Probolinggo

{{see also | Sanskritisation | Greater India | Hinduism in Southeast Asia | Buddhism in Southeast Asia }}

File:Bupati Probolinggo Raden Toemenggoeng Djojonegoro.jpg

In Negarakertagama, the city was called Banger which means bad odor in Javanese. In 1770, Regent Djojonegoro changed the city's name to Probolinggo. The name derives from praba (light) and lingga ([symbol of] masculinity or the Hindu deity lord Shiva). Another version of the etymology is that the name derives from prabu (lord or king) and linggih (stop by).{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=10-11}}

File:Haven van Probolinggo, KITLV 4086.tiff

File:Suikerfabriek Soember Kareng bij Probolinggo.jpg

As a result of Mataram's involvement in Geger Pacinan (and subsequent war), Dutch East India Company signed an agreement with Sunan Pakubuwono II on 11 November 1743 to hand over most of eastern Java, including Probolinggo, to the former.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=12}}

In 1811, under Dutch East Indies' Governor General Daendels rule, Probolinggo was sold to a Chinese man Han Tik-Ko. The agreed price was 1 million ringgit paid in installment for 10 years. He then was given titles of "Mayor Cina" (Chinese mayor) and "Tuan Tanah Probolinggo" ("Probolinggo Lanlord") that had similar authority as bupati (regent). Meanwhile, Probolinggo resident called him "Babah Tumenggung".{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=15-17}}

Under Han Tik-Ko, Probolinggo residents were not satisfied of Han Tik-Ko since he imposed heavy tax to them. As a result, on 18 May 1813, a clash happened between the rebellious residents and Han Tik-Ko people. The event was called Perang Kedopok/Kepruk Cino (Kedopok War/Hit the Chinese) in which Han Tik-Ko was killed. The Dutch East Indies Lieutenant Governor Stamford Raffles then bought back the city from Han Tik-Ko's family.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=17}}

The ruler of Probolinggo between 1818 and 1821 was Raden Tumenggung Aryo Notoadiningrat, while in 1823 the ruler was Raden Tumenggung Panji Notonegoro.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=17-18}}

After Japanese surrendered to Allied forces, there was repatriation of Japanese soldiers by Allied force. In Probolinggo, on 29 April 1946 around 1,200 prisoners of war were returned by two ships "Bansiu Maru 3" and "Mashi Maru 6" departed from Probolinggo port.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=61-62}}

On 12 April 1947 23:30 3 km from shore near Probolinggo port, a Dutch ship seized and searched a wooden ship called "Boeroehan" and found nothing. In the next day on 11:00 the latter ship was released and 5 minutes later the Dutch ship sailed away and disappeared to northwest. On 13 April 08:45, another Dutch ship went back and forth 5 km from the shore and went to east.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=63-64}}

On 23 May 1947, there were 3 Dutch ships spying for Probolinggo. On 06:15, one of the ship searched and seized "Merdeka" ship departing for Tangklok, Sampang, on which then Madura resident boarded it. The latter ship was later released on 07:45. Another ship named "Kembangsari" and several other fishing boats were also either searched for or chased away.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=64}}

Dewan Pertahanan Daerah Probolinggo (Probolinggo Regional Defense Council) then strengthened the naval defense of the area to face more Dutch ships attacking via sea. As a result, the Dutch later entered the city via land.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=64-65}}

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een jongeman (lokale bestuurder) Probolinggo TMnr 10001910.jpg

Administration of Probolinggo city (kota) and regency (kabupaten) had repeatedly been separated and merged. There were separation of government of Probolinggo city (kotapraja) and regency based on Ordonantie dated 20 June 1918. But, according on Ordonantie 9 August 1928, the city was abolished and the area was merged again to the regency.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=19}}

Under Japanese occupation, the administrations were once again separated.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=19}} The city (under Japanese rule, the level was called shi) mayor (shico) was Gapar Wiryosudibyo, a middle school teacher, while the regency (ken) regent was Nyais Wiryosubroto. Both Probolinggo (shi and ken) were under an administration of Malang-shu (residency).{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=43-44}}

During National Revolution, on 13 August 1948 the city was abolished again and was absorbed into the regency. Then since the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence, the city and regency were separated again.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=19}}

File:Peta kecamatan-kecamatan di Kota Probolinggo.png

Probolinggo city consists of five districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their population totals from the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and the 2020 census,Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Probolinggo Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3574) The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district and its postal codes. Each district centre has the same name as the district itself.

