Quercus robur

Pedunculate oak is a deciduous tree up to {{Convert|40|m}} tall,{{cite book |last1=Stace |first1=C.A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |date=2019 |location=Suffolk |publisher=C & M Floristics |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}} with a single stout trunk that can be as much as {{Convert|11|m|abbr=on}} in girth (circumference at breast height) or even 14 m in pollarded specimens. Older trees tend to be pollarded, with boles (the main trunk) about 3 m long. They often live longer and become more stout than unpollarded trees.

File:Oak bark.jpg

The crown is spreading and unevenly domed, and trees often have massive lower branches. The bark is greyish-brown and closely grooved, with vertical plates. There are often large burrs on the trunk, which typically produce many small shoots. Oaks do not produce suckers but do recover well from pruning or lightning damage. The twigs are hairless and the buds are rounded (ovoid), brownish and pointed.{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Alan |title=A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe |date=1974 |publisher=Collins |location=Glasgow |isbn=0-00-219213-6}}{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Francis |title=The Wild Flower Key |date=2006 |publisher=Frederick Warne |location=London |isbn=978-0-7232-5175-0}}

The leaves are arranged alternately along the twigs and are broadly oblong or ovate, 10–12 cm long by 7–8 cm wide, with a short (typically 2–3 mm) petiole. They have a cordate (auricled) base and 3–6 rounded lobes, divided no further than halfway to the midrib. The leaves are usually glabrous or have just a few simple hairs on the lower surface. They are dark green above, paler below, and are often covered in small disks of spangle gall by autumn.

File:Quercus robur flowers kz01.jpg

Flowering takes place in spring (early May in Northern Europe) and the flowers are wind-pollinated. The male flowers occur in narrow catkins some 2-4 cm long and arranged in small bunches. The female flowers are small, brown with dark red stigmas, about 2 mm in diameter and are found at the tips of new shoots on peduncles 2–5 cm long.

The fruits (acorns) are borne in clusters of 2–3 on a long peduncle (stalk) 4–8 cm long. Each acorn is 1.5–4 cm long, ovoid with a pointed tip, starting whitish-green and becoming brown, then black. As with all oaks, the acorns are carried in a distinctive shallow cup which can be useful in identifying the species. It is an "alternate bearing" species, with large crops produced every other year.{{cite book |last1=Crawley |first1=M.J. |title=The Flora of Berkshire |date=2005 |publisher=Brambleby Books |location=Harpenden |isbn=0-9543347-4-4}}

Grandinin/roburin E, castalagin/vescalagin, gallic acid, monogalloyl glucose (glucogallin) and valoneic acid dilactone, monogalloyl glucose, digalloyl glucose, trigalloyl glucose, rhamnose, quercitrin and ellagic acid are phenolic compounds found in Q. robur.Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Pirjo Mämmelä, Heikki Savolainenb, Lasse Lindroosa, Juhani Kangasd and Terttu Vartiainen, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 891, Issue 1, 1 September 2000, Pages 75–83, {{doi|10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00624-5}} The heartwood contains triterpene saponins.Identification of triterpene saponins in Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl. Heartwood by LC-ESI/MS and NMR. Arramon G, Saucier C, Colombani D and Glories Y, Phytochem Anal., November-December 2002, volume 13, issue 6, pages 305–310, {{PMID|12494747}}

Q. robur is most likely to be confused with sessile oak, which shares much of its range. Distinguishing features of Q. robur include the auricles at the leaf base, the very short petiole, its clusters of acorns being borne on a long peduncle, and the lack of stellate hairs on the underside of the leaf. The two often hybridise in the wild, forming Quercus × rosacea.

Turkey oak is also sometimes confused with it, but that species has "whiskers" on the winter buds and deeper lobes on the leaves (often more than halfway to the midrib). The acorn cups are also very different.

