Qaem Shahr

Chamno: Also known as Jemanan, it consists of two parts: "Chamn" (grass) and "o" (water in the Tabari language). It referred to an area characterized by lush grasslands and water. Historical records of Tabaristan mention that during the 6th century AH, a river flowed through Chamno. Its bridge was repaired at the personal expense of Shah Ghazi Rustam (460 to 536 AH), the ruler of Tabaristan, to prevent its water from going to waste. Ibn Isfandiyar also frequently mentioned Chamno in the History of Tabaristan. Today, there is a neighborhood called Jemanan in Qaem Shahr.

Toji: The origin of the name for the city Toji or Triji remains unclear but may derive from the Toji River located south of Qaem Shahr

Shahi: In the early 1300s (solar calendar), the newly established city of Shahi was founded by order of Reza Shah, his birthplace, and Aliabad was renamed Shahi.http://www.shomalnews.com/view/75497/%معرفی20شهرها%20و%20جاذبه%20های%20استان%20مازندران/

Qaem Shahr: Following the 1979 Revolution, the city was renamed to Qaem Shahr.http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/44782

In 1951, Qaem Shahr's population was around 18,000, growing to 123,684 in 1991.{{cn|date=June 2024}} At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 174,246 in 48,055 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Mazandaran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920090640/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}} The following census in 2011 counted 196,050 people in 60,347 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Mazandaran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182058/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls|archive-date=19 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}} The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 204,953 people in 68,407 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Mazandaran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007110909/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=7 October 2021}}

According to existing evidence, including religious sites such as Imamzadeh Yousef Reza and the tomb of the scholar and jurist Sheikh Tabarsi, Qaem Shahr reflects a long-standing history of civilization and culture dating back to before the 6th century AH.

In the city of Shahi, a weekly bazaar was held every Wednesday. On these days, locals from nearby districts, as well as merchants from surrounding villages and even other cities, brought their goods and products to this market for sale. Over time, this bazaar gained significance and established a certain level of prominence and centrality in the region.

During the era of the Umayyad dynasty, the Arab rulers, aiming to control and dominate the southern regions of the Caspian Sea, established 44 military outposts stretching from present-day Astara to Esterabad (modern-day Gorgan). One of the most prominent of these posts was the Arta military fortress. These 44 outposts were commonly known as “Dine Sar,” which essentially means “protector of religion.” At the Arta military fortress, a commander named Bani Abbas, accompanied by 330 soldiers, governed the areas of present-day Qaem Shahr, Arateh, and Sari.

Based on the presence of ancient hills, Qaem Shahr boasts a deep and long-standing history:

Gardkooh Jemanoon Hill: The antiquity of Gardkooh Hill dates back to the Iron Age.

Taleghani Hill: Archaeological findings, historical relics, and human remains from the first millennium have been unearthed here.

Dineh Kafashgarkola Hill in Arateh: This hill, located in the village of Kafashgarkola Arateh in Qaem Shahr County, dates back to the first millennium BC, further proving the region's ancient history.

File:Fenner, Rest. Persis, Parthia, Armenia. 1835 (K).jpg

Before Islam, Mazandaran Province was known as Tapurstan (in Pahlavi: 55px), derived from the name of the Tapur tribe (in Greek: Τάπυροι). After Islam, the Tabari tribe inherited the name, and their homeland became known as Tabarestan.{{cite book | last1 = Emadi | first1 = Asadollah | title = Revisiting the History of Mazandaran | year = 1993 | publisher = Mazandaran Culture House Publications | page = 72}}{{cite book | last = Marquart | first = Josef | title = Eranshahr Based on the Geography of Moses of Chorene | translator = Maryam Mir Ahmadi | year = 1994 | publisher = Tehran Information Publications | page = 245}}{{cite journal |last1=Borjian |first1=Habib |date=2004 |title=Mazandaran: Language and People (The State of Research) |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D85B1DDR/download |journal=Yerevan State University |volume= |issue= |pages=289 |doi=10.1163/1573384043076045 |language=en}}

