Quentin Skinner

Quentin Skinner was born near Manchester, the second son of Alexander Skinner (died 1979) and Winifred Skinner, née Duthie (died 1982). Though his family background is Scottish, and his father spent his career in the civil service in West Africa, he was raised and educated in England.{{cite web |title=Interview with Professor Quentin Skinner - Making History |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/interviews/Skinner_Quentin.html |website=Making History Archives |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |access-date=2025-02-05}} He was educated at Bedford School from the age of seven. Like his elder brother, he won an entrance scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from where he graduated with a double-starred first in history in 1962.{{cite web|url=https://projects.history.qmul.ac.uk/hpt/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2015/04/Quentin-Skinner-C.V..doc |title=CV |publisher=projects.history.qmul.ac.uk |access-date=2020-05-05}} Skinner was elected to a fellowship of his college on his examination results, but moved later in 1962 to a teaching fellowship at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he remained until moving to the University of London in 2008. He is now an Honorary Fellow of both Christ's College and Gonville and Caius College.

Skinner was appointed to a lectureship in the Faculty of History at the University of Cambridge in 1965. He spent a sabbatical year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1974–1975, where he was invited to stay, and where he remained until 1979 when he returned to Cambridge as Professor of Political Science. He was appointed to the post of Regius Professor of History in 1996, and in 1999 as pro-vice-chancellor of the university.

In 1979 he married Susan James, Professor Emerita of Philosophy at Birkbeck College London.{{cite web | url=http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/interviews/Skinner_Quentin.html |title = Interview with Professor Quentin Skinner – Making History}} They have a daughter and a son, and four grandchildren. He was previously married to Patricia Law Skinner, who was later married to the philosopher Bernard Williams.{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/30/academicexperts.highereducation |title = The quest for truth|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 30 November 2002|last1 = Jeffries|first1 = Stuart}}

Skinner has held a number of visiting appointments. He has been Visiting Fellow at the Research School of Social Science at the Australian National University (1970, 1994, 2006); visiting professor at Washington University in St. Louis (1982); Directeur d’Etudes Associé at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes (1987); Professeur Associé at Université Paris X (1991); visiting professor at the University of Leuven (1992); visiting professor at Northwestern University (1995, 2011); Professeur invité at the Collège de France (1997); Fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (2003–04); Visiting Scholar at the Center for European Studies at Harvard University (2008); Laurence Rockefeller Visiting Professor at Princeton University (2013–14); Spinoza Visiting Professor at the University of Amsterdam (2014); visiting professor in the Global Fellowship programme at Peking University, Beijing (2017); and visiting professor at the University of Chicago (2017).

Skinner has delivered a number of named lecture series, including the Gauss Seminars at Princeton (1980), The Carlyle Lectures at Oxford (1980), The Messenger Lectures at Cornell (1983), The Tanner Lectures at Harvard (1984), the Ford Lectures at Oxford (2003), the Clarendon Lectures at Oxford (2011), the Clark Lectures at Cambridge (2012) and the Academia Sinica Lectures in Taiwan (2013).{{cite web | url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/users/professor-quentin-skinner |title = Professor Quentin Skinner}}

Skinner has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 1981, and is also a foreign member of a number of national academies, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1986), the Academia Europaea (1989),{{cite web | url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Skinner_Quentin | title=Academy of Europe: Skinner Quentin}} the American Philosophical Society (1997),{{cite web | url=http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/profile/4565-professor-quentin-skinner | title=Professor Quentin Skinner – School of History | access-date=14 October 2016 | archive-date=12 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612053441/http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/profile/4565-professor-quentin-skinner | url-status=dead }} the Royal Irish Academy (1999),{{cite web | url=https://www.ria.ie/quentin-r-d-skinner |title = Quentin R D Skinner| work=Royal Irish Academy |date = 19 October 2015}} the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (2007), the Österreichische Academie der Wissenschaften (2009), and the Royal Danish Academy (2015). He has been the recipient of Honorary Degrees from the University of Aberdeen, University of Athens, University of Chicago, University of Copenhagen, University of East Anglia, Harvard University, University of Helsinki, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University of Kent, University of Oslo, University of Oxford, Adolfo Ibáñez University (Santiago), University of St Andrews and Uppsala University. He was awarded the Wolfson History Prize in 1979, the Sir Isaiah Berlin Prize of the British Political Studies Association in 2006, the Benjamin Lippincott Award (2001), the David Easton Award (2007) of the American Political Science Association, the {{ill|Bielefeld Science Award|de|Bielefelder Wissenschaftspreis}} (2008) and a Balzan Prize (2006). From 2009 until 2020, he was a member of the Balzan Prize Committee.{{cite web | url=http://www.balzan.org/en/balzan-prize/general-prize-committee |title = General Prize Committee}}{{cite web | url=https://www.balzan.org/en/news/5-new-gpc |title = Five New Members on the General Prize Committee}}

