ORCID

{{short description|Code to uniquely identify scientific and other academic authors}}

{{confused|orchid (disambiguation){{!}}ORCHID}}

{{Infobox identifier

| image = ORCID logo with tagline.svg

| image_border = no

| name = ORCID

| full_name = Open Researcher and Contributor ID

| start_date = {{start date and age|2012|10|16|df=yes|paren=yes}}

| number = 14,727,479

| digits = 16

| check_digit = MOD 11-2

| example = https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097

| website = {{URL|orcid.org}}

| organization = ORCID, Inc.

}}

The ORCID ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔːr|k|ɪ|d|audio=ORCID pronunciation - 2019-11-17 - Andy Mabbett.ogg}}; Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication. Sources:

{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/462825a |title=Credit where credit is due |journal=Nature |date=2009 |volume=462 |issue=7275 |page=825 |pmid=20016547 |bibcode=2009Natur.462Q.825. |s2cid=110700750 |doi-access=free }}
{{Cite web|title=ORCID website|url=https://orcid.org/|access-date=18 April 2021|website=orcid.org}}.
{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/485564a |title=Scientists: Your number is up |date=2012 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |journal=Nature |volume=485 |issue=7400 |page=564 |pmid=22660298 |bibcode=2012Natur.485..564B |s2cid=205071928 |doi-access=free }}.
{{cite web|date=10 April 2014|title=Ten things you need to know about ORCID right now|url=http://blog.impactstory.org/ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-orcid-right-now/|access-date=15 April 2014|work=ImpactStory}}
{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/chemv.201500088 |title=ORCID – Unique Author Identifier |date=2015 |last1=Meadows |first1=Alice |last2=Koester |first2=Vera |journal=ChemViews }}

This addresses the problem that a particular author's contributions to the scientific literature or humanities publications can be hard to recognize, as most personal names are not unique, they can change (such as with marriage), have cultural differences in name order, contain inconsistent use of first-name abbreviations and employ different writing systems. It provides a persistent identity for humans, similar to tax ID numbers, that are created for content-related entities on digital networks by digital object identifiers (DOIs).[http://www.crossref.org/01company/orcid.html Crossref & ORCID].

The ORCID system includes a website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (and other user-supplied pieces of information).

Uses

ORCID aims to provide a persistent code for people,{{cite web |last=Farley |first=Isaac |title=ORCID auto-update |url=https://www.crossref.org/community/orcid/ |website=Crossref}} to address the problem that a particular author's contributions to scholarly communication can be hard to recognize, as most personal names are not unique, and thus multiple persons of the same name could contribute to the same scholarly field, even from the same institutional department. Further, names can change (such as with marriage); there are cultural differences in name ordering conventions; journals make inconsistent use of first-name abbreviations, name suffixes, and middle initials; and employ different writing systems and transliterations.

The ORCID organization, ORCID Inc., offers registered users to maintain "a constantly updated ‘digital curriculum vitae’ providing a picture of their contributions to science going far beyond the simple publication list",{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/462825a |title=Credit where credit is due |journal=Nature |date=2009 |volume=462 |issue=7275 |page=825 |pmid=20016547 |bibcode=2009Natur.462Q.825. |s2cid=110700750 |doi-access=free }} hosted by ORCID, edited by the user.

Development and launch

ORCID was first announced in 2009 as a collaborative effort by publishers of scholarly research "to resolve the author name ambiguity problem in scholarly communication".{{cite web |title=RESEARCH STAKEHOLDERS ANNOUNCE COLLABORATION AMONG BROAD CROSS-SECTION OF COMMUNITY TO RESOLVE NAME AMBIGUITY IN SCHOLARLY RESEARCH |url=http://orcid.securesites.net:80/media/pdf/ORCID_Announcement.pdf |access-date=19 June 2018 |via=internet archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202055935/http://orcid.securesites.net/media/pdf/ORCID_Announcement.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2010}} The "Open Researcher Contributor Identification Initiative"—hence the name ORCID—was created temporarily prior to incorporation.{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Open Researcher Contributor Identification Initiative (or ORCID) group on Nature Network |url=http://network.nature.com/groups/orcid/forum/topics/6533 |access-date=1 June 2017 |via=internet archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060218/http://network.nature.com/groups/orcid/forum/topics/6533 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/115257-what-is-the-relationship-between-the-orcid-initiat |title=What is the relationship between the ORCID Initiative and ORCID, Inc.? – Feedback & support for ORCID |website=support.orcid.org |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113406/https://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/115257-what-is-the-relationship-between-the-orcid-initiat |archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}