According to Vasily Bartold, the Tapurs lived in the southeastern regions of the province and were subjects of the Achaemenid Empire. The Amardians were defeated by Alexander the Great, and later subdued by the Parthians, who resettled them near Rey in the 2nd century BC. The Tapurs then occupied the former lands of the Amardians. In his description of the Deylam region (eastern Gilan on the shores of the Caspian Sea), Ptolemy mentions only the Tapurs.{{cite book | last = Bartold | first = Vasily | title = Historical Geography of Iran | year = 1930 | publisher = Tehran Union | page = 283}}

According to Mojtaba Minovi, the Amardian and Tapur tribes inhabited the land of Mazandaran. The Tapurs resided in the mountainous areas, while the Amardians lived in the plains of Mazandaran. In 176 BC, Phraates I relocated the Amardian tribe to the Khvar region, allowing the Tapurs to occupy the entire Mazandaran area, which then became known as Tapurstan.{{cite book | last1 = Minovi | first1 = Mojtaba | title = Maziyar | year = 1963 | publisher = Amir Kabir Publishing Institute | page = 9}} The cities of Amol, Chalous, Klar, Saeedabad, and Royan were part of the Tapur tribe's territory.{{cite book | last1 = Mohammadpour | first1 = Safarali | title = Chalous in the Mirror of History | year = 2007 | publisher = Masoud Kalam Publications | page = 370}}

William Smith, in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, writes that the Tapur tribe was a people whose settlement throughout different historical periods seems to have extended across a vast area from Armenia eastward to the Oxus River (Amu Darya). Strabo places them near the Caspian Gates and Rey, in Parthia, between the Derbices and Aserm Hyrcania, alongside the Amardians and other groups along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. This last perspective, which locates the Tapurs along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea, aligns with the views of Quintus Curtius Rufus, Dionysius, and Pliny the Elder.

Ptolemy at times considers the Tapurs as part of the peoples of Media, while elsewhere he associates them with Margiana. There is no doubt that the region currently known as Tabarestan derives its name from the Tapurs mentioned by Pliny and Quintus Curtius. Aelian provides a peculiar description of the Tapurs who lived in Media.{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. William Smith, LLD. London. Walton and Maberly, Upper Gower Street and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row; John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1854. ,TAPU´RI|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=tapuri-geo|access-date=2021-02-04|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}

Throughout its history, Qaem Shahr has been known by various names such as Chamno, Tooji, Aliabad, and Shahi. The earliest recorded name of the city, mentioned in Islamic-era sources from the 7th to 9th centuries AH, is Chamno or Jamno. Chamno was the site of a battle in the 3rd century between Soleiman bin Abdollah, a Taherian ruler of Tabarestan, and Hasan bin Zayd, the leader of the Alavids of Tabarestan. Other historical and geographical sources also refer to the city as Tooji, Triji, or Taranjeh. This fortified city, which also had a castle, has been mentioned under different names. Some sources consider Taranjeh and Tooji to be the same location, while others treat them as two distinct places. Zahir al-Din Marashi refers to Tooji and Chamno as villages in the western parts of the Sari province. Based on Zahir al-Din Marashi's accounts, the city of Tooji should be located near present-day Qaem Shahr. In Istakhri's Masalik al-Mamalik, the location of Tooji is described as being near Sari and separate from Mamtabar. A significant historical event at the fortress of Tooji was the battle between the forces of Seyyed Kamal al-Din Marashi and Kiyavastasp Jalali.{{cite book | last = Nasri Ashrafi | first = Jahangir | editor = Jafar Shoja Keyvani | title = Encyclopedia of Tabarestan and Mazandaran, Vol. 3 | year = 2020 | publisher = Nashr Ney | page = 200}}

In sources from the 9th century AH, this city is referred to as the region of Aliabad. In the travelogues of Safavid-era explorers, such as Pietro della Valle, who visited Mazandaran and present-day Qaem Shahr, as well as in Tarikh-e Giti Gosha related to the Zand dynasty period, the city is mentioned under the name Aliabad. In late February 1931, by order of Reza Shah, Aliabad was renamed Shahi.{{cite book | last = Nasri Ashrafi | first = Jahangir | editor = Jafar Shoja Keyvani | title = Encyclopedia of Tabarestan and Mazandaran, Vol. 3 | year = 2020 | publisher = Nashr Ney | page = 200}}

Tujī (also referred to as Trījī, Trījeh, Tarnjeh, and Barjī) is mentioned as one of the cities of Tabarestan.

