Prevalence of tobacco use

{{Short description|Percentage of population smoking tobacco}}

{{Tobacco}}

Prevalence of tobacco use is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on cigarette smoking due to reported data limitations.{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/compendium/2008/2ptu/en/ |title=Prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged ≥ 15 years (percentage) |access-date=2009-01-02 |publisher=World Health Organization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143334/http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/compendium/2008/2ptu/en/ |archive-date=December 11, 2008 }} Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.{{Cite web | url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/mayo/en/index.html | title=Mayo report on addressing the worldwide tobacco epidemic through effective, evidence-based treatment | access-date=2009-01-02 | publisher=World Health Organization | pages=2 | archive-date=2004-05-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040512172549/https://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/mayo/en/index.html | url-status=dead }}

Smoking is globally five times more prevalent among men than women;{{Cite book|first1=G. Emmanuel |last1=Guindon |first2=David |last2=Boisclair |title=Past, current and future trends in tobacco use |url=http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/Guindon-Past,%20current-%20whole.pdf |access-date=2009-03-22 |year=2003 |publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank |location=Washington DC |pages=13–16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003729/http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/Guindon-Past,%20current-%20whole.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2009 }}{{cite web | title = Gender empowerment and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratios | publisher = World Health Organization | url = https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/3/10-079905/en/ | access-date = 10 Sep 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200916101426/https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/3/10-079905/en/ | url-status = dead }} however, the gender gap is smaller in rich countries and in younger age groups.{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/WomenMonograph.pdf|title=Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century|access-date=2009-01-02|author=The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health|year=2001|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=5–6|archive-date=2009-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207002856/http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/WomenMonograph.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2001/sgr_women_chapters.htm |title=Surgeon General's Report—Women and Smoking |access-date=2009-01-03 |year=2001 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |page=47 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204062326/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2001/sgr_women_chapters.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 }} In developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and have begun to decline, and also started to stall or decline for women.{{Cite book|first1=Richard|last1=Peto|first2=Alan D|last2=Lopez|first3=Jillian|last3=Boreham|first4=Michael|last4=Thun|title=Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics|url=http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/SMK_All_PAGES.pdf|access-date=2009-03-22|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224232603/http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/SMK_All_PAGES.pdf|archive-date=2005-02-24|url-status=dead}} Smoking prevalence has changed little since the mid-1990s, before which time it declined in English-speaking countries due to the implementation of tobacco control. However, the number of smokers worldwide has increased from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012 and the number of cigarettes smoked increased from 4.96 trillion to 6.25 trillion due to population growth.{{cite journal|last1=Ng|first1=Marie|title=Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|date=Jan 8, 2014|pages=183–192|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.284692|volume=311|issue=2|pmid=24399557|doi-access=}}

In Western countries, smoking is more prevalent among populations with mental health problems, with alcohol and drug problems, among criminals, and among the homeless.{{cite book|author1=West, Robert |author2=Shiffman, Saul |name-list-style=amp |title=Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation|publisher=Health Press Ltd.|year=2007|isbn=978-1-903734-98-8|pages=20, 26}} In 2002, about 20% of young teens (aged 13–15) smoked worldwide. 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day. Half of those who begin smoking in adolescent years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years.{{Cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm |title=WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics |access-date=2009-01-01 |date=2002-05-28 |publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108181404/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2009 }}

One of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the United Nations (to be achieved by 2030) is to "Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate." The indicator that is used to measure progress is the prevalence of tobacco use.United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 |date=2020-10-23 }})

Background

WHO states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world.{{Cite journal|author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|year=2009|title=Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation - United States, 2008|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5844a2.htm|format=Full free text|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=58|issue=44|pages=1227–1232|pmid=19910909|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2017-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916142331/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5844a2.htm|url-status=live}} In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002.

The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally, from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed, and 4.9 million as of 2007.{{Cite web|date=2007-05-29|title=WHO/WPRO-Tobacco Fact sheet|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20070529.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207100241/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20070529.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07|access-date=2009-01-01|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific}} As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.

