Pseudochorthippus parallelus

The range of the Meadow Grasshopper extends from the Atlantic coast of Europe, including the British Isles, to the Urals. It is found from Scandinavia in the north to southern Spain and Anatolia in the south.[https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/5ef53a4c-f39c-4aea-9d1e-fbed17beb3be Fauna europaea] It prefers moist vegetation and in southern regions is typically found in river valleys and at altitude (up to approx 2000m), not being found in arid areas.

File:Chorthippus parallelus 8946.jpg

{{Listen |filename=Chorthippus parallelus - sound.oga|title=Sound of Pseudochorthippus parallelus |description=Field recording in the Netherlands 27s}}

Females grow to approximately {{convert|2|cm|frac=4}} and are larger and less active than males that grow to approximately {{convert|1.5|cm|frac=8}}. Both sexes are flightless. In females the wing cases (covering vestigial wings) extend only a short way down the abdomen while males have longer wing cases extending to almost the tip of the abdomen. They can be variable in colour with green, brownish, purple-red and pink forms recorded,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/8246902.stm Pink grasshopper found in marshes], BBC, September 9, 2009 although green forms are most common. Colour forms are genetically determined{{cite book |last=Fraser Rowell | first=C.H. |editor-first=J.W.L.| editor-last=Beament |title=Advances in Insect Physiology: v. 8 |publisher= Academic Press Inc |date=October 1971 |pages=145–198 |chapter=The Variable Coloration of the Acridoid Grasshoppers |isbn=978-0-12-024208-5}} and some populations can show high frequency of pink grasshoppers.

Pseudochorthippus parallelus is distinguished from similar species by the approximately parallel nature of the bars (pronotal side-keels){{Cite book

| publisher = Collins

| isbn = 978-0-00-219852-3

| last = Bellmann

| first = Heiko

| title = Field Guide to the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Britain and Northern Europe

| date = 1988-05-05

}} on the back of the neck which gives the species its name.

Due to high densities of these insects in Western Europe, some researchers have also proposed their possible utilization as human food. These insects contain 69% proteins on dry weight with excellent amino acid profile and digestibility. Aman Paul and his co-workers indicated that before introducing these insects for human food, it is necessary to do a thorough examination of any possible toxic and/or allergic conditions that could arise from their consumption.{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.aspen.2016.09.012 | volume=19 | issue=4 | title=Nutritional composition and rearing potential of the meadow grasshopper ( Chorthippus parallelus Zetterstedt) | year=2016 | journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology | pages=1111–1116 | last1 = Paul | first1 = Aman | last2 = Frederich | first2 = Michel | last3 = Uyttenbroeck | first3 = Roel | last4 = Malik | first4 = Priyanka | last5 = Filocco | first5 = Sandrino | last6 = Richel | first6 = Aurore | last7 = Heuskin | first7 = Stephanie | last8 = Alabi | first8 = Taofic | last9 = Caparros Megido | first9 = Rudy | last10 = Franck | first10 = Thierry | last11 = Bindelle | first11 = Jerome | last12 = Maesen | first12 = Philippe | last13 = Francis | first13 = Frederic | last14 = Lognay | first14 = Georges | last15 = Blecker | first15 = Christophe | last16 = Haubruge | first16 = Eric | last17 = Danthine | first17 = Sabine}}

Various races of the meadow grasshopper have been described in different regions{{Cite journal

| issn = 0962-1083

| volume = 4

| issue = 1

| pages = 49–60

| last = Cooper

| first = S J

|author2=K M Ibrahim |author3=G M Hewitt

| title = Postglacial expansion and genome subdivision in the European grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus

| journal = Molecular Ecology

| date = February 1995

| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00191.x

| pmid = 7711954

| s2cid = 29472041

}} with forms described as separate subspecies. They include:[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id279/ Biolib]

1. P. parallelus erythropus (Faber, 1958) - Iberian Peninsula
2. P. parallelus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) - nominate subsp., widespread including the British Isles
3. P. parallelus serbicus Karaman, Z., 1958
4. P. parallelus tenuis (Brullé, 1832) - Greece

These subspecies are the result of the allopatric separation of P. parallelus populations into separate southern European refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages.

The most widespread subspecies, P.p. parallelus, is found throughout much of Europe but is replaced by P.p. erythropus in Iberia. The Iberian erythropus subspecies is characterized in the field by red hind tibiae and differences in the mating song although other studies demonstrate additional differences in morphological, behavioural, chromosomal and DNA sequence characters.{{Cite journal

| issn = 0024-4066

| volume = 58

| issue = 3

| pages = 247–276

| last = Hewitt

| first = GM

| title = Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation

| journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

| date = July 1996

| doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01434.x

| doi-access =

}} There is a hybrid zone between P.p. erythropus and P.p. parallelus running along the ridge of the Pyrenees mountains between Spain and France. A similar hybrid zone has been described between forms in France and Italy that runs along the Alps.{{Cite journal

| issn = 1010-061X

| volume = 12

| issue = 3

| pages = 577–585

| last = Flanagan

| first = NS

|author2=PL Mason |author3=J Gosalvez |author4=GM Hewitt

| title = Chromosomal differentiation through an Alpine hybrid zone in the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus

| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology

| date = May 1999

| doi = 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00049.x

| doi-access = free

}}

The subspecies do not appear to be speciating by way of reinforcement. This result is among the most important evidences against speciation by reinforcement.{{cite journal | year=1999 | issue=5 | volume=83 | doi-access=free | publisher=The Genetics Society (Nature) | pages=503–508 | journal=Heredity | issn=0018-067X | last1=Noor | first1=Mohamed A. F. | title=Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry | doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320 | author1-link=Mohamed Noor | id=(ORCID [http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-4408 0000-0002-5400-4408] GS [http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5nkhrpUAAAAJ 5nkhrpUAAAAJ])}}

{{gallery |width=170

|File:Chorthippus parallelus couple.jpg|Mating

|File:Meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) nymph.jpg|Nymph

|File:Acrididae - Chorthippus parallelus (immature).JPG|Immature

|File:Chorthippus parallelus mâle 1.jpg|Male, green with brown wings

|File:Meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) nymph Oxford.jpg|Female green form

|File:Chorthippus parallelus 1.jpg|Female showing slight pink coloration

}}

{{Commons category}}{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14191199|from2=Q20747}}

parallelus

Category:Insects of Asia

Category:Orthoptera of Europe

Category:Insects described in 1821