A prototype was developed on software adapted from that used by Thomson Reuters for its ResearcherID system.{{cite web |url=http://about.orcid.org/content/press-release-orcid-funding-and-development-efforts-target |title=Press Release: ORCID funding and development efforts on target |date=15 August 2011 |quote=ORCID also announced today that Thomson Reuters has provided ORCID with a perpetual license and royalty free use of ResearcherID code and intellectual property, giving ORCID the critical technology to create its system.}} {{dead link|date=May 2014}} ORCID, Inc. was incorporated as an independent nonprofit organization in August 2010 in Delaware, United States of America, with an international board of directors.{{cite web |title=Wiley-Blackwell Publishing News: An Update on the Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID) |author=Craig Van Dyck |url=http://blogs.wiley.com/publishingnews/2012/08/28/an-update-on-the-open-researcher-and-contributor-identifier-orcid-2/ |access-date=23 October 2012}}{{cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=Certificate of Incorporation of ORCID Inc. |url=https://info.orcid.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2015-11-Certificate-of-Incorporation-ORCID-INC..pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304022058/https://info.orcid.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2015-11-Certificate-of-Incorporation-ORCID-INC..pdf |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=State of Delaware}} Its executive director, Chris Shillum, was appointed in September 2020;{{cite web |last1=Petro |first1=Julie Anne |title=ORCID Proudly Announces its New Executive Director |url=https://www.einpresswire.com/article/526043932/orcid-proudly-announces-its-new-executive-director |website=EIN Presswire |access-date=15 September 2020 |date=14 September 2020}} he succeeded the founding ED, Laurel Haak, who was appointed in April 2012.{{cite journal|title=Scientists: your number is up|last=Butler|first=Declan|date=30 May 2012|journal=Nature|volume=485|issue=7400|pages=564|doi=10.1038/485564a|pmid=22660298|bibcode=2012Natur.485..564B|doi-access=free}} From 2016, the board is chaired by Veronique Kiermer of PLOS{{cite web|title=ORCID team|url=https://orcid.org/node/9#board|access-date=1 November 2017 |date=17 August 2012|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015927/https://orcid.org/node/9#board|url-status=dead}} (the former chair was Ed Pentz of Crossref). ORCID is freely usable and interoperable with other ID systems. On 16 October 2012, ORCID launched its registry services{{cite web |title=ORCID Launches Registry |url=http://about.orcid.org/news/2012/10/16/orcid-launches-registry |access-date=18 October 2012|date=16 October 2012}}{{cite web |title=ORCID vs ISNI; ORCID lanceert vandaag hun Author Register |lang=nl |website=SURFspace |url=https://www.surfspace.nl/artikel/936-orcid-vs-isni-orcid-lanceert-vandaag-hun-author-register/ |access-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414014729/https://www.surfspace.nl/artikel/936-orcid-vs-isni-orcid-lanceert-vandaag-hun-author-register/?allowallcookies=1 |archive-date=2014-04-14}} and started issuing user identifiers.{{cite web |title=Register for an ORCID iD |url=http://orcid.org/register |access-date=18 October 2012}}

Adoption

On 15 November 2014, ORCID announced the one-millionth registration.{{cite web |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/ORCID_Org/status/533587481686704128 |title=Tweet |date=15 November 2014 |publisher=ORCID |access-date=15 November 2014 |quote=It’s official! 1M of you have an ORCID iD! We thank the community, and look forward to continued collaboration.}}
On 20 November 2020, ORCID announced the ten-millionth registration.{{cite web |url=https://info.orcid.org/10m-orcid-ids/ |title=10M ORCID iDs! |date=20 November 2020 |publisher=ORCID |access-date=16 January 2021}}
{{As of|2022|08|02}}, the number of live accounts reported by ORCID was 14,727,479.{{Cite web |url=https://orcid.org/statistics |title=ORCID Statistics |last=ORCID |website=orcid.org |access-date=2 August 2022}}