One of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the United Nations (to be achieved by 2030) is to "Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate." The indicator that is used to measure progress is the "age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older".United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 |date=2020-10-23 }})

Worldwide

class="wikitable sortable"
+Prevalence of tobacco use (% of adults) worldwide{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.PRV.SMOK?name_desc=false|title=Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2 June 2022}}

! 2000

! 2005

! 2010

! 2015

! 2020

style="text-align: left" | 34.1%style="text-align: right;" | 30.7%style="text-align: right;" | 27.8%style="text-align: right;" | 25.2%style="text-align: right;" | 23%

Countries

The following is a list of countries by the percentage of age-standardized prevalence of tobacco use (including products such as snus) among persons 15 years and older as published by the World Health Organization.{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-tobacco-control-monitor-current-tobaccouse-tobaccosmoking-cigarrettesmoking-agestd-tobagestdcurr|title=Estimates of current tobacco use prevalence (%) {age-standardized rate)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2 June 2022}}

{{collapse top |bg=#dfd |title=Click at right to show/hide list of countries }}

class="wikitable sortable"
Country20002020
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}36.923.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Albania}}3522.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Algeria}}22.221
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Andorra}}35.931.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Argentina}}3424.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Armenia}}3225.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Australia}}24.413.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Austria}}52.326.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}28.724
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bahamas}}10.710.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bahrain}}22.214.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}57.634.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Barbados}}10.28.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Belarus}}41.830.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Belgium}}33.423.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Belize}}158.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Benin}}16.76.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}32.112.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}46.635
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Botswana}}33.219.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Brazil}}23.812.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Brunei}}16.716.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}47.539
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}29.814.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Burundi}}2411.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cabo Verde}}20.611.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}42.321.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}12.87.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Canada}}28.413
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Chad}}13.98.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Chile}}46.929.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|China}}26.725.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Colombia}}15.18.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Comoros}}39.520.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}}11.914.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cook Islands}}44.324
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}188.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}}18.79.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Croatia}}34.436.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cuba}}40.817.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Cyprus}}40.935.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}34.230.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Denmark}}37.317.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}18.710.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}18.812.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}18.411.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Egypt}}24.324.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|El Salvador}}15.97.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Eritrea}}13.37.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Estonia}}4629.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Eswatini}}12.39.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}6.85.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Fiji}}32.323.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Finland}}35.721.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|France}}34.233.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Gambia}}22.511.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Georgia}}32.831.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Germany}}36.422
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Ghana}}73.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Greece}}54.933.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Guatemala}}14.310.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}189
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Guyana}}30.212.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Haiti}}12.37.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Hungary}}37.431.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Iceland}}30.212
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|India}}54.527.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}35.437.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Iran}}21.513.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Iraq}}2218.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Ireland}}35.620.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Israel}}31.721.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Italy}}26.223.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Jamaica}}17.49.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Japan}}33.320.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Jordan}}30.734.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}34.223.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Kenya}}19.311.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Kiribati}}68.540.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}2017.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}31.425.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Laos}}52.531.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Latvia}}43.837
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}40.238.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Lesotho}}31.124.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Liberia}}16.38.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}41.432
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}3121.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Madagascar}}46.727.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Malawi}}24.110.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}29.522.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Maldives}}38.325.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mali}}16.38.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Malta}}34.324
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Marshall Islands}}28.528.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mauritania}}21.310.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}25.520.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mexico}}2413.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Moldova}}25.329
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mongolia}}34.129.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}38.731.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Morocco}}22.514.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}29.414.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}66.944.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Namibia}}25.615.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Nauru}}63.448.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Nepal}}64.530.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}34.322.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}29.613.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Niger}}9.77.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}9.33.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|North Korea}}19.818.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}4416.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Oman}}7.68
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}37.520.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Palau}}26.117.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Panama}}13.45
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}54.139.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}29.111.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Peru}}32.98.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Philippines}}34.922.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Poland}}39.624
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Portugal}}25.725.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Qatar}}13.511.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Romania}}3528
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Russia}}33.326.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}24.813.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Samoa}}3925.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}7.85.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}14.214.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Senegal}}14.36.9
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Serbia}}45.139.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Seychelles}}28.720.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Sierra Leone}}43.713.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Singapore}}16.416.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}3231.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}25.122
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Solomon Islands}}43.536.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|South Africa}}23.520.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|South Korea}}28.517.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Spain}}36.827.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}28.522
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Sweden}}43.824
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}28.325.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Tanzania}}27.88.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Thailand}}31.722.1
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Timor-Leste}}53.539.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Togo}}14.46.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Tonga}}33.531
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}34.324.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Turkey}}32.930.7
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}125.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Tuvalu}}48.835.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Uganda}}24.78.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}37.725.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}19.418.2
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}37.915.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|United States}}33.823
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}35.321.5
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}24.917.6
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}25.617.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}29.824.8
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Yemen}}27.320.3
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Zambia}}19.914.4
style="text-align: left" | {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}2111.7