Quercus robur (from the Latin quercus, "oak" + robur derived from a word meaning robust, strong) was named by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753).{{cite POWO |id=304293-2 |title=Quercus robur L. |access-date=5 November 2024}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280706 |title=Quercus robur |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en |access-date=5 November 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610165137/https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280706 |archive-date=10 June 2024}} It is the type species of the genus and classified in the white oak section (Quercus section Quercus).{{cite web |last1=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |title=Quercus robur L. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2878688/treatments |access-date=29 January 2023}}

It has numerous common names, including "common oak", "European oak" and "English oak". In French it is called "chêne pédonculé".{{eFloras|1|210001863|Quercus robur |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |volume=3}}

The genome of Q. robur has been completely sequenced (GenOak project); the first version was published in 2016. It comprises 12 chromosome pairs (2n = 24), about {{formatnum:26000}} genes and 750 million bp.{{Cite web |title=OAK GENOME SEQUENCING » Sequencing of the oak genome and identification of genes that matter for forest tree adaptation |url=https://www.oakgenome.fr/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |language=en-US}}

There are many synonyms, and numerous varieties and subspecies have been named.{{cite web |last1=Hassler |first1=M. |title=Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2878688}} The populations in Iberia, Italy, southeast Europe, and Asia Minor and the Caucasus are sometimes treated as separate species, Q. orocantabrica, Q. brutia Tenore, Q. pedunculiflora K. Koch and Q. haas Kotschy respectively.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Quercus × rosacea Bechst. (Q. petraea x Q. robur) is the only naturally-occurring hybrid,{{cite book |last1=Stace |first1=C.A. |last2=Preston |first2=C.D. |last3=Pearman |first3=D.A. |title=Hybrid Flora of the British Isles |date=2015 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |location=Bristol |isbn=978-0-901158-48-2}} but the following crosses with other white oak species have been produced in cultivation:

• Q. × bimundorum (Q. alba × Q. robur) (two worlds oak)
• Q. × macdanielli (Q. macrocarpa × Q. robur) (heritage oak)
• Q. × turneri Willd. (Q. ilex × Q. robur) (Turner's oak)
• Q. × warei (Q. robur fastigiata x Q. bicolor).

There are numerous cultivars available, among which the following are commonly grown:

• 'Fastigiata', cypress oak, is a large imposing tree with a narrow columnar habit.
• 'Concordia', golden oak, is a small, very slow-growing tree, eventually reaching {{cvt|10|m}}, with bright golden-yellow leaves throughout spring and summer. It was originally raised in Van Geert's nursery at Ghent in 1843.
• 'Pendula', weeping oak, is a small to medium-sized tree with pendulous branches, reaching up to {{cvt|15|m}}.
• 'Purpurea' is another small form, growing to {{cvt|10|m}}, with purple leaves.
• 'Pectinata' (syn. 'Filicifolia'), cut-leaved oak, is a cultivar where the leaf is pinnately divided into fine, forward-pointing segments.{{cite web |last1=Royal Horticultural Society |title=Quercus robur L. |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-results?form-mode=true&query=Quercus%20robur |access-date=8 February 2023}}

The species is native to most of Europe and western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions.

Pedunculate oak is a long-lived tree of high-canopy woodland, coppice and wood pasture, and it is commonly planted in hedges. It is rare on thin, well-drained calcareous (chalk and limestone) soil. Sometimes it is found on the margins of swamps, rivers and ponds, showing that it is fairly tolerant of intermittent flooding.{{cite book |last1=Preston |first1=C.D. |last2=Pearman |first2=D.A. |last3=Dines |first3=T.D. |title=New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}

Image:Wistman's Wood in winter.jpg in Devon, England]]

Its Ellenberg values (as revised in 2022){{Cite web |last=Zeleny |first=David |date=2023-01-12 |title=Ellenberg-type indicator values for European vascular plant species |url=https://vegsciblog.org/2023/01/12/ellenberg-type-indicator-values-for-europe/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=vegsciblog.org |language=en-US}} in Europe are L = 7, T = 6, F = 6, R = 5, N = 2-6 and S = 0, which describe how it favours conditions of bright sunlight, moderate temperature, moisture and pH, a wide range of nutrient levels, and low salinity.{{Cite journal |last=Tichý |first=Lubomír |last2=Axmanová |first2=Irena |last3=Dengler |first3=Jürgen |last4=Guarino |first4=Riccardo |last5=Jansen |first5=Florian |last6=Midolo |first6=Gabriele |last7=Nobis |first7=Michael P. |last8=Van Meerbeek |first8=Koenraad |last9=Aćić |first9=Svetlana |last10=Attorre |first10=Fabio |last11=Bergmeier |first11=Erwin |last12=Biurrun |first12=Idoia |last13=Bonari |first13=Gianmaria |last14=Bruelheide |first14=Helge |last15=Campos |first15=Juan Antonio |date=2023 |title=Ellenberg-type indicator values for European vascular plant species |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvs.13168 |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=e13168 |doi=10.1111/jvs.13168 |issn=1654-1103}}