To encourage others to join them in supporting the adoption of ORCID, an open letter dated 1 January 2016 was crafted with "publishers that signed this open letter committed to requiring ORCID iDs following specific implementation standards".{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/content/requiring-orcid-publication-workflows-open-letter |title=Requiring ORCID in Publication Workflows: Open Letter |last=various |date=1 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2016/01/07/why-some-publishers-are-requiring-orcid-ids-for-authors-an-interview-with-stuart-taylor-the-royal-society/ |title=Why Some Publishers are Requiring ORCID iDs for Authors: An Interview with Stuart Taylor, The Royal Society |date=7 January 2016 |work=The Scholarly Kitchen |access-date=8 January 2016}}

In a 2021 update to the Springer Nature website, they noted that they would thenceforth "support verifying and crediting your [peer] review activity directly from our manuscript submission systems to ORCID".{{cite web |title=ORCID iDs at Springer Nature |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/orcid |publisher=Springer Nature |access-date=31 January 2021}}

Identifiers

Formally, ORCID IDs are specified as URLs,{{cite web |url=http://orcid.org/trademark-and-id-display-guidelines |title=Trademark and iD Display Guidelines |publisher=ORCID |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=21 August 2013}} for example, the ORCID ID for Josiah S. Carberry (a fictitious professor whose ID is used in examples and testing) is https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097{{cite web |url=https://support.orcid.org/hc/en-us/articles/360006897674-Structure-of-the-ORCID-Identifier |title=Structure of the ORCID Identifier |publisher=ORCID}}{{cite web |title=Josiah Carberry |url=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097 |publisher=ORCID, Inc |work=Biography |access-date=22 December 2014|quote=Josiah Carberry is a fictitious person.}} (both https:// and http:// forms are supported; the former became canonical in November 2017{{cite web |last=Meadows |first=Alice |title=Announcing API 2.1 - ORCID iDs are now HTTPS! |url=https://orcid.org/blog/2017/11/16/announcing-api-21-orcid-ids-are-now-https |publisher=ORCID |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=16 November 2017}}). However, some publishers use the short form, e.g. "ORCID: 0000-0002-1825-0097" (as a URN).

ORCID IDs are a subset of the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI),{{cite web|url=http://www.isni.org/isni_and_orcid |title=ISNI and ORCID |publisher=ISNI |access-date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304210352/http://www.isni.org/isni_and_orcid |archive-date=4 March 2013}} under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (as ISO 27729), and the two organizations are cooperating. ISNI will uniquely identify contributors to books, television programmes, and newspapers, and has reserved a block of identifiers for use by ORCID,{{cite web |url=http://about.orcid.org/content/what-relationship-between-isni-and-orcid |title=What is the relationship between ISNI and ORCID? |access-date=23 October 2012}} in the range 0000-0001-5000-0007 to 0000-0003-5000-0001.{{cite web|url=http://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/116780|title=Structure of the ORCID Identifier|publisher=ORCID|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122190734/https://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/116780|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=dead}} It is therefore possible for a person to legitimately have both an ISNI and an ORCID ID{{cite web |url=http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000031979523 |title=ISNI 0000000031979523 |publisher=ISNI |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5882-6823 |title=ORCID 0000-0001-5882-6823 |publisher=ORCID |access-date=20 April 2014}} – effectively, two ISNIs.

Both ORCID and ISNI use 16-character identifiers, using the digits 0–9, and separated into groups of four by hyphens. The final character, which may also be a letter "X" representing the value "10" (for example, Stephen Hawking's ORCID is https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-593X{{cite web |url=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-593X |title=Stephen Hawking (0000-0002-9079-593X) - ORCID {{!}} Connecting Research and Researchers |last=ORCID |website=orcid.org |access-date=23 October 2017}}), is a MOD 11-2 check digit conforming to the ISO/IEC 7064:2003 standard.