Skinner is regarded as one of the founders of the 'Cambridge School' of the history of political thought, best known for its attention to what J. G. A. Pocock has described as the 'languages' in which moral and political philosophy has been written.{{cite book |last= Pocock|first= J. G. A.|date= 1960|title= Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and Intellectual History|location= Chicago, IL|publisher= University of Chicago Press}} Skinner's contribution has been to articulate a theory of interpretation in which leading texts in the history of political theory are treated essentially as interventions in on-going political debates, and in which the main focus is on what individual writers may be said to have been doing in what they wrote.{{cite book |last= Skinner|first= Quentin|date= 2002|title= Visions of Politics Volume 1: Regarding Method|location= Cambridge|publisher= Cambridge University Press}}

This emphasis on political writing as a form of action derives from developments in ordinary language philosophy made by Ludwig Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin.{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Quentin |title=Visions of Politics Volume 1: Regarding Method |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511790812 |page=82 |edition=Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790812 |access-date=26 March 2021 |chapter=4: Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511790812 }}{{cite web |title=Talking to Thinkers with Quentin Skinner 2 Nov 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAguvPt3aTU&t=27s |website=YouTube | date=7 November 2020 |access-date=26 March 2021}} Wittgenstein's insight was (in Skinner’s words) "that we should stop asking about the 'meanings' of words and focus instead on the various functions they are capable of performing in different language games".{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Quentin |title=Visions of Politics Volume 1: Regarding Method |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511790812 |page=2 |edition=Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790812 |access-date=26 March 2021 |chapter=Introduction|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511790812 }} Skinner takes Austin to have extended Wittgenstein's argument in isolating the concept of a speech act, which is described by Skinner as the notion that "whenever we use language for purposes of communication, we are always doing something as well as saying something".{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Quentin |title=Visions of Politics Volume 1: Regarding Method |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511790812 |page=2 |edition=Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790812 |access-date=26 March 2021 |chapter=Introduction|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511790812 }} According to Skinner, that means that any analysis is incomplete if it restricts itself to studying what a past thinker said on a given issue. Historians must also recover what a thinker hoped to achieve in saying it.{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Quentin |title=Visions of Politics Volume 1: Regarding Method |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511790812 |page=82 |edition=Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790812 |access-date=26 March 2021 |chapter=4: Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511790812 }}

Skinner consequently proposes a form of linguistic contextualization that involves situating a text in relation to other texts and discourses. In that perspective, the text is a response to other thinkers, texts or cultural discourses. Skinner believes that ideas, arguments and texts should be placed in their original context. One consequence of this view is an emphasis on the necessity of studying less well-known political writers as a means of shedding light on the contemporary debates these classic texts contributed to. In that way, it becomes possible to decipher the original purpose of a text. To Skinner, texts are then seen as weapons or tools that can, for example, be used to support, discredit, or legitimize specific social and political arrangements.{{cite web |title=Talking to Thinkers with Quentin Skinner 2 Nov 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAguvPt3aTU&t=27s |website=YouTube | date=7 November 2020 |access-date=26 March 2021}} In its earlier versions this added up to a critique of the approach of an older generation, and particularly of Leo Strauss and his followers.

Skinner's historical work has mainly focused on political thinking in early-modern Europe. He has written a book on Niccolò Machiavelli, three books on Thomas Hobbes, and his Foundations of Modern Political Thought covers the whole period. He has specifically been concerned with the emergence of modern theories about the nature of the state, and with debates about the nature of political liberty.

