06-09
| access-date=2019-12-12
| website = Toinnov.com}}
Compressor turbine units were supplied by UEC-Perm Engines.
{{cite news
| url = https://www.chitaitext.ru/novosti/v-gazoprovode-sila-sibiri-rabotayut-18-permskikh-gazoturbinnykh-ustanovok/
| script-title=ru: В газопроводе «Сила Сибири» работают 18 пермских газотурбинных установок
| trans-title= The Power of Siberia gas pipeline is operated by 18 Perm gas turbine units
| date = 2019-12-03
| access-date=2019-12-12
| work = Tekst
| language = ru}}
Impact
The pipeline has strong implications for energy security in both China and Russia in the short term.
For China, the pipeline diversifies natural gas supplies for China.
{{cite news
| url = https://ria.ru/20191202/1561739426.html
| script-title=ru: "Сила Сибири" — это только начало. У газопровода появится брат-близнец
| trans-title= Power of Siberia is only the beginning. Twin pipeline appears
| date = 2019-12-02
| access-date=2019-12-12
| agency = RIA Novosti
| language = ru}}
It is designed to reduce China's dependence on coal, which is more carbon intensive and causes more pollution than natural gas.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/the-power-siberia-russia-china-gas-pipeline-launch-191202112625898.html|title='Power of Siberia': Russia, China launch massive gas pipeline| work = Al Jazeera | date = 2019-12-02 |access-date=2019-12-03}}
For Russia, the pipeline allows another economic partnership in the face of resistance to pipelines being built in Western Europe.
See also
{{portal|Siberia|Energy}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- {{official|https://www.gazprom.com/projects/power-of-siberia/}}
{{Energy in Russia}}
{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}
{{Coord missing|Russia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Of Siberia}}