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File:Daily-smoking-prevalence-bounds.png

File:Share-of-adults-who-smoke.png

File:Comparing-the-share-of-men-and-women-who-are-smoking.png File:Consumption-per-smoker-per-day.png

File:Smokers-as-a-percentage-of-adult-pop.jpg

= Australia =

In the 20th century, smoking was common. There were social events like the smoke night which promoted the habit. In Australia the prevalence of smoking is in decline, with figures from the 2011-12 Australian Health Survey showing 18% of the population to be current smokers,{{cite web|title=Table 7: Smoker status by age and sex, Australia |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&43640do007_20112012.xls&4364.0.55.001&Data_Cubes&2B9F30C81002A8C1CA257AA30014C2AA&0&2011-12&29.10.2012&Previous |format=XLS |work=Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-12|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=19 February 2013}} a decline from 28% in 1989–90.{{cite web |title=Tobacco Smoking in Australia, 2007–08 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4841.0Chapter32011 |work=Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=19 February 2013 |date=2012-07-25 |archive-date=2013-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414031054/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4841.0Chapter32011 |url-status=live }}

Among the indigenous population, the rate was much higher: 50% of men and 44% of women reported being current smokers in 2007–08.{{cite web|title=Tobacco Smoking in Australia 2007-08 Table 2.1 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&tobacco_smoking_in_australia.xls&4841.0&Data_Cubes&F12AFAED1EDDA9B5CA25784F000D5DCE&0&2011&11.03.2011&Previous |format=XLS |work=Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=19 February 2013|date=2009-11-25 }}

People aged 25 to 34 were the most likely to smoke (24%), with a marked decline in smoking rates as age increased past 45 years in 2011–12.

In 2007–08, the prevalence of smoking was strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage: a greater proportion of men (33%) and women (26%) who live in the most disadvantaged 20% of areas were current smokers than those who live in the least disadvantaged 20% of areas (12% and 11% respectively).

In 2016 the daily smoking rate was less than 13%.{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-29/smoking-rates-at-record-lows-as-number-of-smokers-almost-halves/7886316 |title=Smoking rates at 'all-time lows' in Australia |newspaper=ABC News |date=2016-09-28 |language=en-AU |access-date=2016-09-28 |archive-date=2016-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930152905/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-29/smoking-rates-at-record-lows-as-number-of-smokers-almost-halves/7886316 |url-status=live }} By 2022, this number had fallen to 10.6% in Australian adults.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Smoking and vaping, 2022 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/smoking-and-vaping/latest-release |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}

