Pumpokolic languages
{{short description|Extinct branch of Yeniseian languages}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Pumpokolic
| region = Yenisey, possibly also northeast China
| familycolor = dene-yeniseian
| ethnicity = Pumpokol, Jie
| fam2 = Yeniseian
| child1 = Pumpokol {{extinct}}
| child2 = ?Jie {{extinct}}
| child3 = Arin {{extinct}} (obsolete as a member of Pumpokolic)
| altname = Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete classification)
| map = Pumpokol language.png
| mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of Pumpokol.
| map2 = Sixteen Kingdoms 338 AD (2).jpg
| mapcaption2 = Map of Sixteen Kingdoms in year 338, showing the Later Zhao, a state ruled by the Jie.
| glotto = arin1242
| glottoname = Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete)
}}
The Pumpokolic languages (also known as the Arin-Pumpokol,{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.6 - Arin-Pumpokol |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arin1242 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=glottolog.org}} depending on classification or Pumpolic languages) form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.
Classification
The classification of this group is debated. Most classify Arin and Pumpokol (and eventually Jie) in a Southern Yeniseian subgroup,{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.6 - Southern Yeniseian |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2751 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=glottolog.org}} but more recently linguists have placed Arin in its separate Arinic branch (sometimes placed as a subgroup of Southern Yeniseian), and classify Pumpokol(ic) as a separate branch of Yeniseian.
= Arin-Pumpokol model =
{{tree list}}Yeniseian
- Northern
- Southern
- Kott-Assan
- Arin-Pumpokol
- Arin
- Pumpokol
- (Jie)
{{tree list/end}}
= Split Arinic/Pumpokolic model =
{{tree list}}Yeniseian
- Yenisei-Ostyak
- Kottic
- Arinic
- Arin
- Pumpokolic
- Jie?
- Pumpokolic{{tree list/end}}
= Southern Yeniseian model =
This model was introduced in Georg 2007{{Cite book |last1=Georg |first1=Stefan |title=Introduction, phonology, morphology |last2=Georg |first2=Stefan |date=2007 |publisher=Global Oriental |isbn=978-1-901903-58-4 |series=A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg |volume=1 |location=Folkestone}} and used in Hölzl 2018.{{Sfn|Hölzl|2018}}{{tree list}}Yeniseian
- Northern
- Pumpokol
- Southern
- Assan-Kott
- Arin{{tree list/end}}
History
According to the Southern Yeniseian theory, Pumpokolic may have split from Yeniseian around the 9th century BCE, and would have extended southward to China in the 4th century (Melas (2022).{{Cite web |last=Melas |first=Costas |title=Dene-Yeniseian Languages |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llLy-d2XCuE |url-access= |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=YouTube |date=12 June 2022 |language=en-US}}{{User-generated inline|date=August 2024}} Arin and Pumpokol are then posited to have separated in the 6th century. Arin is believed to have gone extinct in the 1730s and Pumpokol around the early 18th century.
See also
{{Portal|Languages|Siberia}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Cite book |last=Alexander Vovin |title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? |date=2000 |publisher=Central Asiatic Journal |language=en}}
- {{Cite book |first=Andreas |last=Hölzl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cC9tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Para-Yeniseic%22&pg=PA377 |title=A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond |date=29 August 2018 |publisher=Studies in Diversity Linguistics |isbn=978-3-96110-102-3 |language=en |access-date=10 September 2022}}
- {{Cite book |last=Carlos Quiles |url=https://indo-european.eu/2021/04/proto-yeniseian-homeland/ |title=Proto-Yeniseian Homeland |date=23 April 2021 |publisher=Indo-European.eu |language=en |access-date=10 September 2022}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Edward Vajda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZlcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pumpokolic%22&pg=PA251 |title=Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America |last2=Michael D. Fortescue |date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004436824 |location=Leiden |language=en |oclc=1298393170 |access-date=10 September 2022}}
- {{Cite book |last=Edwin George Pulleyblank |url=http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1114AUnNESH.pdf |title=The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Major |language=en}}
{{Yeniseian languages}}
{{Paleosiberian languages}}