Pyithu Hluttaw
{{short description|Lower house of the parliament of Myanmar}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = House of Representatives
| native_name = {{noitalics|{{nobold|{{lang|my|ပြည်သူ့ လွှတ်တော်}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = my
| transcription_name = Pyithu Hluttaw
| legislature =
| coa_pic = State seal of Myanmar.svg
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt =
| foundation = {{Start date|2011|1|31|df=y}}
| preceded_by = People's Assembly (1974–1988)
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = T Khun Myat{{cite news|url=https://cincds.gov.mm/node/16370|title=National Defence and Security Council (1/2022)|language=my}}
| party1 =
| election1 = 22 March 2018
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = Vacant
| party2 =
| election2 = 31 January 2021
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = 440 MPs
| house1 = Pyithu Hluttaw
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt = Distribution of seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw
| political_groups1 =
| committees1 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 =
| electoral_system = First-past-the-post in each townships (third level administrative divisions of Myanmar)
| last_election1 = 8 November 2020 (annulled)
| next_election1 =
| session_room = Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt = Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw
| meeting_place = Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw
| website = {{URL|http://www.pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm}}
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}
{{Politics of Myanmar|American troops are now invading=At this moment a full scale invasion of Myanmar ..parachutes seen landing as well as Cobra gunships}}
The Pyithu Hluttaw ({{langx|my|ပြည်သူ့ လွှတ်တော်}}, {{IPA|my|pjìðṵ l̥ʊʔtɔ̀|pron}}; House of Representatives) is the de jure lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 440 members, of which 330 are directly elected through the first-past-the-post system in each townships (the third-level administrative divisions of Myanmar), and 110 are appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces, under a constitutional provision that has no parallel in the world.
After the 2010 general election, Thura Shwe Mann was elected as the first Speaker of House of Representatives. The last elections to the Pyithu Hluttaw were held in November 2015.{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-11/17/c_13611242.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120113113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-11/17/c_13611242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2010 |title=Myanmar election commission publishes election final results |publisher=Xinhuanet |date=17 November 2010}} At its first meeting on 1 February 2016, Win Myint and T Khun Myat were elected as Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12321085 |title=Burma's parliament opens new session |work=BBC News |date=31 January 2011}}
As of 8 November 2015, 90% of the members are men (389 members) and 10% are women (44 members).{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2388.htm|title=IPU PARLINE database: MYANMAR (Pyithu Hluttaw), Full text|last=Union|first=Inter-Parliamentary|website=ipu.org|access-date=2017-09-11}}
File:Clinton at Lower House of Burma.jpg at a conference chamber in the Pyithu Hluttaw]]
After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe, who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing.
- {{cite web |title=Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/amid-coup-myanmars-nld-lawmakers-form-committee-serve-legitimate-parliament.html |website=The Irrawaddy |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=8 February 2021}}
- {{cite web |title=Myanmar coup: Week of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-coup-Week-of-Feb.1-to-Feb.-21-EU-action-in-focus-as-foreign-ministers-set-to-meet |website=Nikkei Asia |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}
- {{cite web |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title='We're not brainwashed': a week of turmoil in Myanmar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/05/myanmar-protests-week-of-turmoil-aung-san-suu-kyi |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=5 February 2021}}
- {{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Patrick |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Eppler |first3=Kyle |title=Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military coup |website=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/aung-san-suu-kyi-urges-people-resist-military-coup-n1256316 |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}
Composition
=2016–2021=
{{Election Summary net Begin| title = House of Representatives elections, 2015}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 255
|net = {{increase}}218
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 57.95
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 30
|net = {{decrease}}182
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 6.82
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Arakan National Party
|seats = 12
|net = {{increase}}4
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.73
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
|seats = 12
|net = {{increase}}12
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.73
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Pa-O National Organisation
|seats = 3
|net = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Ta'ang National Party
|seats = 3
|net = {{increase}}1
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Lisu National Development Party
|seats = 2
|net = {{increase}}2
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Zomi Congress for Democracy
|seats = 2
|net = {{increase}}2
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Kachin State Democracy Party
|seats = 1
|net = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.23
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
|seats = 1
|net = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.23
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Wa Democratic Party
|seats = 1
|net = {{decrease}}1
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.23
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Independent
|seats = 1
|net = {{increase}}1
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.23
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Cancelled due to insurgency{{cite web
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/aung-san-suu-kyi-wins-seat-myanmar-election-results-tallied
| title = Myanmar election: Aung San Suu Kyi calls for reconciliation talks with military
| author = Oliver Holmes
| work = The Guardian
| date = 11 November 2015
| access-date = 11 November 2015
}}
|seats = 7
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 1.59
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Military appointees
|seats = 110
|net = {{steady}}
|votes = –
|votes % = –
|seats % = 25.00
|plus/minus = 0
}}
|-
| colspan=2|Total||440|| ||100||100|| ||
|}
Results are as of 20 November 2015.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/live-blog.html |title=The Myanmar Times Election Live, Eleven Media |access-date=2015-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120032848/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/live-blog.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|title=Announcement 92/2015|url=http://www.uecmyanmar.org/index.php/2014-02-11-08-31-43/862-20-11-2015-pyithu92|website=Union Election Commission|access-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120210630/http://www.uecmyanmar.org/index.php/2014-02-11-08-31-43/862-20-11-2015-pyithu92|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}
=2011–2016=
{{Election Summary net Begin| title = Pyithu Hluttaw elections, 2010}}{{cite news|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/b/burma/burma2010.txt|title=LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 7 NOVEMBER 2010|year=2010|publisher=Adam Carr's Election Archive|access-date=3 April 2012}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 259
|net =
|votes = 11,858,125
|votes % = 56.76
|seats % = 58.86
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
|seats = 18
|net =
|votes = 508,780
|votes % = 2.44
|seats % = 4.09
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National Unity Party (Myanmar)
|seats = 12
|net =
|votes = 4,060,802
|votes % = 19.44
|seats % = 2.73
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
|seats = 9
|net =
|votes = 599,008
|votes % = 2.87
|seats % = 2.05
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National Democratic Force
|seats = 8
|net =
|votes = 1,483,329
|votes % = 7.10
|seats % = 1.82
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = All Mon Region Democracy Party
|seats = 3
|net =
|votes = 167,928
|votes % = 0.80
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Pa-O National Organisation
|seats = 3
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Chin National Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes = 36,098
|votes % = 0.17
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Chin Progressive Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes = 76,463
|votes % = 0.36
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes = 82,038
|votes % = 0.39
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Wa Democratic Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes = 27,546
|votes % = 0.13
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Others
|seats = 10
|net =
|votes = 1,992,590
|votes % = 9.54
|seats % = 2.29
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Military appointees
|seats = 110
|net = {{increase}}110
|votes = –
|votes % = –
|seats % = 25.00
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| colspan=2|Total||440|| ||100||100||20,892,707||
{{Election box end}}
- The 3 Pa-O National Organisation candidates ran unopposed.