When Skinner was interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, as part of his series of online conversations with academics, Skinner admitted that he had been a member of the Cambridge Apostles, a secret debating society at Cambridge University. He also revealed that Amartya Sen was a member at the same time. Sen mentioned their membership of the Apostles in his memoir Home in the World.{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=2021 |title=Home in the World |location=London |publisher=Penguin |page=317-8 |isbn=9780141970981}} He commented that they had both been "outed" in a book published about the Apostles sometime before.{{cite web | url=http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/skinner.htm | title=Quentin Skinner | access-date=11 January 2009 | archive-date=31 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331111345/http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/skinner.htm | url-status=dead }}

On 6 October 1995, Skinner's Foundations of Modern Political Thought was included in the list published by The Times Literary Supplement of 'The 100 Most Influential Books since World War II'.{{Cite journal|jstor = 3824697|title = The Hundred Most Influential Books Since the War|journal = Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume = 49|issue = 8|pages = 12–18|doi = 10.2307/3824697|year = 1996}}

On 14 May 2009, Times Higher Education, in an article about Skinner's move from Cambridge to the University of London, spoke of Skinner's republicanism, reporting that this led him to refuse a knighthood he was offered when he became Regius Professor of History at Cambridge.{{cite web | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/bringing-off-the-miracle-of-resurrection/406549.article |title = Bringing off the miracle of resurrection|date = 13 May 2009}}

The Balzan-Skinner Lectureship, renamed the "Quentin Skinner Fellowship in Intellectual History since 1500", was established in 2009 at the University of Cambridge. The Quentin Skinner fellow holds a visiting fellowship at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities for one term of the academic year, which culminates in the Quentin Skinner Lecture and an associated symposium.{{cite web|url=http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/programmes/balzan-skinner-fellowship|title=Quentin Skinner Lectureship – CRASSH|website=www.crassh.cam.ac.uk|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412063332/http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/programmes/balzan-skinner-fellowship|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|List of works by Quentin Skinner}}

1. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume I: The Renaissance, Cambridge University Press, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29337-2}} (Translated into Arabic, Chinese, French, Greek, Italian, Korean, Japanese, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish.)

2. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29435-5}}

(Translated into Arabic, Chinese, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish.)

3(a). Machiavelli, Oxford University Press, 1981.

3(b). Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction [A revised version of 3(a)], Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285407-0}} (Translated into Albanian, Arabic, Chinese, Czech, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, Malay, Polish, Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish.)

3(c). Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction [a new and updated edition of 3(b)], Oxford University Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-0-19-883757-2}}

4. Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-521-59645-9}} (Translated into Chinese, Italian, Portuguese.)

5. Liberty before Liberalism, Cambridge University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|978-1-107-68953-4}} (Translated into Chinese, French, Greek, Italian, Korean, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Turkish.)

6. Visions of Politics: Volume I: Regarding Method, Cambridge University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58926-0}} (Translated into Chinese, French, Greek, Italian, Korean, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish.)

7. Visions of Politics: Volume II: Renaissance Virtues (with 12 colour plates), Cambridge University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58926-0}} (Translated into Chinese, Italian, and Polish.)

8. Visions of Politics: Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science, Cambridge University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-521-89060-1}}

9. L’artiste en philosophie politique (with 8 colour plates), Editions de Seuil, Paris, 2003. {{ISBN|978-2-912107-15-2}}

10. Hobbes and Republican Liberty (with 19 illustrations), Cambridge University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-2-912107-15-2}} (Translated into Chinese, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish.)

11. La verité et l’historien, ed. Christopher Hamel, Editions EHESS, Paris, 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-7132-2368-6}}

12. Die drei Körper des Staates, Wallstein, Göttingen, 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-8353-1157-2}}

13. Forensic Shakespeare, Oxford University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955824-7}} (Translated into Chinese.)

14. From Humanism to Hobbes: Studies in Rhetoric and Politics (with 45 illustrations), Cambridge University Press, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-107-56936-2}}