= Canada =

In December 2002, Statistics Canada published a report on smoking prevalence from 1985 to 2001. In that report they found from 1985 to 1991, prevalence of "current smoking" (which they defined as daily smokers and occasional smokers) declined overall, for both sexes and all age groups except for those aged 15 to 24. Even larger declines occurred from 1991 to 2001. While current smoking prevalence for youths did not significantly change from 1985 to 1994–1995, there was a significant decrease of 6 percentage points from 1994–1995 to 2001 (from 28.5% to 22.5%). Provincially, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, experienced most of their declines in current smoking prevalence from 1994 to 1995 onwards. All of the provinces experienced some level of declines over the entire 1985 to 2001 period. Declines in daily smoking prevalence occurred for both sexes and all age groups over the entire 17-year time span, although youth smoking did not start significantly declining until the mid-1990s. Overall, for daily cigarette consumption, smokers by 2001 had a significantly lower proportion of smoking 26 or more cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (14.0% to 5.8%). Most of the declines in the different sex or age groups occurred after 1991. At the same time, smokers in 2001 had a higher proportion of smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (18.6% to 31.1%). Most of the decline occurred after 1991.[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82f0077x/82f0077x2001001-eng.pdf Report on Smoking in Canada 1985 to 2001], Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, December 2002 {{Pd-notice}} As of 2008 the rate was estimated to be 18%, and declining.{{Cite web | url=http://www.cancer.ca/canada-wide/prevention/quit%20smoking/canadian%20tobacco%20stats.aspx?sc_lang=en | title=Canadian Cancer Society | access-date=2010-04-25 | archive-date=2010-07-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713092851/http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/Prevention/Quit%20smoking/Canadian%20tobacco%20stats.aspx?sc_lang=en | url-status=live }} A 2011 survey estimates that 17% of Canadians smoke.{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/smoking-rate-falls-to-17-in-canada-1.1020633 | work=CBC News | title=Smoking rate falls to 17% in Canada | date=2011-09-07 | access-date=2011-11-11 | archive-date=2011-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181822/http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2011/09/07/smoking-rate-survey.html | url-status=live }}

= Germany =

In 2005, 27% of the population admitted to being current smokers. 23% were daily smokers (28% of men and 19% of women,) while 4% smoked occasionally. The highest ratio of daily smokers was in the 20-24 age group: 38% of men and 30% of women.{{cite web |url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pk/2006/Mikrozensus/Pressebroschuere,property=file.pdf |title=Leben in Deutschland. Haushalte, Familien und Gesundheit – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2005|year=2005|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt|pages=61–67|access-date=2009-06-04|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419135952/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pk/2006/Mikrozensus/Pressebroschuere,property=file.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-19}} According to a 2010 study by University of Bielefeld, 9.9% of all 15-year-old males and 10.8% of 15-year-old females smoked daily, which showed a strong decline during the previous decade.{{Cite web |url=http://hbsc-germany.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Faktenblatt_Rauchverhalten_final.pdf |title=German youth smoking less |access-date=2014-06-30 |archive-date=2016-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117174357/http://hbsc-germany.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Faktenblatt_Rauchverhalten_final.pdf |url-status=live }}

As in other industrial countries the prevalence of smoking in Germany is lower among people with higher education level.

A 2006 a comparative study found that 25.1% of male and 20.6% of female medical students in Göttingen smoked, while in London the percentages were only 10.9% and 9.1%.{{cite journal|last=Raupach|first=T|author2=Shahab, Baetzing|year=2009|title=smoking}}

Germany had the largest number of cigarette vending machines per capita in the world: 1 per 102.5 people.{{cite web |url=https://www.facharzt.de/content/red.otx/191,2725,0.html?sID=6672fc2c0e2a7e879a1cb5efff9ea6fc |title=_Risikofaktor Nummer 1 |trans-title=Smoking: Risk factor number 1 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306163217/https://www.facharzt.de/content/red.otx/191,2725,0.html?sID=6672fc2c0e2a7e879a1cb5efff9ea6fc |archive-date=2012-03-06 }}

