Pyotr Kapitsa

{{short description|Soviet physicist and Nobel Laureate (1894–1984)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| birth_name = Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

| native_name = {{nobold|Пётр Капица}}

| image = Pyotr Kapitsa 1930s.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Kapitsa in the 1930s

| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|7|9|df=y}}

| birth_place = Kronstadt, Russian Empire

| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|4|8|1894|7|8|df=y}}

| death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union

| resting_place = Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow

| residence =

| citizenship = USSR

| field = Physics

| workplaces = Moscow State University

| alma_mater =

| doctoral_advisor = Abram Ioffe

| academic_advisor =

| doctoral_students = David Shoenberg

| notable_students =

| known_for = Superfluidity
Kapitza instability
Kapitza number
Kapitza resistance
Kapitza's pendulum
Kapitsa–Dirac effect

| influences =

| influenced =

| prizes = {{Plainlist|

FRS {{small|(1929)}}
Faraday Medal {{small|(1942)}}
Franklin Medal {{small|(1944)}}
Lomonosov Gold Medal {{small|(1959)}}
Cothenius Medal {{small|(1959)}}
Rutherford Medal and Prize {{small|(1966)}}
Nobel Prize in Physics {{small|(1978)}} }}

| religion =

| signature =

| footnotes =

}}

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} ({{langx|ru|Пётр Леонидович Капица}}, {{langx|ro|Petre Capița}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 July|1894|26 June}}[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311753/Pyotr-Leonidovich-Kapitsa Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]. Encyclopædia Britannica – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate,{{Nobelprize}}{{cite web|url=http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Kapitza,+Peter|title=Alsos: Browse Results: People: Kapitza, Peter|website=alsos.wlu.edu|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141912/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FKapitza%2C+Peter|archive-date=28 August 2006|url-status=dead}} whose research focused on low-temperature physics.

Biography

Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, Russian Empire, to the Bessarabian Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa ({{langx|ro|Leonid Petrovici Capița}}), a military engineer who constructed fortifications, and to the Volhynian Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa, from a noble Polish Stebnicki family.Tadeusz Gajl (2007). [http://gajl.wielcy.pl/herby_lista.php?query=9Stebnicki&startp=0&herbcnt=2&lang=en Polish Armorial Middle Ages to 20th Century]. — Gdańsk: L&L {{ISBN|978-83-60597-10-1}}[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5 Stebnytski noble family] from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary at Wikisource, 1890–1907 (in Russian) Besides Russian, the Kapitsa family also spoke Romanian.{{cite web|url=http://mdn.md/index.php?day=3498 |title=Ilustrul savant rus de origine basarabeană, academicianul Serghei Petrovici Capița, împlinește azi 80 de ani|language=ro|access-date=2009-04-21 |publisher=MDN News Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191828/http://mdn.md/index.php?day=3498|archive-date=2013-10-29 }}

File:Yoffe_Seminar_1915.jpg (seated fourth from left) in 1915]]

Kapitsa's studies were interrupted by the First World War, in which he served as an ambulance driver for two years on the Polish front.{{cite book |last=James |first=Ioan |author-link=Ioan James |title=Remarkable Physicists: From Galileo to Yukawa |url=https://archive.org/details/remarkablephysic00jame |url-access=limited |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01706-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/remarkablephysic00jame/page/n336 320]–327}} He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. His wife and two children died in the flu epidemic of 1918–19. He subsequently studied in Britain, working for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and founding the influential Kapitza club. He was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge.{{cite web |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PH-CAVENDISH-P-00414/1 |website=University of Cambridge Digital Library |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=12 October 2022|title=Cavendish Laboratory : Portrait of Pyotr Kapitza }}

In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear relation between resistivity and magnetic field strength in various metals under very strong magnetic fields.

In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia to visit his parents but the Soviet Union prevented him from travelling back to Great Britain.{{cite journal |title=Prof. P. Kapitza and the U.S.S.R |journal=Nature |date=1 May 1935 |volume=135 |issue=3418 |pages=755–756 |doi=10.1038/135755a0 |bibcode=1935Natur.135..755. |s2cid=4113390 |doi-access=free }}

As his equipment for high-magnetic field research remained in Cambridge (although later Ernest Rutherford negotiated with the British government the possibility of shipping it to the USSR), he changed the direction of his research to the study of low temperature phenomena, beginning with a critical analysis of the existing methods for achieving low temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on the adiabatic principle) for making significant quantities of liquid helium.{{fact|date=April 2022}}

Kapitsa participated in formation of the Institute for Physical Problems, in part using equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge (with the assistance of Rutherford, once it was clear that Kapitsa would not be permitted to return).{{fact|date=April 2022}}

In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study liquid helium. This research culminated with the 1937 discovery of superfluidity (another expression of the state of matter that gives rise to superconductivity). Beginning with a letter to the editor of Science on 8 January 1938 where he reported the absence of measurable viscosity in liquid helium-4 cooled below 1.8 K, Kapitza documented the properties of helium-4 superfluid in a series of papers. This was the body of work for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, "basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics".{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1978/kapitsa/facts/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}

In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a low-pressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine. Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, where he developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000 K.{{fact|date=April 2022}}

In November 1945 Kapitsa quarreled with Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD and in charge of the Soviet atomic bomb project, writing to Joseph Stalin about Beria's ignorance of physics and his arrogance. Stalin backed Kapitsa, telling Beria he had to cooperate with the scientists. Kapitsa refused to meet Beria: "If you want to speak to me, then come to the Institute." Stalin offered to meet Kapitsa, but this never happened.Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2008) Young Stalin, pp. 446–7. {{ISBN|1400096138}}.

Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists (including Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new technical university, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of the presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and at his death in 1984 was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the Communist Party.Graham, Loren R. 1994. Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. {{ISBN|0-521-28789-8}}.

In 1966 Kapitsa was allowed to visit Cambridge to receive the Rutherford Medal and Prize.{{cite news | last = Tucker | first = Anthony | title = Dr Peter Kapitza expected in Britain next month | newspaper = The Guardian | pages = 4 | date = 1966-04-04 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/259503770/ | access-date = 2019-03-16}}{{subscription required|via=newspapers.com}} While dining at his old college, Trinity, he found he did not have the required gown. He asked to borrow one, but a college servant asked him when he last dined at high table, "Thirty-two years" replied Kapitza. Within moments the servant returned, not with any gown, but Kapitsa's own.{{cite news | title = Carry on Jeeveski | newspaper = The Guardian | pages = 10 | date = 1966-05-05 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/259513982/ | access-date = 2019-03-16}}{{subscription required|via=newspapers.com}}

File:KustodiyevSemenov Kapitsa.JPG, the physics and chemistry Nobel laureates (portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921).]]

In 1978 Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" and was also cited for his long term role as a leader in the development of this area. He shared the prize with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, who won for discovering the cosmic microwave background.{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 – Press Release |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/press.html |publisher=Nobel Prize.org |date=17 October 1978}}

Kapitsa resistance is the thermal resistance (which causes a temperature discontinuity) at the interface between liquid helium and a solid. The Kapitsa–Dirac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of electrons by a standing wave of light. In fluid dynamics, the Kapitza number is a dimensionless number characterizing the flow of thin films of fluid down an incline.

Personal life

Pyotr Kapitsa had the nickname "Centaurus". This arose when once Artem Alikhanian asked Kapitsas' student Shalnikov "is your supervisor a human or a beast?" to which Shalnikov responded that he is a Centaurus, i.e. he can be human but also he can get angry and hit you with hooves like a horse. Kora Drobantseva's memoirs, "The way we lived"; Академик Ландау: как мы жили: воспоминания Москва 2011 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kucVCgAAQBAJ] Kapitsa was married in 1927 to Anna Alekseyevna Krylova (1903-1996), daughter of applied mathematician Aleksey Krylov. They had two sons, Sergey and Andrey. Sergey Kapitsa (1928–2012) was a physicist and demographer. Kapitsa was also the host of the popular and long-running Russian scientific TV show Evident, but Incredible.{{cite web |title=Kalinga Prize Laureates |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/science-popularization/kalinga-winners/ |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=17 March 2011}} Andrey Kapitsa (1931–2011) was a geographer. He was credited with the discovery and naming of Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, which lies 4,000 meters below the continent's ice cap.{{cite news|title=Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow |url=http://int.rgo.ru/news/andrey-kapitsa-dies-in-moscow/ |work=Russian Geographical Society |date=3 August 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011}}

Kapitsa had the ear of people high up in the Soviet government, due to the usefulness to industry of his discoveries, regularly writing letters on matters of science policy. In particular, he saved both Vladimir Fock and Lev Landau from Stalin's purges of the 1930s, telling Vyacheslav Molotov that Landau was the only one who would be able to solve an important physics puzzle of the time.{{Cite journal |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-top-secret-life-of-lev-landau/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |journal=Scientific American |year=1997 |language=en |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72|last1=Gorelik |first1=Gennady |volume=277 |issue=2 |pages=72–77 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G |url-access=subscription }}

Kapitsa died on 8 April 1984 in Moscow at the age 89.

Honors and awards

A minor planet, 3437 Kapitsa, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1982, is named after him.Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. p. 287. {{ISBN|3662066157}}. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1929.{{Cite journal | last1 = Shoenberg | first1 = D. | author-link = David Shoenberg| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1985.0012 | title = Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza. 9 July 1894 – 8 April 1984 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 31 | pages = 326–374 | year = 1985 | jstor = 769929 | s2cid = 57746295 }} In 1958 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.{{cite web|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/4066/|title=List of Members|website=www.leopoldina.org|access-date=7 April 2018}}

Hero of Socialist Labour (1945 and 1974)
Stalin Prize, 1st class (1941 and 1943)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1959)
Cothenius Medal (1959)
Simon Memorial Prize (1973)
Order of Lenin (1943, 1944, 1945, 1964, 1971)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1954)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)

References

External links

{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1978 Plasma and the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction
{{PM20}}
[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1677 Papers of Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza] held at Churchill Archives Centre
{{discogs artist|Петр Капица}}

Category:1894 births

Category:1984 deaths

Category:People from Kronstadt

Category:People from Petergofsky Uyezd

Category:People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent

Category:People from the Russian Empire of Romanian descent

Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire

Category:Physicists from the Russian Empire

Category:Soviet Nobel laureates

Category:Soviet physicists

Category:University and college founders

Category:Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni