Quanzhou

Quanzhou (also known as Zayton or Zaiton in British and American historical sources) is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|泉州}}}}, using its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect. The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Quan ("Spring") Prefecture. Ch'üan-chou was the Wade-Giles romanization of the same name;{{sfnp|EB|1911}}{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of China|volume=VI|editor=Herbert Franke|editor2=Denis Twitchett|display-editors=0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1994}}{{cite book|last=Long|first=So Kee|author-link=Long So Kee|chapter=Financial Crisis and Local Economy: Ch'üan-chou in the Thirteenth Century|title=T'oung Pao, No. 77|date=1991|pages=119–37}} other forms include Chwanchow-foo,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Chwan-chau fu, Chwanchew, Ts'üan-chou, Tswanchow-foo,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Tswanchau,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA617 617]}} T'swan-chau fu, Ts'wan-chiu,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA233 233]}} Ts'wan-chow-fu, Thsiouan-tchéou-fou, and Thsíouan-chéou-fou.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The romanizations Chuan-chiu, Choan-Chiu,{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=Philip Wilson|title=Fifty Years in Amoy or A History of the Amoy Mission, China|location=New York|date=1893|publisher=Reformed Church in America|isbn=9785871498194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8QIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|page=33}} and Shanju{{refn|Abulfeda, Geography, recorded by Cordier.}} reflect the local Hokkien pronunciation.

The Postal Map name of the city was "Chinchew",Postal Atlas of China. an English variant of Chincheo, which is also the historical Spanish, Portuguese (and later also Dutch and French) name for the city. The exact etymon of the term is uncertain with multiple explanations on the matter. Historically, "Chincheo" or also "Chengchio" or "Chenchiu" was likely a name that originally referred to neighboring Zhangzhou, due to the name generally being used by European sailors to denote the Bay of Amoy and its hinterland, or even the whole Fujian province.{{Cite journal|last=Van der Loon|first=Piet|date=1967|title=The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2|url=http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1745sWSSKnQ.pdf|journal=Asia Major|series=New Series|language=en|volume=13|pages=95–186}} The confusion is also discussed by Charles R. Boxer (1953){{Cite journal|last=Boxer|first=Charles Ralph|author-link=Charles Ralph Boxer|date=1953|title=South China in the Sixteenth Century: Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar Da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImoTAAAAIAAJ&q=chincheo|journal=Issue 106 of Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society|location=London|publisher=Hakluyt Society|issue=106|pages=313–326}} and the 1902 Encyclopedia{{Cite web|title=Chinchew (Chinchu) (currently known as: Quanzhou)|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/C/CHI/chinchew.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515095543/https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/C/CHI/chinchew.html|archive-date=15 May 2023|access-date=13 February 2024|website=1902 Encyclopedia}} in that it is apparently the transcription of the local Quanzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name of Zhangzhou,{{efn|Zhangzhou itself is named for its former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang River Prefecture.}} Quanzhou Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Cheng-chiu|l=Zhangzhou|c=漳州}} (IPA: /t͡ɕiɪŋ³³ t͡ɕiu³³/),{{efn|as opposed to Zhangzhou Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chiang-chiu|l=Zhangzhou|c=漳州}}}} the major Fujianese port in the 16th and 17th centuries, specifically the old port of Yuegang in Haicheng, Zhangzhou, trading with Spanish Manila and Portuguese Macao.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} It is uncertain when exactly and why Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later also British and French sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou, but perhaps there were initially some confusion due to miscommunication on first language contact by European sailors with Hokkien speakers around the Bay of Amoy, which the term later stuck and continued due to the language barrier among Hokkien speakers and those who do not speak the language. Another by Duncan (1902) claims that it comes from a supposed previous "Tsuien-chow" Mandarin romanization{{Cite book|last=Duncan|first=Annie N.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/princeton_theological_seminary_3720_0539/page/n23/mode/2up|title=The City of Springs or Mission Work in Chinchew|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier|year=1902|location=Edinburgh & London|pages=17|chapter=Chapter II: Chinchew Six Hundred Years Ago}} (Mandarin {{lang-zh|l=|c=泉州|p=Quánzhōu}}; IPA: /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/). In the Chineesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek van het Emoi dialekt (1882), a Hokkien-Dutch Dictionary from Dutch Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) of the Dutch East Indies, the name of the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien is transcribed as the "Tsin-tsiu dialekt".{{Cite book|last1=Francken|first1=J. J. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjDCFNAYxdsC&dq=tsin-tsiu&pg=PA|title=Chineesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek van het Emoi dialekt|last2=Grijs|first2=C. F. M. de|publisher=Landsdrukkerij (Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen)|year=1882|location=Batavia|pages=V}} It is uncertain which term they transcribed "Tsin-tsiu" from, specifically the first syllable, unless it was simply their attempt at giving a Hokkien term to explain the origins of "Chincheo". On that regard though, as part of Quanzhou prefecture and directly adjacent from the historic city of Quanzhou over the Jin River lies Jinjiang, called in Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chìn-kang|c=晉江}}; Tâi-lô: Tsìn-kang, which is now also a county-level city. The now county-level city of Jinjiang (Hokkien: {{lang-zh|poj=Chìn-kang|c=晉江|labels=no}}) has the exact same name in Hokkien as the Jin River (Hokkien: {{lang-zh|poj=Chìn-kang|c=晉江|labels=no}}; IPA: /t͡sin⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/), directly in between the historic city of Quanzhou to its west and to the north of Jinjiang, which both the river and the county-level city got their name from the Jin dynasty (晉朝){{Cite book|last=Moser|first=Leo J.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCCeDwAAQBAJ&dq=jinjiang+got+its+name+from+jin+dynasty&pg=PT188|title=The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples and Provinces of China|publisher=Westview Press, Inc.|year=1985|isbn=978-0-367-29083-2|chapter=13 The Seagoing Minnan Peoples: Historic Quanzhou, Marco Polo's "Zaitun"}} from when the earliest Min-speaking Chinese settlers coming from the Min River area settled the banks of the Jin River around 284 AD.{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Hugh R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&dq=jin+dynasty+settlers+jin+river&pg=PA19|title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang through the Song|publisher=The Chinese University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-962-996-227-2|location=Hong Kong|pages=16–33|chapter=1. Introduction: 3. The Foundations of Chinese Society in Minnan to 800}} Zhou ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|州}}}}) or at least Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=chiu|c=州 / 洲}} originally referred to alluvial islands in the middle of rivers or at the mouth of rivers,{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=William (甘為霖)|author-link=William Campbell (missionary)|url=https://thak.taigi.info/1913KamJitian/chheh/?page=109|title=廈門音新字典 (A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular Spoken Throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (Taiwan))|publisher=The Taiwan Church Press|year=1913|location=Tainan|pages=75}} which can somewhat geographically describe the historic city of Quanzhou's geographic position in between the Jin River and the Luoyang River. Similarly, Zhangzhou ({{lang-zh|poj=Chiang-chiu|c=漳州|labels=no}}) is also named with Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=chiu|c=州}} with Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chiang|c=漳}} referring to Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chiang-kang|c=漳江}}, which is the old name of the Jiulong River (Hokkien: {{lang-zh|poj=Kiú-liông-kang|c=九龍江|labels=no}}) that surrounds the historic city of Zhangzhou.