File:Philbhu P9020127 Knopper Gall - Andricus quercuscalicis.jpg

Within its native range, Q. robur is valued for its importance to insects and other wildlife, famously supporting the highest biodiversity of insect herbivores of any British plant (at least 400 species).{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=C. E. J. |first2=T. R. E. |last2=Southwood |title=The number of species associated with British Trees: a re-analysis |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |date=1984 |volume=53 |issue=2 |publisher=Wiley, British Ecological Society |page=459 |doi=10.2307/4528 |jstor=4528 }} The most well-known of these are the ones that form galls, which number about 35. The knopper gall is very common, and Andricus grossulariae produces somewhat similar spiky galls on the acorn cups. Also common are two types of spherical galls on the twigs: the oak marble gall and the cola nut gall. The latter are smaller and rougher than the former. A single, large exit hole indicates that the wasp inside has escaped, whereas several smaller holes show that it was parasitised by another insect, and these emerged instead. The undersides of oak leaves are often covered in spangle galls, which persist after the leaves fall.

File:Oak marble gall exit hole.jpg

One of the most distinctive galls is the oak apple, a 4.5 cm diameter spongy ball created from the buds by the wasp Biorhiza pallida. The pineapple gall, while less common, is also easily recognised.{{cite journal |last1=Redfern |first1=Margaret |last2=Shirley |first2=Peter |title=British Plant Galls |journal=Field Studies |date=2002 |volume=10 |pages=207–531}}

File:Oak apple on Pendunculate oak.jpg

The quantity of caterpillar species on an oak tree increases with the age of the tree, with blue tits and great tits timing their egg hatching to the leaves opening.{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Benedict |title=Rebirding |date=2019 |publisher=Pelagic |location=Exeter |isbn=978-1-78427-219-7 |page=78 |edition=2020}} The most common caterpillar species include the winter moth, the green tortrix and the mottled umber, all of which can become extremely abundant on the first flush of leaves in May, but the oak trees do recover their foliage later in the year.

The acorns are typically produced in large quantities every other year (unlike Q. petraea, which produces large crops only every 4-10 years) and form a valuable food resource for several small mammals and some birds, notably Eurasian jays Garrulus glandarius. Jays were overwhelmingly the primary propagators{{cite book |page= 131 |title=Forest and Woodland Trees in Britain |first= John |last=White |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 0-19-854883-4}} of oaks before humans began planting them commercially (and remain the principal propagators for wild oaks), because of their habit of taking acorns from the umbra of its parent tree and burying them undamaged elsewhere.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

• Acute oak decline
• Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe alphitoides{{cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-7b3d24|access-date=13 April 2013|title=Oak mildew|publisher=Forestry Commission|year=2013|archive-date=2017-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703052409/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-7b3d24|url-status=dead}}
• Sudden oak death

File:Quercus robur acorns in Tuntorp 1.jpg

Quercus robur is planted for forestry, and produces a long-lasting and durable heartwood, much in demand for interior and furniture work. The wood is identified by a close examination of a cross-section perpendicular to fibres. The wood is characterised by its distinct (often wide) dark and light brown growth rings. The earlywood displays a vast number of large vessels (around 0.5 mm in diameter). There are rays of thin (about 0.1 mm) yellow or light-brown lines running across the growth rings. The timber is around 720 kg per cubic meter in density.{{Cite web |date= |title=British Oak : Niche Timbers Hardwood Merchant |url=http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/british-oak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911161158/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/british-oak |archive-date=2009-09-11 |access-date= |website=www.nichetimbers.co.uk}}

Additionally, although bitter due to their high tannin content, the acorns can be roasted and ground into a coffee substitute.{{Cite book |last=Francis-Baker |first=Tiffany |title=Concise Foraging Guide |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 |series=The Wildlife Trusts |location=London |pages=39}}