{{Election Summary net Begin| title = Pyithu Hluttaw by-election, 2012}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 212
|net = {{decrease}}47
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 48.18
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 37
|net = {{increase}}37
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 8.41
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
|seats = 18
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 4.09
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National Unity Party (Burma)
|seats = 12
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.73
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
|seats = 9
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.05
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = National Democratic Force
|seats = 8
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 1.82
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = All Mon Region Democracy Party
|seats = 3
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Pa-O National Organisation
|seats = 3
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.68
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Chin National Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Chin Progressive Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Party|
|party = Wa Democratic Party
|seats = 2
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0.45
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Others
|seats = 10
|net =
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.28
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Military appointees
|seats = 110
|net =
|votes = –
|votes % = –
|seats % = 25.00
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election Summary net Other|
|party = Vacant
|seats = 10
|net = {{increase}}10
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 2.28
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| colspan=2|Total||440|| ||100||100|| ||
{{Election box end}}
Voting seats by region and state
| class="wikitable" |
| rowspan=2|Party
! colspan=7|Region ! colspan=7|State ! Territory ! rowspan=2|Total seats by party |
|---|
| Ayeyarwady
| Bago | Magway | Mandalay | Sagaing | Yangon | Chin | Kachin | Kayah | Kayin | Mon | Rakhine | Shan{{ref|1|1}} |
| Union Solidarity and Development Party
| 20 | 21 | 18 | 25 | 31 | 8 | 31 | 5 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 23 | 1 | 221 |
| National League for Democracy
| 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 4 | 37 |
| Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 17 | – | 18 |
| National Unity Party
| 1 | 3 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 12 |
| National Democratic Force
| – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
| Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | – | – | 9 |
| All Mon Region Democracy Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 |
| Pa-O National Organisation
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | 3 |
| Chin National Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Chin Progressive Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Wa Democratic Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
| Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Kayin People's Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Inn National Development Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Taaung (Palaung) National Party
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Other Parties and Independents
| – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 2 |
| Total seats
| 26 | 28 | 25 | 31 | 37 | 10 | 45 | 9 | 17 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 51 | 5 | 325 |
Notes:
{{refbegin}}
- {{note|1}} In Shan state voting the five seats is cancelled
{{refend}}
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="14" |Pyithu Hluttaw seats elected by Regions and States (November 2015) |
| Region/State
!NLD !USDP !ANP !SNLD !TNP !PNO !ZCD !KSDP !KDUP !LNDP !WDP !Independent !Total |
|---|
| Kachin State
|12 |3 | | | | | |1 | |2 | | |18 |
| Kayah State
|6 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |7 |
| Kayin State
|6 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |7 |
| Chin State
|7 | | | | | |2 | | | | | |9 |
| Mon State
|9 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |10 |
| Rakhine State
|4 |1 |12 | | | | | | | | | |17 |
| Shan State
|12 |15 | |12 |3 |3 | | |1 | |1 |1 |48 |
| Sagaing Region
|36 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |37 |
| Tanintharyi Region
|10 | | | | | | | | | | | |10 |
| Bago Region
|27 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |28 |
| Magway Region
|25 | | | | | | | | | | | |25 |
| Mandalay Region
|27 |4 | | | | | | | | | | |31 |
| Yangon Region
|44 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |45 |
| Ayeyarwady Region
|25 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |26 |
| Naypyidaw Territory
|4 |1 | | | | | | | | | | |5 |
| Total
|255 |30 |12 |12 |3 |3 |2 |1 |1 |2 |1 |1 |323 |
Note: Result as of 20 Nov 2015. Elections in seven townships of Shan State were cancelled due to armed conflicts. Military appointed were not included in this table.{{cite web|title=The Myanmar Times Election Live |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/live-blog.html |website=mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/ |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120032848/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/live-blog.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|title=Announcement 92/2015|url=http://www.uecmyanmar.org/index.php/2014-02-11-08-31-43/862-20-11-2015-pyithu92|website=Union Election Commission|access-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120210630/http://www.uecmyanmar.org/index.php/2014-02-11-08-31-43/862-20-11-2015-pyithu92|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{Official website|http://www.pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm}}
{{Government of Burma|state=expanded}}
{{Legislatures of Burma|state=expanded}}
{{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}
{{National lower houses}}
Category:History of Myanmar (1948–present)