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Arin language

{{Short description|Extinct Yeniseian language of Russia}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Arin

| states = Russia

| region = Yenisei River

| extinct = late 1730s, with the death of Arzamas Loskutov

| ref = {{Cite web |title=Исчезающие народы/языки: Аринцы, Аринский (Arin) {{!}} СМДО КубГУ |url=https://moodle.kubsu.ru/mod/folder/view.php?id=8833 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=moodle.kubsu.ru}}

| familycolor = Dené-Yeniseian

| fam2 = Yeniseian

| fam3 = Arinic

| iso3 = xrn

| glotto = arin1243

| glottorefname = Arin

| linglist = xrn

| nativename = {{lang|xrn|Ar}}, {{lang|xrn|Ara}}

| map = File:Yeniseian_languages_map.svg

| mapcaption = Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in {{legend inline|#BDDBEA|blue}}.

| ethnicity = Arin people

}}

Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia by the Arin people along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk, north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century,{{cite book

| last = Georg

| first = Stefan

| title = A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak)

| year = 2007

| publisher = Global Oriental

| location = Folkestone, Kent

| isbn = 978-1-901903-58-4}}{{Cite web |title=The ASJP Database - Wordlist Arin |url=https://asjp.clld.org/languages/ARIN |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=asjp.clld.org}} with the death of Arzamas Loskutov, who was an informant for Gerhard Friedrich Müller in 1731,{{Cite web |title=Аринский язык // «Историческая энциклопедия Сибири» (2009) |url=http://irkipedia.ru/content/arinskiy_yazyk_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ИРКИПЕДИЯ - портал Иркутской области: знания и новости |language=ru}} and for a Cossack adevnturer named Ivan Kovrigin in 1735.{{Cite news |date=2008-04-14 |title=A 10,000-year-old word puzzle |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/a-10000-year-old-word-puzzle/article18448362/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}

It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.

Classification

It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.{{Citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |title=8 The Yeniseian language family |date=2024-02-19 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia |pages=365–480 |editor-last=Vajda |editor-first=Edward |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110556216-008/html |access-date=2024-06-26 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110556216-008 |isbn=978-3-11-055621-6|url-access=subscription }} The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,{{Cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |date=2000 |title=Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928223 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |jstor=41928223 |issn=0008-9192}} as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.{{Cite journal |last1=VOVIN, Alexander |last2=VAJDA, Edward |last3=DE LA VAISSIÈRE, Étienne |date=2016 |title=Who were the *Kjet and What Language did they Speak? |url=https://doi.org/10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838 |journal=Journal Asiatique |issue=1 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838 |issn=1783-1504}}

Geographical distribution

Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes {{Lang|xrn|-set}}, {{Lang|xrn|-igai}}, {{Lang|xrn|-lat}}, {{Lang|xrn|-zat}}, {{Lang|xrn|-zet}} and {{Lang|xrn|-sat}} (meaning "river") and {{Lang|xrn|-kul'}}/{{Lang|xrn|-kul}} (meaning "water"). These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the {{Lang|kca|ar-jäx}} "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.

Phonology

One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial {{Lang|xrn|k-}} and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word {{Lang|xrn|kul}} (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word {{Lang|ket|uˑl’}} and the Kott word {{Lang|zko|ûl}}.{{cite journal |last1=Fries |first1=Simon |last2=Bonmann |first2=Svenja |title=The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background |journal=International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics |date=22 December 2023 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=183–198 |doi=10.1163/25898833-20230044 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/25898833-20230044 |access-date=22 July 2024|url-access=subscription }}

= Vowels =

The vowel system in Arin is as follows:{{Cite book |last=Werner |first=Heinrich |title=Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts |date=2005 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-05239-9 |series=Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica |location=Wiesbaden}}

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPAlink|i}}

|{{IPAlink|ɨ}}

|{{IPAlink|u}}

Close-mid

|{{IPAlink|e}}

|

|{{IPAlink|o}}

Open-mid

|{{IPAlink|ɛ}}

|({{IPAlink|ʌ}})1

|{{IPAlink|ɔ}}

Open

|{{IPA link|æ}}

|{{IPAlink|a}}

|

  1. The sound {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, transcribed as {{lang|xrn|ö}}, is only attested in the words {{Lang|xrn|ögga}} 'six', {{Lang|xrn|qoa-ögga}} 'sixteen', {{Lang|xrn|ögťuːŋ}} 'sixty', and {{Lang|xrn|utqʼöːnoŋ}} 'ear', and potentially also in {{lang|xrn|pon’a}} (also recorded as {{lang|xrn|pun}}) 'duck'.