Its Arabic name Zaiton{{cite encyclopedia|title=Zaiton|last=Allaire|first=Gloria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA663|encyclopedia=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|editor=John Block Friedman|editor2=Kristen Mossler Figg|display-editors=0|editor3=Scott D. Westrem|editor4=Gregory G. Guzman|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|date=2000|isbn=9781135590949}} or "Zayton"{{cite journal|last=Goodrich|first=L. Carrington|title=Recent Discoveries at Zayton|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|number=77|date=1957|volume=77|pages=161–5|doi=10.2307/596349|jstor=596349}} ({{langx|ar|زيتون|lit=olive (fruit or tree)}}), once popular in English, means "[City] of Olives" and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese epithet, Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chhì-tông Siâⁿ|c=刺桐城}} or Mandarin {{lang-zh|poj=|l=thorny tung tree city|c=刺桐城|p=Cìtóng Chéng}}, which is derived from the avenues of tung oil-bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA145 145]}}{{cite book|first=Stephen G.|last=Haw|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2006|isbn=0-415-34850-1|title=Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan|volume=3|series=Routledge studies in the early history of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA121|page=121}} Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA234 234]}} Çaiton, Çayton, Zaytún,{{harvp|Gibb|1929|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA8 8]}} Zaitûn,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Zaitún, and Zaitūn. The etymology of satin derives from "Zaitun".{{refn|As in the Encyclopædia Britannica{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and in Tellier.{{cite book|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|last=Tellier|first=Luc-Normand (2009)|year=2009|publisher=University of Quebec Press|location=Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA221|page=221|isbn=978-2-7605-1588-8|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/satin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029153703/https://www.lexico.com/definition/satin|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2020|title=Satin {{!}} Meaning of Satin by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9S0525|title=Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française {{!}} 9e édition {{!}} satin|website=Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française}}

Quanzhou proper lies on a split of land between the estuaries of the Jin River and Luoyang River as they flow into {{ill|Quanzhou Bay|zh|泉州湾}} on the Taiwan Strait. Its surrounding prefecture extends west halfway across the province and is hilly and mountainous. Along with Xiamen and Zhangzhou to its south and Putian to its north, it makes up Fujian Province's Southern Coast region. In its mountainous interior, it borders Longyan to the southwest and Sanming to the northwest.

The city features a humid subtropical climate. Quanzhou has four distinct seasons. Its moderate temperature ranges from 0 to 38 degrees Celsius. In summer, there are typhoons that bring rain and some damage to the city.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Quanzhou (Jinjiang), elevation {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present)