Members, sponsors and registrants

By the end of 2013, ORCID had 111 member organizations and over 460,000 registrants.{{cite web |url=http://orcid.org/blog/2014/01/03/orcid-2013-year-review |title=2013 Year in review |publisher=ORCID, Inc |access-date=1 February 2014|date=6 January 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://orcid.org/about/community/members |title=Members |publisher=ORCID, Inc |access-date=20 July 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordjournals.com/for_societies/partner_newsletter_orchid.html |title=OUP and ORCID |last=O'Beirne |first=Richard |publisher=Oxford Journals |access-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330144707/http://www.oxfordjournals.com/for_societies/partner_newsletter_orchid.html |archive-date=30 March 2014}} On 15 November 2014, ORCID announced the one-millionth registration, and on 20 November 2020 the ten-millionth registration. {{As of|2022|08|02}}, ORCID reported 1258 member organizations and 14,727,479 live accounts.{{cite web|url=https://orcid.org/statistics |title=ORCID Statistics |last=ORCID |website=orcid.org |access-date=2 August 2022}} The organizational members include many research institutions such as Caltech and Cornell University, and publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Wiley and Nature Publishing Group. There are also commercial companies including Thomson Reuters, academic societies and funding bodies.{{cite web |title=ORCID Community |url=https://info.orcid.org/orcid-community/ |website=info.orcid.org}}

Grant-making bodies such as the Wellcome Trust (a charitable foundation) also mandate that applicants for funding provide an ORCID identifier.{{cite web|url=http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/HEFCE,2014/Content/Pubs/Independentresearch/2015/The,Metric,Tide/2015_metric_tide.pdf|title=The Metric Tide|last=Wilsdon|date=July 2015|access-date=10 July 2015|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150821134231/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/HEFCE,2014/Content/Pubs/Independentresearch/2015/The,Metric,Tide/2015_metric_tide.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2015}}

= National implementations =

In several countries, consortia, including government bodies as partners, are operating at a national level to implement ORCID. For example, in Italy, seventy universities and four research centres are collaborating under the auspices of the {{ill|Conference of Italian University Rectors|it|Conferenza dei rettori delle università italiane}} (CRUI) and the National Agency for the Evaluation of the University and Research Institutes (ANVUR), in a project implemented by Cineca, a not-for-profit consortium representing the universities, research institutions, and the Ministry of Education.{{cite web|url=http://orcid.org/blog/2015/06/19/italy-launches-national-orcid-implementation|title=Italy Launches National ORCID Implementation |last=Meadows|first=Alice |publisher=ORCID |date=22 June 2015|access-date=29 June 2015}} In Australia, the government's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) "encourage all researchers applying for funding to have an ORCID identifier".{{cite web|url=https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/grants-funding/policy/nhmrc-and-arc-statement-open-researcher-and-contributor-id-orcid|title=NHMRC and ARC Statement on Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)|date=10 April 2015|publisher=National Health and Medical Research Council|access-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313132435/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/grants-funding/policy/nhmrc-and-arc-statement-open-researcher-and-contributor-id-orcid|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=dead}} The French scientific article repository HAL also invites its users to enter their ORCID ID.{{cite web|url=https://doc.archives-ouvertes.fr/identifiant-auteur-idhal-cv/|title=Identifiant auteur IdHAL et CV|date=1 June 2018}}

Integrations

File:2014-05-13 Nick Jennings ORCID Wikidata screenshot.png

Both Wikipedia and Wikidata include pages with ORCID identifiers.{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ORCID_identifiers |title=Category:Wikipedia articles with ORCID identifiers |last=Wikipedia authors |work=Wikipedia |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Property:P496 |title=Pages that link to "Property:P496" |last=((Wikidata contributors)) |work=Wikidata |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=20 April 2014}}