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Labial

! rowspan="2" |Dental

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! colspan="2" |Uvular

! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal/
Pharyngeal

plain

!pal.

!plain

!pal.

!plain

!pal.

rowspan="2" |Plosive

!{{Small|voiceless}}

|p {{IPAblink|p}}

|pʼh {{IPAblink|pʲ}}

|t {{IPAblink|t}}

|tʼ {{IPAblink|tʲ}}

|k {{IPAblink|k}}

|kʼ {{IPAblink|kʲ}}

|q {{IPAblink|q}}

|qʼ {{IPAblink|qʲ}}

|(ʔ {{IPAblink|ʔ}})1

{{Small|voiced}}

|b {{IPAblink|b}}

|

|d {{IPAblink|d}}

|dʼ {{IPAblink|dʲ}}

|g {{IPAblink|g}}

|

|

|

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|(f {{IPAblink|f}})

|

|s {{IPAblink|s}} š {{IPAblink|ʃ}}

|sʼ {{IPAblink|sʲ}}

|

|

|x {{IPAblink|χ}}

|

|(h {{IPAblink|h}})

voiced

|(v {{IPAblink|v}})

|

|z {{IPAblink|z}} ž {{IPAblink|ʒ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Affricate

|

|

|c {{IPAblink|t͡s}}

|č {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} (dž {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}})

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Nasal

|m {{IPAblink|m}}

|mʼ {{IPAblink|mʲ}}

|n {{IPAblink|n}}

|nʼ {{IPAblink|nʲ}}

|ŋ {{IPAblink|ŋ}}

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|

|l {{IPAblink|l}}

|lʼ {{IPAblink|lʲ}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|

|

|j {{IPAblink|j}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|

|r {{IPAblink|r}}

|(rʼ {{IPAblink|rʲ}})

|

|

|

|

|

Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.

  1. {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is only assumed from other Yeniseian languages and is only a prosodic device of tone.

There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.

Lexicon

Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word {{Lang|xrn|teminkur}} (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word {{Lang|otk|*tämir qān}} (meaning "iron blood").{{cite journal |last1=Khabtagaeva |first1=Bayarma |title=On the Yeniseian Arin word teminkur 'ore' |url=https://wuj.pl/ksiazka/words-and-dictionaries |journal=Words and Dictionaries: A Festschrift for Professor Stanisław Stachowski on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday |date=2015 |pages=149–154 |access-date=13 July 2024}} There are over 400 lexica for the Arin language, recorded in the 18th century.

= General =

class="wikitable"

! colspan="10" |Arin words in Pallas 1789{{Cite book |last=Pallas |first=Peter Simon |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mPBLAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-mPBLAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1 |title=Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa |date=1786 |publisher=Schnoor |language=ru}}

Russian gloss

|бог

|небо

|вечер

|лес

|глина

|поле

|снег

|ветер

|вино

English translation

|God

|sky, heaven

|evening

|forest

|clay

|field

|snow

|spirit

|wine

Arin translation

|еc

|эc

|пись

|още

|тьюбурунг

|кья́ба

|тье

|паи

|арага́

= Body parts =

class="wikitable"