Ibn Rusta{{Cite book | last = Ibn Rusta | first = Ahmad ibn Umar | translator = Hossein Ghareh Chaanloo | title = Al-Alaq al-Nafisa | year = 1986 | publisher = Amir Kabir Publishing Institute | page = 176}}, a historian from the 3rd century, describes Tabarestan as bounded by Gorgan and Qumis in the east, Deylam in the west, the sea in the north, and certain regions of Qumis and Rey in the south. According to Ibn Rusta, Tabarestan consisted of fourteen districts, with Khore of Amol as the capital and central city of the region, and its cities included: Sari, Vasram, Mamteer, Tarnjeh, Roubast, Mileh, Merarkadieh (Kadah), Mehrovan, Tamis, Tamar, Natel, Shalus, Royan, and Kalar (Kalardasht).{{Cite journal | last1 = Aghajani | first1 = Hashem | date = 2013 | title = The Origins of Tapurians Until the Formation of Tabarestan City | url = http://history.bojnourdiau.ac.ir/article_520194_8965e00ce990b8483cffe4e9767bf599.pdf | journal = | volume = 8 | issue = 31 | pages = 5–9 | doi = | access-date = }}

Estakhri writes that the cities of Amol, Natel, Salus (Chalous), Kalar (Kalardasht), Royan, Mileh, Barjī, Cheshmeh Al-Ham, Mamteer, Sari, Asram, Mehrovan, Lamresk, and Tamisha are part of Tabarestan.{{Cite book | last1 = Sajadi | first1 = Mohammad Taghi | title = History and Historical Geography of Ramsar | year = 1999 | publisher = Moein Publications | page = 67}}

Ibn Hawqal, in describing Tabarestan, mentions that Amol is the largest city of Tabarestan and was the seat of government at his time. He describes the distances between cities: from Plur to Amol is one stage; Amol to Mileh is two farsakhs; Mileh to Trījī is two farsakhs; Trījī to Sari is one stage; Sari to Esterabad is four stages; Esterabad to Gorgan is two stages; Amol to Natel is one stage; Natel to Chalous is one stage; and towards the sea, Ayn Al-Ham is one stage. Ibn Hawqal lists the cities of Amol, Shalus (Chalous), Kalar (Kalardasht), Royan, Mileh, Trījī, Ayn Al-Ham, Mamteer, Asram, Sariyeh, and Tamisha as belonging to the province of Tabarestan.{{Cite book | last1 = Zabihi | first1 = Ali | title = Amol | year = 2012 | publisher = Rasanesh Novin | page = 18}}

Maqdisi identifies "Jurjan, Tabarestan, Deylam, and Jilan" as belonging to the fifth climatic region of the world in Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Maqdisi also describes Tabarestan as having many mountains and abundant rain, noting Amol as the capital of Tabarestan and cities like Chalous, Mamteer, Tarnjeh, Asram, Sariyeh, Tamisha, and others as part of Tabarestan.Hossein Hosseinian Moghadam, Mansour Dadashnejad, Hossein Moradinassab, and Mohammadreza Hedayatpanah, under the supervision of Dr. Seyyed Ahmadreza Khezri. History of Shiism 2: Governments, Dynasties, and Scientific and Cultural Works. Tehran: Research Institute for Seminary and University, 2014. 145. 978-964-7788-37-3{{Cite book | last1 = Maqdisi | first1 = Shams al-Din | title = Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim, Volume II | year = 1982 | publisher = Authors and Translators Association of Iran | page = 519}}

