Proto-Polynesian language#Sound correspondences

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Polynesian

| altname = PPn

| familycolor = Austronesian

| region = Tonga, Samoa, and nearby islands

| ancestor = Proto-Austronesian

| ancestor2 = Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

| ancestor3 = Proto-Oceanic

| ancestor4 = Proto-Central Pacific

| target = Polynesian languages

}}

Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a descendant of the Proto-Oceanic language (the language associated with the Lapita civilization), itself a descendant of Proto-Austronesian. The homeland of Proto-Polynesian speakers is believed to have been Tonga, Samoa, and nearby islands.{{cite book|last=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc|url-access=limited|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78309-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc/page/n118 99]–119|author2=Roger Green }}

Phonology

Proto-Polynesian has a small phonological inventory, with 13 consonants and 5 vowels.{{cite book |last=Marck |first=Jeff |year=2000 |title=Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history |series=Pacific Linguistics 504 |place=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144462/2/b20278883_Marck_J.pdf}}

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Velar ! Glottal
Plosive \| {{IPA\|p}} \| {{IPA\|t}} \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ}}
Nasal \| {{IPA\|m}} \| {{IPA\|n}} \| {{IPA\|*ŋ}} \|
Fricative \|{{IPA\|f}} \|{{IPA\|s}} \| \|{{IPA\|*h}}
Trill \| \| {{IPA\|*r}} \| \|
Lateral \| \| {{IPA\|*l}} \| \|
Glide \| {{IPA\|*w}} \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Bilabial

! Alveolar

! Velar

! Glottal

Plosive

| {{IPA|*p}}

| {{IPA|*t}}

| {{IPA|*k}}

| {{IPA|*ʔ}}

Nasal

| {{IPA|*m}}

| {{IPA|*n}}

| {{IPA|*ŋ}}

Fricative

|{{IPA|*f}}

|{{IPA|*s}}

|{{IPA|*h}}

Trill

| {{IPA|*r}}

Lateral

| {{IPA|*l}}

Glide

| {{IPA|*w}}

=Vowels=

Proto-Polynesian had five vowels, {{IPA|/a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/}}, with no length distinction. In a number of daughter languages, successive sequences of vowels came together to produce long vowels and diphthongs, and in some languages these sounds later became phonemic.{{cite journal|last=Rolle|first=Nicholas|title=The Phonetic Nature of Niuean Vowel Length|journal=Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics|year=2009|volume=31|url=https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6093|issn=1718-3510}}

=Sound correspondences=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="3" \|Proto-Polynesian ! width=30\|{{IPA\|p}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|t}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|k}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|ʔ}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|m}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|n}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|ŋ}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|w}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|f}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|s}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|h}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|l}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|*r}}
colspan=3\| Tongan \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|p}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|t}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|m}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|n}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|v}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|f}} \|{{IPA\|s}}/{{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|l}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|l/Ø}}
colspan=3\| Niuean \| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan="2" \|h
colspan=3\| Niuafoʻou \| {{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}}	{{IPA\|h/Ø}}
colspan=3\| Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian \| {{IPA\|*p}}	{{IPA\|*t}}	{{IPA\|*k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}} \| {{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|*n}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}} \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|*f}}	{{IPA\|*s}}	{{IPA\|*Ø}}	colspan=2\| {{IPA\|*l}}
rowspan=13 width=8\| \| colspan=2\| Samoan \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|p}} \| {{IPA\|t}}~{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}	{{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|m}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|n}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|v}} \| rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|f}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|s}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan=2 colspan=2\| {{IPA\|l}}
colspan=2\| East Futunan \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|t}} \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}}
colspan=2\| Tikopian \| rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|Ø}}	colspan=2\| {{IPA\|ɾ}}
colspan=2\| Nukuoroan \| {{IPA\|h}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|l}}
colspan=2\| Proto-Eastern-Polynesian \| {{IPA\|*p}}	{{IPA\|*t}}	{{IPA\|*k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}} \| {{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|*n}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}} \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|*f}}	{{IPA\|*h}}	{{IPA\|*Ø}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|*l}}
rowspan=8 width=8\| \| Rapa Nui \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|p}} \| rowspan=7\| {{IPA\|t}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}} \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|m}} \| rowspan=6\| {{IPA\|n}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|v}} \| {{IPA\|v/h}}	{{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| colspan=2 rowspan=5\| {{IPA\|ɾ}}
Mangareva, Cook Islands Māori \| rowspan=7\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ/v}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}
Tuamotuan \| {{IPA\|f/h/v}}	rowspan=6\|{{IPA\|h}}
Māori \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|ɸ/h}}
Tahitian \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|v}} \| {{IPA\|f/v/h}}
N. Marquesan \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|h}}	rowspan=2 colspan=2\|{{IPA\|ʔ}}
S. Marquesan \| rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| colspan=2 rowspan=2\|{{IPA\|n}} \| {{IPA\|f/h}}
Hawaiian \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|v/w}}	{{IPA\|h/w}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|l}}