! colspan="18" |Arin body parts in Pallas 1789

Russian gloss

|волос

|голова

|ухо

|глаз

|нос

|рот

|язык

|щёки

|борода

|плечо

|рука

|пальцы

|нога

|живот

|спина

|плоть

|сердце

English translation

|hair

|head

|ear

|eye

|nose

|mouth

|tongue

|cheek

|beard

|shoulder

|hand

|fingers

|leg

|stomach

|back

|flesh

|heart

Arin translation

|кья́ганг

|колкья

|уткьэно́нг

|тенг

|аркӷуй

|бюкьо́н

|алъяп

|быкӷолю́нг

|королеп

|хинанг

|пъӷяга

|кӷо́лпас

|пил

|пъӷорга

|кӷоп

|ис

|шеноугбу

= Family members =

class="wikitable"

! colspan="13" |Arin family member words in Pallas 1789

Russian gloss

|отец

|мать

|сын

|дочь

|брат

|сестра

|муж

|жена

|девочка

|мальчик

|дитя

|человек

English translation

|father

|mother

|son

|daughter

|brother

|sister

|husband

|wife

|girl

|boy

|child

|human, person

Arin translation

|ипя, бъяп

|бя́мя

|бикял

|бик-ялья

|бамага́л

|бамагалья

|бикъярьят

|бикӷама́л

|бикъялья

|бикъял

|алполат

|кьит

= Numerals =

class="wikitable"

|+Numerals in Arin{{Cite book |last=Pallas |first=Peter Simon |author-link=Peter Simon Pallas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3AgxLk7nkkC |title=Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2 |date=1789}}

!No.

!Numerals (Werner 2005)

!Numerals (Pallas 1789)

1

|{{IPA|qusej}}

|{{lang|xrn|Кг̧узей}}

2

|{{IPA|kina}}

|{{lang|xrn|Ки́на}}

3

|{{IPA|tʼoŋa}}

|{{lang|xrn|Тьюнга}}

4

|{{IPA|šája}} ~ {{IPA|šaga}} ~ {{IPA|šeja}}

|{{lang|xrn|Ша́га}}

5

|{{IPA|qala}} ~ {{IPA|qaga}} ~ {{IPA|kala}}

|{{lang|xrn|Ка́ла}}

6

|{{IPA|ögga}} ~ {{IPA|ɨga}} ~ {{IPA|ɛge}}

|{{lang|xrn|Эгга}}

7

|{{IPA|ɨnʼa}} ~ {{IPA|ona}} ~ {{IPA|una}}

|{{lang|xrn|Ыньа}}

8

|{{IPA|kinamančau}}

|{{lang|xrn|Кинаманчау́}}

9

|{{IPA|qusamančau}}

|{{lang|xrn|Кг̧усаманчау}}

10

|{{IPA|qoa}}

|{{lang|xrn|Кг̧оа}}

11

|{{IPA|qóa-qúsa}}

|

12

|{{IPA|qóa-kina}}

|

13

|{{IPA|qóa-tʼoŋa}}

|

14

|{{IPA|qoa-šaja}}

|

15

|{{IPA|qoa-qala}}

|

16

|{{IPA|qoa-ögga}}

|

17

|{{IPA|qoa-ɨnʼa}}

|

18

|{{IPA|qoa-kinamančaú}}

|

19

|{{IPA|qoa-qusamančau}}

|

20

|{{IPA|kintʼuŋ}}

|

30

|{{IPA|tʼoŋtʼuːŋ}}

|

40

|{{IPA|šájtʼuːŋ}}

|

50

|{{IPA|qaltʼuːŋ}}

|

60

|{{IPA|ögtʼuːŋ}} ~ {{Ipa|uj-tuŋ}}

|

70

|{{IPA|ɨ́ntʼuŋ}}

|

80

|{{IPA|kina-mančaú tʼuːŋ}}

|

90

|{{IPA|qusamančautʼuːŋ}}

|

100

|{{IPA|jus}}

|{{lang|xrn|Іусь}}

200

|{{IPA|kin-jus}}

|

300

|{{IPA|tʼoŋ-jus}}

|

1000

|{{IPA|qo-jus}}

|

References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\yen\yen&limit=-1 Arin basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Yeniseian languages}}

{{Paleosiberian languages}}

Category:Extinct languages of Asia

Category:Yeniseian languages

Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century

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