15. Liberty as independence: the making and unmaking of a political ideal, Cambridge University Press, 2025. {{ISBN| 978-1-107-02773-2}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book | editor-last = Tully | editor-first = James | title = Meaning and context: Quentin Skinner and his critics | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1988 | isbn = 9780691023014 }}
• {{cite book | last = Palonen | first = Kari | title = Quentin Skinner: history, politics, rhetoric | publisher = Polity Blackwell | location = Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780745628578}}
• {{cite book | last = Palonen | first = Kari | title = Die Entzauberung der Begriffe: das Umschreiben der politischen Begriffe bei Quentin Skinner und Reinhart Koselleck | publisher = Lit | location = Münster | year = 2004 | isbn = 9783825872229 }}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Brett|editor-first1=Annabel|editor-last2=Tully|editor-first2=James|title=Rethinking the foundations of modern political thought|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK New York|year=2006|isbn=9780521615037}}
• {{cite book | editor-last = Bocardo Crespo | editor-first = Enrique | title = El Giro contextual: cinco ensayos de Quentin Skinner, y seis comentarios | publisher = Tecnos | location = Madrid, Spain | year = 2007 | isbn = 9788430945504 }}
• {{cite book | last = Muscolino | first = Salvatore | title = Linguaggio, storia e politica: Ludwig Wittgenstein e Quentin Skinner | publisher = Carlo Saladino editore | location = Palermo | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788895346175 }}
• {{cite book | last = Erben | first = Marcus | title = Begriffswandel als Sprachhandlung der Beitrag Quentin Skinners zur Methodologie und Funktionsbestimmung der pädagogischen Geschichtsschreibung | publisher = Lang-Ed | location = Frankfurt, Main, Germany | year = 2013 | isbn = 9783631643556 }}
• {{cite book | editor-last1 = Grygieńć | editor-first1 = Janusz | title = Quentin Skinner: Metoda historyczna i wolność republikańska | publisher = Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika | location = Toruń | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-83-231-3562-3 }}
• {{cite book | editor-last1 = Dawson | editor-first1 = Hannah | editor-last2 = de Dijn | editor-first2 = Annelien | title = Rethinking Liberty before Liberalism | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2022 | isbn = 9781108948395 }}

● 2018: Beaumont, Tim. "A Perennial Illusion? Wittgenstein, Quentin Skinner's Contextualism and the Possibility of Refuting Past Philosophers". Philosophical Investigations. 41 (3): 304–28. doi:doi.org/10.1111/phin.12196 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phin.12196

Note: the following are two special issues of Francophone journals containing a number of articles (written in French) concerning the life and work of Quentin Skinner, the full contents of each issue can be found in the subsequent links.

• 2022: ‘Quentin Skinner: Interpréter et expliquer’: Analogia: revue annuelle de philosophie, ed. Florian Laguens, numero 2, Paris. ISBN 979-10-93043-41-8 [https://ipc-paris.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/analogia-n%C2%B02-introduction.pdf "Institut de Philosophie Comparée Publications: Introduction by Florian Laguens"]
• 2024: ‘Autour de Quentin Skinner’, Raisons politiques 93, Paris. ISBN 978-2-7246-4227-8 [https://www.pressesdesciencespo.fr/en/book/?gcoi=27246100570040 "Presses de Sciences Po: Raisons politiques 93, février 2024"]

{{wikiquote}}

• Queen Mary University of London School of History: Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Humanities [http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/skinnerq.html Professor Quentin Skinner - official page]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJYsTJt8vxg Quentin Skinner, "Belief, Truth, and Interpretation"] A lecture delivered at a conference at the Ruhr-University Bochum on 18 November 2014.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100610070916/http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/skinner86.pdf "The Paradoxes of Political Liberty"], The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Harvard University, 1984
• [http://hwcdn.libsyn.com/p/9/c/f/9cf18b50cf58da50/SkinnerMixSes.mp3?c_id=1779131&expiration=1484531276&hwt=4c998283fdaecb279b763104ca298acc Philosophy Bites podcast of Quentin Skinner on Hobbes on the State]
• [http://traffic.libsyn.com/philosophybites/Quentin_Skinner_on_Machiavellis_The_Prince.mp3 Philosophy Bites podcast of Quentin Skinner on Machiavelli's The Prince]
• [http://www.berlinpicturecompany.com/ctv/history/skinner.html 'Three Concepts of Liberty' Video recorded at the Einstein Forum, Potsdam, Germany. ]
• [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1130434 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 10 January 2008 (video)]
• [https://www.academia.edu/877475 Sins of a Historian.] An academic discussion on the problem of anachronism including a large exposition of Skinner's methodological views by Sami Syrjämäki.
• [http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/quentin-skinner-2014-12-03 "Quest for Freedom – A Conversation with Quentin Skinner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091543/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/quentin-skinner-2014-12-03 |date=18 February 2018 }}, Ideas Roadshow, 2014

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