|Jan record high C = 28.0

|Feb record high C = 28.9

|Mar record high C = 30.8

|Apr record high C = 33.7

|May record high C = 34.2

|Jun record high C = 35.9

|Jul record high C = 37.7

|Aug record high C = 38.7

|Sep record high C = 39.2

|Oct record high C = 36.2

|Nov record high C = 32.4

|Dec record high C = 30.4

|Jan record low C = 0.1

|Feb record low C = 1.4

|Mar record low C = 4.4

|Apr record low C = 7.1

|May record low C = 12.6

|Jun record low C = 15.6

|Jul record low C = 21.5

|Aug record low C = 21.6

|Sep record low C = 16.1

|Oct record low C = 12.8

|Nov record low C = 7.7

|Dec record low C = 0.4

|Jan high C = 16.8

|Feb high C = 17.3

|Mar high C = 19.6

|Apr high C = 23.8

|May high C = 27.3

|Jun high C = 30.0

|Jul high C = 32.7

|Aug high C = 32.5

|Sep high C = 31.0

|Oct high C = 27.4

|Nov high C = 23.6

|Dec high C = 19.0

|Jan mean C = 12.9

|Feb mean C = 13.2

|Mar mean C = 15.5

|Apr mean C = 19.8

|May mean C = 23.6

|Jun mean C = 26.7

|Jul mean C = 28.8

|Aug mean C = 28.6

|Sep mean C = 27.1

|Oct mean C = 23.6

|Nov mean C = 19.8

|Dec mean C = 15.2

|Jan low C = 10.4

|Feb low C = 10.7

|Mar low C = 12.8

|Apr low C = 17.0

|May low C = 21.0

|Jun low C = 24.4

|Jul low C = 26.1

|Aug low C = 25.9

|Sep low C = 24.5

|Oct low C = 20.8

|Nov low C = 17.2

|Dec low C = 12.6

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 44.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 72.7

|Mar precipitation mm = 96.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 106.4

|May precipitation mm = 180.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 206.2

|Jul precipitation mm = 126.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 193.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 120.0

|Oct precipitation mm = 48.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 42.2

|Dec precipitation mm = 43.5

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 6.9

|Feb precipitation days = 9.7

|Mar precipitation days = 13.4

|Apr precipitation days = 12.9

|May precipitation days = 14.5

|Jun precipitation days = 13.8

|Jul precipitation days = 8.8

|Aug precipitation days = 11.1

|Sep precipitation days = 8.1

|Oct precipitation days = 3.6

|Nov precipitation days = 4.9

|Dec precipitation days = 6.3

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 70

|Feb humidity = 74

|Mar humidity = 75

|Apr humidity = 76

|May humidity = 79

|Jun humidity = 83

|Jul humidity = 78

|Aug humidity = 78

|Sep humidity = 73

|Oct humidity = 66

|Nov humidity = 68

|Dec humidity = 67

|Jan sun = 138.0

|Feb sun = 113.0

|Mar sun = 124.4

|Apr sun = 142.7

|May sun = 156.3

|Jun sun = 180.7

|Jul sun = 265.1

|Aug sun = 229.5

|Sep sun = 202.5

|Oct sun = 199.4

|Nov sun = 157.5

|Dec sun = 146.7

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 41

| Feb percentsun = 35

| Mar percentsun = 33

| Apr percentsun = 37

| May percentsun = 38

| Jun percentsun = 44

| Jul percentsun = 64

| Aug percentsun = 58

| Sep percentsun = 55

| Oct percentsun = 56

| Nov percentsun = 48

| Dec percentsun = 45

| year percentsun =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data|publisher=China Meteorological Administration|language=zh-hans|access-date=22 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration|language=zh-hans|access-date=22 September 2023|title=Experience Template}}

}}

Major earthquakes have been experienced in 1394{{lang|zh-Hant|《大明太祖高皇帝實錄卷之二百三十四》：洪武二十七年八月戊辰朔福建泉州府地震}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} and on 29 December 1604.{{lang|zh-Hant|（明万历三十二年十月九日），泉州以东海域发生8级地震（一说7.5级）。泉州城及鄰近地區遭受严重破坏。}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}}

File:Quanzhou Qingyuan Shan 20120301-07.jpg]]

{{ill|Wang Guoqing|lt=|zh|王国庆 (隋朝)}} ({{lang|zh-hant|王國慶}}) used the area as a base of operations for the Chen State before he was subdued by the Sui general Yang Su in the AD{{nbsp}}590s.{{cite book|chapter=Yang Su 楊素 (544–606), zi Chudao 處道|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWLPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1831|page=1831|title=Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature|volume=III|editor=David R. Knechtges|editor2=Chang Taiping|display-editors=0|date=2014|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004271852}} Quanzhou proper was established under the Tang in 718 on a spit of land between two branches of the Jin River.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Muslim traders reached the city early on in its existence, along with their existing trade at Guangzhou and Yangzhou.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=117}}

{{main|Qingyuan Circuit}}

File:Map of Fujian, 957 Eng.png

File:Later Zhou.png

In the early period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Quanzhou was a part of Min state. After Min was destroyed by the Southern Tang, the Qingyuan Circuit rose up in the original southern territory of Min. The Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity that lasted 29 years (949–978) with 4 rulers. Its territory included present-day southern Fujian and Putian, with Quanzhou as its capital. Its founder, Liu Congxiao, the Prince of Jinjiang and Jiedushi (military governor) of Qingyuan Circuit, vigorously expanded overseas trade and city development. Erythrina trees were planted throughout Quanzhou city, so Quanzhou was called Erythrina City.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnw.cn/wenhua/xd/1820086.html|title=留晓宏："晋江王"留从效后人，面朝开元寺春暖花开|access-date=8 June 2019|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303114717/http://www.mnw.cn/wenhua/xd/1820086.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=11560BE1120642B69AAE8980A4A65EC6|title=乾德年间（963〜968年）|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223173621/http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=11560BE1120642B69AAE8980A4A65EC6|url-status=live}} In 964, the circuit was renamed the Pinghai Circuit. In 978, Chen Hongjin, the Jiedushi of Pinghai Circuit, was forced to surrender to the Northern Song to avoid war and ravage.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mJsNAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%BA%B3%E5%9C%9F 风雨江山三百年：两宋白话史]

Already connected to inland Fujian by roads and canals, Quanzhou grew to international importance in the first century of the Northern Song.{{cite book|last=Von Glahn|first=Richard|title=The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century|date=7 March 2016|isbn=9781316538852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5C9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT394|page=394|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} It received an office of the maritime trade bureau (shibosi, 市舶司) in 1079{{cite book|last=Qi|first=Xia|author-link=Qi Xia|date=1999|trans-title=Economy of the Song Dynasty|script-title=zh:漆侠中国经济通史：宋代经济卷|isbn=7-80127-462-8|pages=1175–78}} {{in lang|zh}} or 1087{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gkDeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 81]}} and functioned as the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road into the Yuan, eclipsing both the overland trade routes{{cite book|last=Ye|first=Yiliang|author-link=Ye Yiliang|editor-last=Kauz|editor-first=Ralph|display-editors=0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA5|page=5|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|date=2010|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|series=East Asian Maritime History|volume=10|isbn=9783447061032|chapter=Introductory Essay: Outline of the Political Relations between Oman (Thailand) and China}} and Guangzhou. A 1095 inscription records two convoys, each of twenty ships, arriving from the Southern Seas each year. Quanzhou's maritime trade developed the area's ceramics, sugar, alcohol, and salt industries. Ninety per cent of Fujian's ceramic production at the time was jade-colored celadon, produced for export.{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Richard|author2=Li Min|author3=Li Guo|chapter=Port, City, and Hinterlands: Archaeological Perspectives on Quanzhou and its Overseas Trade|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC&pg=PA192|page=192|editor-first=Angela|editor-last=Schottenhammer|display-editors=0|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=90-04-11773-3|title=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400|series=Sinica Leidensia|volume=49|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508153434/https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC|archive-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live}} Frankincense was such a coveted import that promotions for the trade superintendents at Guangzhou and Quanzhou were tied to the amount they were able to bring in during their terms in office.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA130 130]}} During this period it was one of the world's largest and most cosmopolitan seaports.{{efn|Among other testaments to this age are tombstones which have been found written in Chinese, Arabic, Syriac, and Latin.}} By 1120, its prefecture claimed a population of around 500,000.{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=John|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|chapter=China|date=5 September 2000|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA32|page=32|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231500043}} Its Luoyang Bridge was formerly the most celebrated bridge in China{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and the 12th century Anping Bridge is also well known.File:Southeast Asia trade route map XIIcentury.jpg during Quanzhou's heyday.]]Quanzhou initially continued to thrive under the Southern Song. A 1206 report listed merchants from Arabia, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, Sumatra, Cambodia, Brunei, Java, Champa, Burma, Anatolia, Korea, Japan and the city-states of the Philippines. One of its customs inspectors, Zhao Rugua, completed his compendious Description of Barbarian Nations {{circa|lk=no|1225}}, recording the people, places, and items involved in China's foreign trade in his age. Other imperial records from the time use it as the zero mile for distances between China and foreign countries. Tamil merchants carved idols of Vishnu and Shiva{{cite book|last=Chow|first=Chung-wah|author-link=Chow Chung-wah|date=7 September 2012|title=Quanzhou: China's Forgotten Historic Port|url=http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/|publisher=CNN Travel|location=Atlanta}} and constructed Hindu temples in Quanzhou.{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=19 July 2013|title=Behind China's Hindu temples, a Forgotten History|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece|work=The Hindu}}{{cite AV media|date=18 July 2013|title=China's Hindu Temples: A Forgotten History|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc|publisher=The Hindu|via=YouTube|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}} Over the course of the 13th century, however, Quanzhou's prosperity declined due to instability among its trading partners and increasing restrictions introduced by the Southern Song in an attempt to restrict the outflow of copper and bronze currency from areas forced to use hyperinflating paper money.{{cite book|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC&pg=PA153|pages=153 ff|chapter=The Role of Metals and the Impact of the Introduction of Huizi Paper Notes in Quanzhou on the Development of Maritime Trade in the Song Period|editor-first=Angela|editor-last=Schottenhammer|display-editors=0|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=90-04-11773-3|title=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400|series=Sinica Leidensia|volume=49}} The increasing importance of Japan to China's foreign trade also benefited Ningbonese merchants at Quanzhou's expense, given their extensive contacts with Japan's major ports on Hakata Bay on Kyushu.

In 1277 under the Mongolian Yuan dynasty a superintendent of foreign trade was established in the city.{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Geoff|chapter=Chinese Engagement with the Indian Ocean during the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties (Tenth to Sixteenth Centuries)|page=72|title=Trade, Circulation, and Flow in the Indian Ocean World|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Pearson|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137566249}} The superintendent Pu Shougeng was Muslim{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Geoff|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|date=2012|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814311960|editor=Geoff Wade|location=Singapore|pages=131|editor2=Li Tana}} and used his contacts to restore the city's trade under its new rulers. He was broadly successful, restoring much of the port's former greatness.{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=73}} His office became hereditary to his descendants.