According to Hudud al-'Alam, Tamisha, Lamresk, Sari, Asram, Mamteer, Trījī, Mileh, Amol, Al-Ham, Natel, Roudan, Chalous, and Kalar (Kalardasht) are among the cities of Tabarestan. The author of Hudud al-'Alam notes that Natel, Roudan, Chalous, and Kalar (Kalardasht) were small towns located in the mountains and valleys, forming part of Tabarestan but under a different kingdom governed by a ruler called "Istandar."{{Cite book | last1 = Sotoudeh | first1 = Manouchehr | title = Hudud al-'Alam | year = 1983 | publisher = Language and Culture Iran Publications | page = 146}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Hoseynnia Amirkelayi | first1 = Hanieh | last2 = Mousavi Hajji | first2 = Seyyed Rasoul | date = 2020 | title = Study of Islamic Era Ceramics of the Historical City of Natel | url = http://ensani.ir/fa/article/452200/مطالعه-نمونه-های-سفالین-دوران-اسلامی-شهر-تاریخی-ناتل | journal = Archaeological Studies of Parse | volume = 4 | issue = 14 | pages = 88 | doi = | access-date = }}

Abul Qasim ibn Ahmad Jihani in his book Ashkal al-'Alam mentions the cities of Tabarestan, including: Amol, Natel, Salus (Chalous), Kalaroudan (Kalardasht), Ayn Al-Ham, Mamteer, the ancient city of Asram, Sari, Tamisha, Esterabad, Jurjan, Abaskoon, and Dehestan. He notes the routes from Amol to Deylam, Amol to Natel, from Natel to Salus, from Salus to Kalar, and from Kalar to Deylam.{{Cite book | last1 = Eghbal | first1 = Mehdi | title = History of Chalous | year = 2010 | publisher = Shamloo Publications | page = 23}}

Rabino notes that the extent of Deylam did not exceed more than one stage west of the Kalar region of Tabarestan.{{Cite book | last1 = Sajadi | first1 = Mohammad Taghi | title = History and Historical Geography of Ramsar | year = 1999 | publisher = Moein Publications | page = 57}} Hamzeh Esfahani, a historian from the 3rd century, writes in his book History of the Kings and Prophets that Tabarestan had many districts, one of which was the region of Deylam, and Iranians referred to the people of Deylam as the "Kurds of Tabarestan," just as Arabs called the people of Iraq the "Kurds of Sorestān."{{Cite book | last1 = Esfahani | first1 = Hamzeh | title = History of Prophets and Kings (History of the Kings and Prophets) | year = 1983 | publisher = Iranian Cultural Foundation Publications | page = 214}}

Ibn Esfandiyar describes Tabarestan as spanning east to west, bounded by Dinargar to Malat, roughly equivalent to the present-day Kordkuy and Rudsar. In his book History of Tabarestan, Ibn Esfandiyar lists cities in Tabarestan that had mosques and congregational prayer spaces: Amol, Asram, Sari, Mamteer, Roudbast, Trijeh, Mileh, Mehrovan, Ahlam, Pay Dasht, Natel, Kanu, Shalus (Chalous), Bikhuri, Lamresk, Tamish in the plains; and in the mountains, Kalar (Kalardasht), Royan, Namar, Kajuyeh, Vimeh, Shelanbeh, Vafad, Al-Jomha, Sharmam, Larjan, Omidvar Kuh, Prim, and Hazarger.{{Cite book | last1 = Eghbal | first1 = Mehdi | title = History of Chalous | year = 2010 | publisher = Shamloo Publications | page = 23}}

Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi in his book History of Tabarestan, Royan, and Mazandaran describes the boundaries of Tabarestan: in the east, Dinargar, and

According to historical records, the initial foundation of this city was established during the Qajar era under the name Aliabad. It originally consisted of a village with commercial and residential units near today's Taleghani Square, along with neighborhoods surrounding it and large villages such as Chamno (present-day Jemnan, which is now a part of the city itself), Qadikola-ye Bozorg, and Kuchaksara on its outskirts. After the fall of the Qajar dynasty and the beginning of Reza Shah's reign, due to its strategic regional position (serving as a transit route for trade and pilgrimage caravans from neighboring provinces such as Tehran, Gilan, and Khorasan), the area gained increased importance.