Vocabulary

The following is a table of some sample vocabulary as it is represented orthographically in various languages.

{{citation

|last=Hockett|first=C.F.

|title=The Reconstruction of Proto-Central Pacific

|journal=Anthropological Linguistics

|volume=18

|number=5

|date=May 1976

|pages=187–235

}} All instances of {{angbr|{{okina}}}} represent a glottal stop, IPA {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. All instances of {{angbr|ng}} and Samoan {{angbr|g}} represent the single phoneme {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. The letter {{angbr|r}} in all cases represents voiced alveolar tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, not {{IPA|/r/}}.

class="wikitable" \|+ colspan="10" \|Polynesian vocabulary
Proto-Polynesian !Tongan !Niuean !Samoan !Rapa Nui !Tahitian !Māori !Cook Islands Māori !S. Marquesan !Hawaiian !\|English
{{IPA\|*taŋata}} \|tangata \|tangata \|tagata \|tangata \|ta'ata \|tangata \|tangata \|{{okina}}enata \|kanaka \|person
{{IPA\|*sina}} \|hina \|hina \|sina \|hina \|hinahina \|hina \|{{okina}}ina \| \|hina \|grey-haired
{{IPA\|*kanahe}} \|kanahe \|kanahe \|{{okina}}anae \| \|'anae \|kanae \|kanae \| \|{{okina}}anae \|mullet
{{IPA\|*tiale}} \|siale \|tiale \|tiale \|tiare \|tiare \|tīare \|tiare \| \|kiele \|flower
{{IPA\|*waka}} \|vaka \|vaka \|va{{okina}}a \|vaka \|va'a \|waka \|vaka \|vaka \|wa{{okina}}a \|canoe
{{IPA\|*fafine}} \|fefine \|fifine \|fafine \|vi'e/vahine \|vahine \|wahine \|va{{okina}}ine \|vehine \|wahine \|woman
{{IPA\|*matuʔa}} \|mātu'a \|motua \|matua \|matu{{okina}}a \|metua \|matua \|metua, matua \|motua \|makua \|parent
{{IPA\|rua}} \|ua \|ua \|lua \|rua \|ruaArchaic: the modern Tahitian word for two* is piti, due to the practice of pi'i among Tahitians, a form of linguistic taboo. However, the cognate remains in the second-person dual pronoun {{okina}}ōrua, roughly translated you two. \|rua \|rua \|{{okina}}ua \|lua \|two
{{IPA\|*tolu}} \|tolu \|tolu \|tolu \|toru \|toru \|toru \|toru \|to{{okina}}u \|kolu \|three

class="wikitable"