Probolinggo once had a tram system spanning across the city. The service was built in 1894 and was operated by Probolinggo Stoomtram Maatschappij.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=21}}

Probolinggo is a hub city where its main road connect three major city in East java, Surabaya to the west (through Pasuruan and Sidoarjo), Jember to the south through Lumajang, and Banyuwangi to the east through Situbondo. Public buses to many major cities are available in Banyuangga bus terminal.

Since 2019, the Trans-java toll road has been completed and provide faster route to the capital Jakarta, which cuts down travel time significantly to only 9 to 10 hour drive from previously 16 to 20 hours.

File:19 Tampak depan shelter bus antarkota Terminal Bayuangga.jpg

The city (and the regency) is served by Bayuangga bus station that covers routes to Surabaya, Malang, and Jember.

File:KITLV A283 - Station van de Staatsspoorwegen te Probolinggo, KITLV 11882.tiff

File:Stasiun Probolinggo 2020.jpg

The city is served by Probolinggo railway station that covers most routes to major cities in Java. However, there are no direct train to the capital Jakarta, so travelers to Jakarta have to transit via either Surabaya or Yogyakarta.

There is no air route to the city. The closest airport is the Juanda International Airport in Surabaya, which is a less than 2 hour drive through newly completed toll road.

Probolinggo has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with heavy rainfall December to March and moderate to little rainfall from April to November.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

| location = Probolinggo

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| Jan high C = 32.2

| Feb high C = 32.0

| Mar high C = 32.0

| Apr high C = 32.0

| May high C = 31.8

| Jun high C = 31.8

| Jul high C = 31.7

| Aug high C = 32.3

| Sep high C = 33.1

| Oct high C = 33.6

| Nov high C = 33.4

| Dec high C = 32.5

| Jan mean C = 27.2

| Feb mean C = 27.1

| Mar mean C = 27.0

| Apr mean C = 26.8

| May mean C = 26.3

| Jun mean C = 25.7

| Jul mean C = 25.1

| Aug mean C = 25.6

| Sep mean C = 26.4

| Oct mean C = 27.1

| Nov mean C = 27.6

| Dec mean C = 27.2

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 22.2

| Feb low C = 22.2

| Mar low C = 22.0

| Apr low C = 21.7

| May low C = 20.9

| Jun low C = 19.7

| Jul low C = 18.6

| Aug low C = 19.0

| Sep low C = 19.7

| Oct low C = 20.7

| Nov low C = 21.8

| Dec low C = 21.9

|rain colour=

|Jan rain mm=242

|Feb rain mm=240

|Mar rain mm=198

|Apr rain mm=109

|May rain mm=80

|Jun rain mm=45

|Jul rain mm=19

|Aug rain mm=7

|Sep rain mm=7

|Oct rain mm=18

|Nov rain mm=75

|Dec rain mm=168

|source 1 = Climate-Data.org{{cite web

|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/3342/

|title = Climate: Probolinggo

|publisher=Climate-Data.org

|access-date = 15 November 2020}}

}}

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Feestelijke optocht tijdens een Javaanse bruiloft te Probolinggo Oost-Java TMnr 10002996.jpg

File:Klas van een inlandse normaalschool te Probolinggo of Pasoeroean, KITLV 502931.tiff

In a 1845 census, there were 18,458 Javanese and 56,317 Madurese in Probolinggo. In a more complete census in 1930, in Probolinggo there were 85,257 bumiputera (mostly Madurese and Javanese), 3,179 Chinese, 483 other Far eastern ethnics, and 952 Europeans.{{sfn|Sapto|2020|p=23-24}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144954/http://probolinggo.org/ Probolinggo NGO]

• {{cite book|last=Sapto|first=Ari|title=Gerilya Republik di Kota Probolinggo 1947-1949|trans-title=Republic's Guerrilla in Probolinggo City 1947-1949|publisher=Matapadi|year=2020|isbn=978-602-1634-42-4}}

{{East Java}}

{{Most populous cities in Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Populated places in East Java

Category:Tempuran basin