= Israel =

In Israel,[https://www.who.int/infobase/reportviewer.aspx?rptcode=ALL&uncode=376&dm=8&surveycode=101391i4 Tobacco Use Introduction for Israel]{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, World Health Organization smoking prevalence among males had remained relatively constant at 30% in the years 1994–2004.{{cite journal |last1= Baron-Epel |first1= O. Haviv-Messika A. Tamir D. Nitzan-Kaluski D. Green M. |year= 2004 |title= Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys |journal= European Journal of Public Health |volume= 14 |issue=4 |pages= 384–9 |doi= 10.1093/eurpub/14.4.384|pmid= 15542874 |doi-access= free }} Among females the prevalence has declined slightly from 25% in 1998 to 18% in 2003. For the youth, 14% smoked at least once per week, according to a 2001 publication.{{cite journal |last1= Meijer |first1= B. Branski D. Kerem E. |year= 2001 |title= Ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among adolescents: a comparison of Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem |journal= Israel Medical Association Journal |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages= 504–7 }}

In 2005, research has shown that Israeli youths have begun to use bidis and hookah, as alternative methods of tobacco use. In 1990, smoking was the cause of about 1,800 male deaths in Israel which was around 12% of all male deaths. Smoking has not been found to be significant cause of death among Israeli women.[https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/WHO/israel.htm Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061210161042/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/who/israel.htm |date= 2006-12-10 }}, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), accessed July 13, 2005 (site now down) The average number of cigarettes smoked per Israeli stands at 2162 (6).

There are several anti-tobacco use legislations in effect. For instance, advertising is prohibited in youth publications and is forbidden on television and radio, in addition to substantial increases in tobacco taxes, although the prices are still among the lowest compared to all of the European countries. In addition, until 2004, there was no minimum age requirement for buying tobacco products in Israel;[http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E80607.pdf WHO European Country Profiles on Tobacco Control 2003] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100516083557/http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E80607.pdf |date= 2010-05-16 }}, World Health Organization, accessed November 24, 2005 however, an amendment to the tobacco marketing and advertisement law that became effective at 2004 has limited the sale of tobacco to people above the age of 18.[http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/E13924CA-0B10-42C0-9F50-76F33C5E01CC.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531161926/http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/E13924CA-0B10-42C0-9F50-76F33C5E01CC.htm|date=2014-05-31}} Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industry

According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the smoking rate in the Israeli adult population in 2009 was 20.9%, down from 34% in 2000.{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=181972|title=Israeli smoking rate for 2009 down to 20.9%|access-date=2010-07-25|archive-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019225206/http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=181972|url-status=live}} A Ministry of Health nationwide survey conducted in 2011 found that 20.6% of the population aged 21 and older were smokers.{{cite news |title= A Record Number of Non-Smokers |url= http://health.walla.co.il/?w=/5059/2537905 |access-date=15 June 2012 |website= Walla |date=31 May 2012 |language= he |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120604060437/http://health.walla.co.il/?w=%2F5059%2F2537905 |archive-date= 4 June 2012}} The highest percentage of smokers was among Arab males, 44% percent of whom smoked, though this figure is down from 50% in 1996.

= New Zealand =

Tobacco consumption in New Zealand peaked in the mid-1970s when 60% of the population were smokers. By 2011 that number had fallen to 20% of the population, thanks to stringent tobacco control laws which are amongst the world's strictest. However, despite these laws, the number of smokers appears to be increasing as the global economy worsens and a recent spate of natural disasters have seen an increase in tobacco sales and although more males smoke than females, this gap is slowly narrowing. Tobacco consumption by Maori remains disproportionately high despite having decreased over recent years thanks to television, internet, radio and print media anti-smoking advertising aimed at Maori. The high rate of Maori tobacco consumption has been described by many Maori health advocates and academics as a "cultural genocide".