Into the 1280s Quanzhou sometimes served as the provincial capital for Fujian.{{efn|It was considered so important by the Jesuits that they sometimes called all of Fujian {{lang|pt|Chinheo}}.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} In 1515 Giovanni d'Empoli mistakenly recorded that "Zeiton" was the seat of the "Great Can" who ruled China but Quanzhou never served as an imperial capital.}} Its population was around 455,000 in 1283, the major items of trade being pepper and other spices, gemstones, pearls, and porcelain.

Marco Polo recorded that the Yuan emperors derived "a vast revenue" from their 10 percent duty on the port's commerce; he called Quanzhou's port "one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce" and "the Alexandria of the East".{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/05/business/china-sky-city-skyscraper-index/index.html|title=Could world's tallest building bring China to its knees?|first=Ramy|last=Inocencio|date=6 August 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609104754/http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/05/business/china-sky-city-skyscraper-index/index.html|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}} Ibn Battuta simply called it the greatest port in the world.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=238}}{{efn|Notwithstanding the derivation of Zayton from Quanzhou's old nickname "City of the Tung Trees", some details of Ibn Battuta's description suggest he was referring to Zhangzhou.}} Polo noted its tattoo artists were famed throughout Southeast Asia.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=235}} It was the point of departure for Marco Polo's 1292 return expedition, escorting the 17-year-old Mongolian princess Kököchin to her fiancé in the Persian Ilkhanate;{{sfnp|Yule & Cordier|1920}} a few decades later, it was the point of arrival and departure for Ibn Battuta.{{efn|Quanzhou was also the probable point of departure for the Franciscan friar John of Marignolli around the same time but this is uncertain given the partial nature of the record of his time in China.}} Kublai Khan's invasions of Japan{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=239}}{{cite book|last=Rossabi|first=Morris|page=111|title=The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction|date=26 April 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780199840892}} and Java sailed primarily from its port.{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Tan Ta|author-link=Sen Tan Ta|first2=Chen|last2=Dasheng|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2009|page=186|isbn=9789812308375}} The Islamic geographer Abulfeda noted, in {{circa|lk=no|1321}}, that its city walls remained ruined from its conquest by the Mongols.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=237}} In the mid-1320s Friar Odoric noted the town's two Franciscan friaries, but admitted the Buddhist monasteries were much larger, with over 3000 monks in one.

Between 1357 and 1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started the Ispah rebellion against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian due to increasingly anti-Muslim laws. Persian militia leaders {{ill|Sayf ad-Din (Yuan)|lt=Sayf ad-Din|zh|赛甫丁}} (賽甫丁) and {{ill|Amir ad-Din|zh|阿迷里丁}} (阿迷里丁) led the revolt. Arabic official {{ill|Yawuna|zh|那兀纳}} (那兀纳) assassinated Amir ad-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367.{{cite book|last1=Liu 刘|first1=Yingsheng 迎胜|editor1-last=Schottenhammer|editor1-first=Angela|title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration|date=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447058094|page=121|volume=6|series=East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history|issn=1860-1812|chapter=Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China}} Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for five years. They both were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and the Ispah garrison for five more years until his defeat by the Yuan authorities.{{cite book|last1=Chaffee|first1=John W.|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108640091|page=157}}

File:La cite de Caitan.jpg]]

Nawuna was killed in turn by Chen Youding. Chen began a campaign of persecution against the city's Sunni community—including massacres and grave desecration—that eventually became a three-days anti-foreign massacre. Emigrants fleeing the persecution rose to prominent positions throughout Southeast Asia, spurring the development of Islam on Java and elsewhere. The Yuan were expelled in 1368, and they turned against Pu Shougeng's family and the Muslims and slaughtered Pu Shougeng's descendants in the Ispah rebellion. Mosques and other buildings with foreign architecture were almost all destroyed and the Yuan imperial soldiers killed most of the descendants of Pu Shougeng and mutilated their corpses.{{cite journal|last1=Garnaut|first1=Anthony|date=March 2006|title=The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/islamic-heritage-china|journal=China Heritage Newsletter|issue=5}}

File:Selden map.jpg during the early 17th century, with Quanzhou as its trade route epicenter]]

The Ming discouraged foreign commerce other than formal tributary missions. By 1473 trade had declined to the point that Quanzhou was no longer the headquarters of the imperial customs service for Fujian. The Wokou, who came from many different ethnicities, including Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, forced Quanzhou's Superintendency of Trade to close completely in 1522.{{cite book|last=Nield|first=Robert|page=68|title=China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era|date=March 2015|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888139286}}

During the Qing dynasty the Sea Ban did not help the city's traders or fishermen. They were forced to abandon their access to the sea for years at a time and coastal farmers forced to relocate miles inland to inner counties like Yongchun and Anxi. Violent large scale clan fights with the thousands of non-native families from Guangdong who were deported to Quanzhou city by the Qing immediately occurred.{{cite book|title=Making Place: State Projects, Globalisation and Local Responses in China|author=Stephan Feuchtwang|date=10 September 2012|page=41|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135393557}}

File:泉州临漳门.jpg

In the 19th century, the city walls still protected a circuit of {{convert|7|-|8|mi|sp=us}} but embraced much vacant ground.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The bay began to attract Jardines' and Dents' opium ships from 1832. Following the First Opium War, Governor Henry Pottinger proposed using Quanzhou as an official opium depot to keep the trade out of Hong Kong and the other treaty ports but the rents sought by the imperial commissioner Qiying were too high.