Today, it is recognized as a geographically strategic city, linking Tehran to the north and northeast through two different routes: Firuzkuh Road and Haraz road. It is reported that annually, five million travelers pass through the Firuzkuh Road to Qaem Shahr, which also connects to the maritime border via the port of Babolsar.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghaemshahr.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=55 |title=History of the City |accessdate=27 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124161722/http://www.ghaemshahr.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=55 |archivedate=24 January 2012 |dead-url=yes}}{{Cite book |last=Hasanzadeh Ahmadi|first=Mousa|title=A Summary of Tabarestan|publisher=Shelfine|year=1979}}

From a climatic and geographical perspective, the area experiences a Mediterranean and moderate Caspian climate, characterized by humid summers, while the southern regions have relatively cold and rainy winters. The city is located 20 kilometers from the provincial center and 180 kilometers north of Tehran, situated between the Caspian Sea and the Alborz Mountains.

Qaem Shahr is where the North Iranian railway quits the fertile plains of Mazandaran to cross the highest mountain range of the Middle East, the Alborz.

File:تصویر۰۰۴.jpg

File:Shaykhtabarsi 2008.jpg

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| location = Qara Kheyl(normals 1991-2020, extremes 1984-2023) elevation: 14.7

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| Jan record high C =30.4

| Feb record high C =34.6

| Mar record high C =36.2

| Apr record high C =39.0

| May record high C =40.6

| Jun record high C =39.6

| Jul record high C =38.4

| Aug record high C =40.6

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|source = NOAA{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Gharakhil_40737.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gharakhil |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}

|source 2=IRIMO (extremes{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/GHAEMSHR/6.asp |title=Form 6: Temperature Records Lowest in C. Station: Gharaghil Ghaemshahr (40737) |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614160345/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/GHAEMSHR/6.asp |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=IRIMO}}

• {{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/GHAEMSHR/7.asp |title=Form 7: Temperature Records Highest in C. Station Gharakhil Ghaemshahr (40737) |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614161101/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/GHAEMSHR/7.asp |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=IRIMO}}), meteomanz(snow days 2004-2023, extremes since 2021){{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=2060&ind=40737&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024 |title=GHARAKHIL - Weather data by months |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=meteomanz |no-pp=y}}

}}

• Behdad Salimi (born 1989) – weightlifter
• Farhad Majidi – football player
• Nader Dastneshan (1960–2021) – football coach
• Mehrdad Oladi (1985–2016) – football player
• Mehrdad Kafshgari (born 1987) – football player
• Fereydoon Fazli (born 1971) – football player
• Babak Nourzad (born 1978) – wrestler
• Mojtaba Tarshiz (born 1978) – football player
• Farshid Talebi (born 1981) – football player
• Maysam Baou (born 1983) – football player
• Mehdi Jafarpour (born 1984) – football player
• Mohammad Abbaszadeh (born 1990) – football player
• Ali Alipour (born 1995) – football player
• Behnam Tayyebi (born 1975) – wrestler
• Ahmad Mohammadi (born 1989) – wrestler
• Mansour Hedayati – (residence) – poet

• Gerdkooh Hills
• Old Municipality Building
• Islamic Azad University Qaemshahr Branch
• Telar Jungle Park
• Tomb of Sheykh Tabarsi
• Qadi Kola Forest
• Paein Lamok Park
• Siah Dasht Cave
• Imamzadeh Seyed Mohammad Zarin Nava
• Kerchang Lagoon
• Zamzam Dam
• Talar River
• Kutna Village
• Golpol Lake
• Tomb of Seyyed Abu Saleh
• Reykandeh Village

Qaem Shahr is one of the sports magnets in Iran. World and Olympic champion weightlifter Behdad Salimi hails from Qaem Shahr.

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{{Reflist}}

• [http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Qa'em+Shahr Columbia Encyclopedia]

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{{Mazandaran Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Qaem Shahr County|state=collapsed}}

Category:Populated places in Qaem Shahr County

Category:Cities in Mazandaran province