|+ colspan="10" |Polynesian vocabulary

Proto-Polynesian

!|English

|tangata

|tagata

|tangata

|ta'ata

|tangata

|{{okina}}enata

|kanaka

|person

|hina

|sina

|hina

|hinahina

|hina

|{{okina}}ina

|hina

|grey-haired

|kanahe

|{{okina}}anae

|'anae

|kanae

|{{okina}}anae

|mullet

|siale

|tiale

|tiare

|tīare

|tiare

|kiele

|flower

|vaka

|va{{okina}}a

|vaka

|va'a

|waka

|vaka

|wa{{okina}}a

|canoe

|fefine

|fifine

|fafine

|vi'e/vahine

|vahine

|wahine

|va{{okina}}ine

|vehine

|wahine

|woman

|mātu'a

|motua

|matua

|matu{{okina}}a

|metua

|matua

|metua, matua

|motua

|makua

|parent

|ua

|lua

|rua

|ruaArchaic: the modern Tahitian word for two is piti, due to the practice of pi'i among Tahitians, a form of linguistic taboo. However, the cognate remains in the second-person dual pronoun {{okina}}ōrua, roughly translated you two.

|rua

|{{okina}}ua

|lua

|two

|tolu

|toru

|to{{okina}}u

|kolu

|three

Notes

External links

Category:Polynesian languages

Polynesian

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="3" \|Proto-Polynesian ! width=30\|{{IPA\|p}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|t}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|k}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|ʔ}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|m}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|n}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|ŋ}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|w}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|f}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|s}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|h}} ! width=30\|{{IPA\|l}} !! width=30\|{{IPA\|*r}}
colspan=3\| Tongan \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|p}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|t}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|m}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|n}} \|rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|v}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|f}} \|{{IPA\|s}}/{{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|l}} \|rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|l/Ø}}
colspan=3\| Niuean \| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan="2" \|h
colspan=3\| Niuafoʻou \| {{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}}	{{IPA\|h/Ø}}
colspan=3\| Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian \| {{IPA\|*p}}	{{IPA\|*t}}	{{IPA\|*k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}} \| {{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|*n}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}} \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|*f}}	{{IPA\|*s}}	{{IPA\|*Ø}}	colspan=2\| {{IPA\|*l}}
rowspan=13 width=8\| \| colspan=2\| Samoan \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|p}} \| {{IPA\|t}}~{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}	{{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|m}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|n}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|v}} \| rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|f}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|s}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| rowspan=2 colspan=2\| {{IPA\|l}}
colspan=2\| East Futunan \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|t}} \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}}
colspan=2\| Tikopian \| rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|Ø}}	colspan=2\| {{IPA\|ɾ}}
colspan=2\| Nukuoroan \| {{IPA\|h}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|l}}
colspan=2\| Proto-Eastern-Polynesian \| {{IPA\|*p}}	{{IPA\|*t}}	{{IPA\|*k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}} \| {{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|*n}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}} \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|*f}}	{{IPA\|*h}}	{{IPA\|*Ø}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|*l}}
rowspan=8 width=8\| \| Rapa Nui \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|p}} \| rowspan=7\| {{IPA\|t}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ/Ø}} \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|m}} \| rowspan=6\| {{IPA\|n}} \| rowspan=4\| {{IPA\|ŋ}} \| rowspan=3\|{{IPA\|v}} \| {{IPA\|v/h}}	{{IPA\|h}} \| rowspan=8\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| colspan=2 rowspan=5\| {{IPA\|ɾ}}
Mangareva, Cook Islands Māori \| rowspan=7\| {{IPA\|Ø}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ/v}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}
Tuamotuan \| {{IPA\|f/h/v}}	rowspan=6\|{{IPA\|h}}
Māori \| {{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|ɸ/h}}
Tahitian \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| rowspan=3\| {{IPA\|v}} \| {{IPA\|f/v/h}}
N. Marquesan \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|h}}	rowspan=2 colspan=2\|{{IPA\|ʔ}}
S. Marquesan \| rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|ʔ}} \| colspan=2 rowspan=2\|{{IPA\|n}} \| {{IPA\|f/h}}
Hawaiian \| {{IPA\|k}} \| {{IPA\|v/w}}	{{IPA\|h/w}}	colspan=2\|{{IPA\|l}}

Proto-Polynesian language#Sound correspondences

Phonology

=Consonants=

=Vowels=

=Sound correspondences=

Vocabulary

See also

Notes

External links