When Chinese pirates overran the receiving ships in Shenhu Bay to capture their stockpiles of silver bullion in 1847, however, the traders moved to Quanzhou Bay regardless. Around 1862, a Protestant mission was set up in Quanzhou. As late as the middle of the century, large Chinese junks could still access the town easily, trading in tea, sugar, tobacco, porcelain, and nankeens,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} but sand bars created by the rivers around the town had generally incapacitated its harbor by the First World War. It remained a large and prosperous city, but conducted its maritime trade through Anhai.{{sfnp|EB|1911}}

After the Chinese Civil War, Kinmen became disconnected from Quanzhou with the Nationalists successfully defended Kinmen in battle from a Communist takeover attempt.

The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou administers four districts, three county-level cities, four counties, and two special economic districts. The People's Republic of China claims Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) (administered and also claimed by the Republic of China) as Kinmen County under the administration of Quanzhou.

:*Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China ("Mainland China") has claimed the Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) as part of Quanzhou but has never controlled them; they are administered by and also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan).

As of the 2010 census, Quanzhou has a population of 8,128,530. Its built-up area is home to 6,107,475 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng, Fengze, and Luojiang urban districts; Jinjiang, Nan'an, and Shishi cities; Hui'an County; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment.

File:Quanzhou Qingjing Si 20120229-03.jpg]]

File:弘一法师纪念馆（20140726).jpg, 2014]]

{{see also|Hinduism in China}}

Medieval Quanzhou was long one of the most cosmopolitan Chinese cities, with Chinese folk religious temples, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples and Hindu temples; Islamic mosques; and Christian churches, including Nestorian and a cathedral (financed by a rich Armenian lady) and two Franciscan friaries. Andrew of Perugia served as the Roman Catholic bishop of the city from 1322. Odoric of Pordenone was responsible for relocating the relics of the four Franciscans martyred at Thane in India in 1321 to the mission in Quanzhou. English Presbyterian missionaries raised a chapel around 1862.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The Qingjing Mosque dates to 1009 but is now preserved as a museum.{{cite book|last=Kauz|first=Ralph|chapter=A Kāzarūnī Network?|editor-last=Kauz|editor-first=Ralph|display-editors=0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA65|page=65|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|date=2010|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|series=East Asian Maritime History|volume=10|isbn=9783447061032}} The Buddhist Kaiyuan Temple has been repeatedly rebuilt but includes two 5-story 13th-century pagodas. Among the most popular folk or Taoist memorial hall is Guan Yue Memorial Hall ({{lang|zh|通淮關岳廟}}) that is dedicated to Lord Yue and famous Lord Guan, who is honored for his righteousness and the spirit of brotherhood. Jinjiang also preserves the Cao'an monastery ({{lang|zh|草庵寺}}), originally constructed by Manicheans under the Yuan but now used by New Age spiritualists, and a Confucian Memorial Hall ({{lang|zh|文庙}}, Wenmiao).

{{Main|Quanzhou dialects}}

Locals speak the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien (Min Nan) partly the same as the Amoy dialect spoken in Xiamen, and similar to Malaysian Hokkien, Singaporean Hokkien, Philippine Hokkien, and Quanzhou-descended Taiwanese dialects. It is unintelligible with Mandarin. Many overseas Chinese whose ancestors came from the Quanzhou area, especially those in Southeast Asia, often speak mainly Hokkien at home. Around the "Southern Min triangle area," which includes Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou, locals all speak the Hokkien language. The dialects of Hokkien itself that they speak are similar but have different tones and sometimes different pronunciation and vocabulary.

File:宝珊 - panoramio (4).jpg

Quanzhou has been a source for Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Some of these communities date to Quanzhou's heyday a millennium ago under the Song and Yuan dynasties.{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gkDeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 68]}} About 6 million overseas Chinese trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Tong'an county. Most of them live in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand.

File:Quanzhou - Sunwu Xi - DSCF8612.JPG

Historically Quanzhou exported black tea, camphor, sugar, indigo, tobacco, ceramics, cloth made of grass, and minerals. As of 1832 Quanzhou imported, primarily from Guangzhou, wool cloth, wine, and watches. The East India Company was exporting an estimated £150,000 a year in black tea from Quanzhou.{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|page=122}}

Today Quanzhou is a major exporter of agricultural products such as tea, banana, lychee, and rice. It is also a major producer of quarry granite and ceramics. Other industries include textiles, footwear, fashion and apparel, packaging, machinery, paper and petrochemicals.Quanzhou, Fujian. InJ. R. Logan (Ed.), The new Chinese city: Globalization and market reform (pp. 227–245). Oxford: Blackwell

Its GDP ranked first in Fujian Province for 20 years from 1991 to 2010. In 2008 Quanzhou's textile and apparel production accounted for 10 percent of China's overall apparel production, stone exports account for 50 percent of Chinese stone exports, resin handicraft exports account for 70 percent of the country's total, ceramic exports account for 67 percent of the country's total, candy production accounts for 20 percent, and the production of sport and tourism shoes accounts for 80% of Chinese, and 20 percent of world production.