= Romania =

According to the Romanian Ministry of Health, the smoking rate among the general population declined from 36% in 2004 to 26% in 2011.{{cite web | url=http://www.incont.ro/social/sanatatea-vrea-taxa-mai-mare-la-tutun-si-alcool-pentru-a-i-convinge-pe-fumatori-sa-renunte-la-tigari.html | title=Sanatatea vrea taxa mai mare la tutun si alcool, pentru a-i convinge pe fumatori sa renunte la acest viciu. Tigarile s-ar putea scumpi iar | date=23 December 2014 | access-date=23 December 2014 | archive-date=23 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223220113/http://www.incont.ro/social/sanatatea-vrea-taxa-mai-mare-la-tutun-si-alcool-pentru-a-i-convinge-pe-fumatori-sa-renunte-la-tigari.html | url-status=live }} A report commissioned in 2012 revealed that 34.9% of men smoked daily, compared to 14.5% of women, and in the preceding 12 months, 37.8% of regular smokers had attempted to quit at least once.{{cite web | url=http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_24085/Raport-4-85-milioane-de-romani-fumeaza-zilnic-sau-ocazional.-70-dintre-fumatori-isi-aprind-prima-tigara-imediat-dupa-trezire.html | title=Raport: 4,85 milioane de romani fumeaza zilnic sau ocazional. 70% dintre fumatori isi aprind prima tigara imediat dupa trezire | date=5 March 2012 | access-date=23 December 2014 | archive-date=10 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110192923/http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_24085/Raport-4-85-milioane-de-romani-fumeaza-zilnic-sau-ocazional.-70-dintre-fumatori-isi-aprind-prima-tigara-imediat-dupa-trezire.html | url-status=live }} Despite a general decline in smoking prevalence, the rate among women nearly doubled from 1991 to 2011, with 55% of women smokers belonging to the 15–34 age group.{{cite web | url=http://www.ziare.com/viata-sanatoasa/fumat/una-din-cinci-romance-este-fumatoare-1115567 | title=Una din cinci romance este fumatoare | access-date=23 December 2014 | archive-date=23 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223224001/http://www.ziare.com/viata-sanatoasa/fumat/una-din-cinci-romance-este-fumatoare-1115567 | url-status=live }}

= Russia =

{{Main|Smoking in Russia}}

= Spain =

According to the 2017 National Health Survey {{cite web | url=https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuestaNac2017/ENSE2017_notatecnica.pdf | title=Nota Técnica. Encuesta Nacional de Salud. España 2017. | date=26 June 2018 | access-date=28 January 2021 | archive-date=7 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207202728/https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuestaNac2017/ENSE2017_notatecnica.pdf | url-status=live }} 22.1% of the population above the age of 15 reports smoking daily, 2.3% declares smoking occasionally, 24.9% reports being ex-smokers and 50.7% never smoked. The survey also revealed that 25.6% of men smoked, compared to 18.8% women. The historical data series shows the rate in Spain has fallen more than 10 points from 1993 to 2017, from 44% to 25.6% for men and from 20.8% to 18.8% for women. However, since 2014, the trend has slowed, with just less than 1 point improvement, from 23% to 22.1%.

= Sweden =

Image:Swedishtobacco.png or smoking tobacco on a daily basis in 2011{{cite web|title=Scb.se|url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/SSD/SSD_SelectVariables____340487.aspx?rxid=86a40219-57ef-4814-91e3-8247824582f6&px_tableid=ssd_extern%3aLE0101H25|access-date=16 November 2012}}]]

The first research of smoking in Sweden was performed in 1946; it showed that 50% of men, and 9% of women were smokers. In 1977 41% of men and 32% of women were smokers.http://www.nicorette.se/sites/nicorette_se/files/publication/Fakta%20om%20tobaksbruk%20i%20Sverige.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} By 2011, the use of smoking tobacco on a daily basis had decreased to only 12.5% among men and 14.3% among women. The use of snus, on a daily basis among men older than 15 years, was approximately 19.4% and only 3.0% for women.

= United Kingdom =

{{Main|Smoking in the United Kingdom}}

The Health Survey for England in 2002 found a smoking rate of 26%. By 2007 the proportion of adult smokers in England had declined four percentage points to 22%.[http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestyles-related-surveys/health-survey-for-england/health-survey-for-england-2007-latest-trends-%5Bns%5D Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214141718/http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestyles-related-surveys/health-survey-for-england/health-survey-for-england-2007-latest-trends-%5Bns%5D |date=2009-12-14 }}, the Information Centre for Health and Social Care, December 2008 In 2015, it was reported smoking rates in England had fallen to 16.9%, a record low.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37406105|title=Smoking rates in England fall to lowest on record|date=20 September 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105045750/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37406105|url-status=live}} The rate in England had fallen to 14.4% in 2018.{{Cite web | url=https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2018/07/03/turning-the-tide-on-tobacco-smoking-in-england-hits-a-new-low/ | title=Turning the tide on tobacco: Smoking in England hits a new low - Public health matters | access-date=2019-07-11 | archive-date=2019-07-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711100506/https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2018/07/03/turning-the-tide-on-tobacco-smoking-in-england-hits-a-new-low/ | url-status=live }}