As of 2014 in addition to members and sponsors, journals, publishers, and other services have or had included ORCID in their workflows or databases.{{cite web |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/site/misc/announcementspage.xhtml |title=Announcements |date=April 2014 |publisher=Journal of Neuroscience |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622104524/http://www.jneurosci.org/site/misc/announcementspage.xhtml |archive-date=22 June 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sfn.org/news-and-calendar/news-and-calendar/news/spotlight/2014/the-journal-of-neuroscience-rolls-out-orcid-integration |title=The Journal of Neuroscience Rolls Out ORCID Integration |publisher=Society for Neuroscience |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/authors/author+zone?SGWID=0-168002-12-1028464-0 |title=Author Zone 16 – ORCID |publisher=Springer Publishing |access-date=21 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hindawi.com/80647648/ |title=Hiroshi Asakura |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214652/http://www.hindawi.com/80647648/ |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://europepmc.org/orcid/import |title=ORCID Article Claiming |publisher=Europe PubMed Central |access-date=16 May 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://rns.nii.ac.jp/html_us/orcid_integration_help_en.html |title=ORCID integration |work=Researcher Name Resolver |publisher=National Institute of Informatics |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064132/http://rns.nii.ac.jp/html_us/orcid_integration_help_en.html |archive-date=21 April 2014}} 2014 to 2016 some online services created tools for exporting data to, or importing data from, ORCID.{{cite web |url=http://orcid.scopusfeedback.com/ |title=Scopus2Orcid - Use the Scopus to Orcid Author details and documents wizard to collect all your Scopus records in one unique author profile |publisher=Scopus |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724124524/http://orcid.scopusfeedback.com/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://figshare.com/blog/figshare_ORCID_integration/86 |title=figshare ORCID integration |publisher=Figshare |access-date=7 May 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://wokinfo.com/researcherid/integration/ |title=RID - ORCID Integration - IP & Science |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912140531/http://wokinfo.com/researcherid/integration/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Researchfish now integrating with the ORCID registry|url=https://www.researchfish.com/node/2525|date=4 July 2015|publisher=Researchfish|access-date=14 July 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715022313/https://www.researchfish.com/node/2525|archive-date=15 July 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/About.do|title=British Library EThOS - about searching and ordering theses online|publisher=British Library|access-date=15 October 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.proquest.com/blog/pqblog/2015/Connected-from-the-Beginning-Adding-ORCID-to-ETDs.html |title=Connected from the Beginning: Adding ORCID to ETDs|date=12 October 2015|access-date=15 October 2015|via=ProQuest}}{{cite web |last1=Ponto |first1=Michelle |title=ORCID and Loop: A New Researcher Profile System Integration|url=https://orcid.org/blog/2015/10/07/orcid-and-loop-new-researcher-profile-system-integration|website=ORCID|access-date=7 September 2016|date=7 October 2015}}

In October 2015, DataCite, Crossref and ORCID announced that the former organisations would update ORCID records, "when an ORCID identifier is found in newly registered DOI names".{{cite web|url=http://blog.datacite.org/explaining-the-datacite-orcid-auto-update/ |title=Explaining the DataCite/ORCID Auto-update |publisher=DataCite |date=29 October 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://crosstech.crossref.org/2015/10/auto-update-has-arrived-orcid-records-move-to-the-next-level.html |title=Auto-Update Has Arrived! ORCID Records Move to the Next Level |publisher=Crossref |date=26 October 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118142713/http://crosstech.crossref.org/2015/10/auto-update-has-arrived-orcid-records-move-to-the-next-level.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}

Some ORCID data may also be retrieved as RDF/XML, RDF Turtle, XML or JSON.{{cite web |title=Q&D RDF Browser |url=http://graphite.ecs.soton.ac.uk/browser/?uri=http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5882-6823 |access-date=17 June 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/2015/03/orcid-semantics |title=Proposal for the Improvement of the Semantics of ORCIDs |first=Phil |last=Archer |publisher=W3C |access-date=19 April 2015}} ORCID uses GitHub as its code repository.{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ORCID |title=ORCID, Inc |website=GitHub |access-date=19 April 2015}}