Quanzhou is known today as China's shoe city. Quanzhou's 3,000 shoe factories produce 500 million pairs a year, making nearly one in every four pairs of sneakers made in China.

Quanzhou is the biggest automotive market in Fujian. It has the highest rate of private automobile possession.KFC, McDonald's to Open Drive-in Restaurants in Quanzhou SinoCast China Business Daily News. London (UK): 23 August 2007. pg. 1 Quanzhou is connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen to the south.

File:Right side of Zayton Jinjiang International airport.jpg]]

File:North Yingbin Ave of Zayton City.jpg) in Quanzhou]]

File:XML6105JHEVE8C1 of Zayton bus.jpg

Quanzhou is an important transport hub within southeastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports. Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang dynasty and is now still an important Chinese port for exporting.

There is a passenger ferry terminal in Shijing, Nan'an, Fujian, with regular service to the Shuitou Port in the ROC-controlled Kinmen Island.

Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport is Quanzhou's sole airport, served by passenger flights within mainland China and other regional/international destinations throughout southeast Asia, including Hong Kong, Macau, Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok etc. Major airlines operated in JJN are Xiamen Air, Shenzhen Airlines and West Air.

The Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway connects several cargo stations within Quanzhou Prefecture with the interior of Fujian and the rest of the country. Until 2014 this line also had passenger service, with fairly slow passenger trains from Beijing.

Passenger trains from China terminated at the Quanzhou East Railway Station, a few kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Passenger service on this line was terminated, and Quanzhou East railway station closed 9 December 2014.{{cite web|url=http://www.tiexing.com/news/2432.html|title=Quanzhou East Railway Station will stop handling passenger services|website=tiexing.com|date=4 December 2014|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100948/http://www.tiexing.com/news/2432.html|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=dead}}

Since 2010 Quanzhou is served by the high-speed Fuzhou–Xiamen railway, part of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, which runs along China's southeastern sea coast. High-speed trains on this line stop at Quanzhou railway station (in Beifeng Subdistrict of Fengze District, some 10 miles north of Quanzhou city center) and Jinjiang railway station. Trains to Xiamen take under 45 minutes, making it a convenient weekend or day trip. By 2015 direct high-speed service has become available to a number of cities in the country's interior, from Beijing to Chongqing and Guiyang.

Long-distance bus services also run daily/nightly to Shenzhen and other major cities. Quanzhou bus station operated from 1990 to 2020.

Colleges and universities with Undergraduate education:

• Huaqiao University (national)
• Quanzhou Normal University (public)
• {{ill|Jinjiang Campus of Fuzhou University|lt=Jinjiang Campus|zh|福州大学晋江校区}} of Fuzhou University (public)
• Quangang Campus of {{ill|College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University|lt=College of Chemical Engineering|zh|福州大学石油化工学院}}, Fuzhou University (public)
• {{ill|Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (College of Digital Economy)|lt=Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy)|zh|福建农林大学安溪茶学院（数字经济学院）}}, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (public)
• Second School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University (public)
• Yang-en University (private)
• {{ill|Minnan University of Science and Technology|zh|闽南理工学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Minnan Science and Technology College|zh|闽南科技学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou University of Information Engineering|zh|泉州信息工程学院}} (private)
• Jinjiang Campus of {{ill|Fuzhou University Zhicheng College|zh|福州大学至诚学院}} (private)
• Quangang Campus of {{ill|Fuzhou University Zhicheng College|zh|福州大学至诚学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University|zh|福建农林大学金山学院}} (Anxi) (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Vocational and Technical University|zh|泉州职业技术大学}} (vocational, private)

Vocational school:

• {{ill|Liming Vocational University|zh|黎明职业大学}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Medical College|zh|泉州医学高等专科学校}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Preschool Education College|zh|泉州幼儿师范高等专科学校}} (public)
• {{ill|Fujian Electric Power Technical College|zh|福建电力职业技术学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Vocational College of Economics and Business|zh|泉州经贸职业技术学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Arts And Crafts Vocational College|zh|泉州工艺美术职业学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Engineering Vocational and Technical College|zh|泉州工程职业技术学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou College of Technology|zh|泉州轻工学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Textile Garment Institute|zh|泉州纺织服装职业学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Ocean Institute|zh|泉州海洋职业学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Huaguang Vocational College|zh|泉州华光职业学院}} (private)

File:Stalagmite, Quanzhou.jpg

Quanzhou is listed as one of the 24 famous historic cultural cities first approved by the Chinese government. Notable cultural practices include:

• Liyuan Opera ({{lang|zh-hans|梨园戏}})
• Puppet Show ({{lang|zh-hans|提线木偶戏}})
• Gaojia Opera ({{lang|zh-hans|高甲戏}})
• Dacheng Opera ({{lang|zh-hans|打城戏}})
• Nanyin ({{lang|zh-hans|南音}}), a musical style dating to the Han but performed in the local dialect
• Quanzhou Shaolin Five Ancestors Fist ({{lang|zh|泉州五祖拳}})
• Yongchun martial arts

The city hosted the Sixth National Peasants' Games in 2008. Signature local dishes include rice dumplings and oyster omelettes.