Overall, the numbers of smokers in the UK in 2007 was estimated at 13.7 million.{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson CR, Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A | title= Trends in the epidemiology of smoking recorded in UK general practice| journal=Br J Gen Pract |volume=60 |issue=572 |pages=e121–e127| year=2010| doi= 10.3399/bjgp10X483544 |pmid=20202355 |pmc=2828860}} In 2007 the rate of smoking amongst the most socioeconomically affluent patients was 14%, compared to 34% for the most deprived. Figures from 2013 show that proportion of the British population (UK excluding Northern Ireland) who smoke has fallen to 19%.{{cite web|title=Press Release: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, Adult Smoking Habits in Great Britain, 2013|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ghs/opinions-and-lifestyle-survey/adult-smoking-habits-in-great-britain--2013/index.html|website=Office of National Statistics|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504131241/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ghs/opinions-and-lifestyle-survey/adult-smoking-habits-in-great-britain--2013/index.html|url-status=live}}

= United States =

{{Main|Tobacco in the United States}}

File: 2014 NATS adult tobacco use by age.png

File:CDC-chart-current cigarette use-1991-2007.png

As of 2022, a total of 11.2% of U.S. adults (11.7% of men and 10.8% of women) were regular smokers.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease202304.pdf|title=Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data From the 2022 National Health Interview Survey|date=2023|website=cdc.gov|access-date=14 May 2023}} This was a considerable drop from 2005, when 23.9% of men and 18.1% of women were reported to be current smokers. Among racial and ethnic groups in 2005, Native Americans and Alaska Natives had the highest smoking rates, at 32.0%; they were followed by non-Hispanic whites at 21.9%, and non-Hispanic blacks at 21.5%. Hispanics at 16.2%, and Asians at 13.3%, had the lowest rates of smoking.

Based on educational level in 2005, the percentage of U.S. adult smokers was highest among those who had earned a high school diploma or its GED equivalent, at 43.2%. Among Americans with less education (9 to 11 years), the percentage of smokers was 32.6%. The prevalence of tobacco use was generally lower among those with higher levels of education. Excluding educational attainment, the highest prevalence of smoking in the U.S. was among adults aged 18–24 years (24.4%) and 25–44 years (24.1%). Rates of smoking were also higher among adults living below the U.S. federal poverty line (29.9%) than among those at or above the poverty line (20.6%).[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5542a1.htm Tobacco Use Among Adults: United States, 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235944/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5542a1.htm |date=2017-09-26 }}, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 27, 2006 {{Pd-notice}}

In November 2015, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report noted that "the percentage of U.S. adults who smoke cigarettes had already declined from 20.9 percent in 2005 to 16.8 percent in 2014. Cigarette smoking was significantly lower in 2014 (16.8 percent) than in 2013 (17.8 percent)." The CDC concluded this from data obtained by a survey of Americans. In 2017, researchers reported that they were unsure if products like e-cigarettes were in any way helpful to reducing smoking in the country. They added that some 4,000 minors in the U.S. start smoking every day.{{cite journal|last1=Makadia|first1=Luv D.|last2=Roper|first2=P. Jervey|last3=Andrews|first3=Jeannette O.|last4=Tingen|first4=Martha S.|title=Tobacco Use and Smoke Exposure in Children: New Trends, Harm, and Strategies to Improve Health Outcomes|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=17|issue=8|pages=55|year=2017|issn=1529-7322|doi=10.1007/s11882-017-0723-0|pmid=28741144|s2cid=22360961}}

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See also

References

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