Notable Historical and cultural sites (the 18 views of Quanzhou as recommended by the Fujian tourism board) include the Ashab Mosque and Kaiyuan Temple mentioned above, as well as:

• Qing Yuan mountain ({{lang|zh|清源山}}) – The tallest hill within the city limits, which hosts a great view of West lake.
• East Lake Park ({{lang|zh-hans|东湖}}) – Located in the city center. It is home to a small zoo.
• West Lake Park ({{lang|zh-hans|西湖公园}}) – The largest body of fresh water within the city limits.
• Scholar Street ({{lang|zh-hans|状元街}}) – Champion street about 500 meters long, elegant environment, mainly engaged in tourism and cultural crafts.

Notable Modern cultural sites include:

• Fengze Square – Located in the city center and acts as a venue for shows and events.
• Dapingshan – The second tallest hill within the city limits, crowned with an enormous equestrian statue of Zheng Chenggong.
• The Embassy Lounge – Situated in the "1916 Cultural Ideas Zone" which acts as a platform for mixing traditional Chinese art with modern building techniques and designs[http://www.theembassylounge.com The Embassy Lounge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115072005/http://www.theembassylounge.com/ |date=15 November 2016 }}

Relics from Quanzhou's past are preserved at the Maritime or Overseas-Relations History Museum. It includes large exhibits on Song-era ships and Yuan-era tombstones. A particularly important exhibit is the so-called Quanzhou ship, a seagoing junk that sunk some time after 1272 and was recovered in 1973–74.{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinamuseums.com/quanzhou_overseas.htm|title=Quanzhou Overseas-Relations History Museum|access-date=4 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107001746/http://www.chinamuseums.com/quanzhou_overseas.htm|archive-date=7 January 2010|url-status=live}}

The old city center preserves "balcony buildings" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=骑楼 |p=qílóu}}), a style of southern Chinese architecture from the Republican Era.

• Li Nu, merchant and scholar{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA817|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644|author=Association for Asian studies (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|year=1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=817|isbn=9780231038010|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065925/https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA817|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii|title=Chinese-Iranian Relations, VII: Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties|last=Chen|first=Da-Sheng|publisher=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429174424/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&pg=PA495|title=Science and Civilisation in China|volume=4|first=Joseph|last=Needham|year=1971|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|page=495|isbn=9780521070607|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519021201/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&pg=PA495|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live}}
• Zhang Wenyu, nuclear physicist born in Hui'an.{{cite news|url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200617A0N7BO|script-title=zh:功勋人物谱科技篇：中国宇宙线研究的创始人——张文裕|work=qq.com|date=17 June 2020|access-date=12 August 2021|language=zh}} He was also a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
• Lin Junde, explosion mechanics scientist born in Yongchun in Quanzhou.
• Xie Xide, physicist born in Shishi, president of Fudan University
• Guo Guangcan, quantum physicist born in Hui'an.
• Yao Chen, actress born in Shishi in Quanzhou.

• Xunpu

File:Quanzhou Tianhou Gong 20120229-06.jpg|Quanzhou Tianhou Temple

File:Quanzhou Fashi Zhenwu Miao 20120301-6.jpg|Quanzhou Zhenwu Temple

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |last=Yule |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Yule |wstitle=Chinchew |volume=5 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |page=673 }}
• {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Chinchew |volume=6 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=231 }}
• {{cite book|series=The Broadway Travellers|title=Travels in Asia and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC|date=1929|editor3=E. Denison Ross|editor2=Eileen Power|editor-last=Gibb|editor-first=H.A.R.|author=Ibn Battúta|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=9780415344739|ref={{harvid|Gibb|1929}}|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA282 Book II, Ch. XI]}}
• {{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H.A.R.|year=2010|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325-1354, Volume IV}}
• {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC|title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce, and Human Migration|first=Angela|last=Schottenhammer|editor=Angela Schottenhammer|display-editors=0|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05809-4}}
• {{cite book|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|chapter=Transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China: A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang Zazu 酉陽雜俎 (863)|editor-last=Kauz|editor-first=Ralph|display-editors=0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA145|page=145|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|date=2010|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|series=East Asian Maritime History|volume=10|isbn=9783447061032}}
• {{cite book|author=Marco Polo|editor-last=Yule|editor-first=Henry|editor-link=Henry Yule|title=The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East|edition=3rd|volume=II|ref={{harvid|Yule & Cordier|1920}}|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA234|chapter=Of the City and Great Haven of Zayton|date=1903|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486275871}}, annotated by Henri Cordier in 1920, London: John Murray.

• {{cite book|last=Wang|first=Qiang|date=2020|title=Legendary Port of the Maritime Silk Routes|location=Quanzhou|publisher=Peter Lang US. Retrieved 30 September 2020|url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/71894}}
• {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Bill|date=2004|title=Mystic Quanzhou: City of Light|location=Xiamen|publisher=Xiamen University Press}}

{{commons category|Quanzhou}}

{{wikivoyage|Quanzhou}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131024092550/http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005 The Stones of Zayton speak] from China Heritage Newsletter

{{Fujian topics}}

{{Fujian}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

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Category:National Civilized City

Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City