In the Scandinavian countries, oaks were considered the "thunderstorm trees", representing Thor, the god of thunder.{{cite book |title=Suomen terveyskasvit: luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet |page=256 |author=Marja-Leena Huovinen |author2=Kaarina Kanerva |year=1982 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Valitut Palat |isbn=951-9078-87-8 |language=fi}} A Finnish myth is that the World tree, a great oak which grew to block the movement of the sky, sunlight and moonlight, had to be felled, releasing its magic, thus creating the Milky Way.{{cite web |url=https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074138309 |first=Topi |last=Nykänen |title=Elämänvoiman juurella |date=6 August 2006 |language=fi |website=Turun Sanomat |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603095221/https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074138309 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=live}} The oak tree also had a symbolic value in France. Some oaks were considered sacred by the Gauls; druids would cut down the mistletoe growing on them. Even after Christianization, oak trees were considered to protect as lightning would strike them rather than on nearby inhabitation. Such struck trees would often be turned into places of worship, like the Chêne chapelle.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In 1746, all oak trees in Finland were legally classified as royal property, and oaks had enjoyed legal protection already from the 17th century.{{cite web|url=http://aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi/pipola.html |year=2019 |title=Pipolan tammimetsikkö |language=fi |website=aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi |publisher=Karjalohjan Kotiseutuyhdistys |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603100914/http://aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi/pipola.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=live}} The oak is also the regional tree of the Southwest Finland region.{{cite web |url=https://luontoportti.com/t/1365/tammi |title=Tammi |language=fi |website=Luontoportti |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603102410/https://luontoportti.com/t/1365/tammi |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=live}}

During the French Revolution, oaks were often planted as trees of freedom. One such tree, planted during the 1848 Revolution, survived the destruction of Oradour-sur-Glane by the Nazis. After the announcement of General Charles de Gaulle's death, caricaturist Jacques Faizant represented him as a fallen oak.{{Cite web |last=nuageneuf |title=" Puisque tout recommence toujours, ce que j'ai fait sera, tôt ou tard, source d'ardeurs nouvelles, après que j'aurai disparu." |url=http://nuageneuf.over-blog.com/article-puisque-tout-recommence-toujours-ce-que-j-ai-fait-sera-tot-ou-tard-source-d-ardeurs-nouvelles-apres-86101629.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=nuageneuf.over-blog.com |language=fr}}

In Germany, the oak tree can be found in several paintings of Caspar David Friedrich and in "Of the life of a Good-For-Nothing" written by Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff as a symbol of the state protecting every citizen.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

File:Gornji-milanovac-grb.png, Serbia]]

In Serbia the oak is a national symbol,{{cite book|author1=Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch|author2=Stefan Haas |title=Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IzlwL-ihF8C&pg=PA196 |year=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-08858-9|page=196|quote=The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility}} having been part of the historical coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, the historical coat of arms and flags of the Principality of Serbia, as well as the current traditional coat of arms and flag of Vojvodina.{{cite journal |url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=aktapv11 |title=Покрајинска скупштинска одлука о изгледу и коришћењу симбола и традиционалних симбола Аутономне покрајине Војводине |journal=Službeni liist AP Vojvodine |issue=51 |date=15 September 2016 |language=Serbian}}

Image:Zapis-0454-Kolare-hrast-luznjak-spomenik-prirode 20150828 1335.jpg) in the settlement of Kolare in Jagodina, Serbia]]

In England, the oak has assumed the status of a national emblem. This has its origins in the oak tree at Boscobel House, where the future King Charles II hid from his Parliamentarian pursuers in 1650 during the English Civil War; the tree has since been known as the Royal Oak. This event was celebrated nationally on 29 May as Oak Apple Day, which continues to this day in some communities.{{cite web| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/moonraking/folklore_oak_apple.shtml |title=Wiltshire - Moonraking - Oak Apple Day |publisher=BBC |date=1931-05-29 |access-date=2012-05-02}}

Many place names in England include a reference to this tree, including Oakley, Occold and Eyke. Copdock, in Suffolk, probably derives from a pollarded oak ("copped oak").{{cite book |last1=Sanford |first1=Martin |last2=Fisk |first2=Richard |title=A Flora of Suffolk |date=2010 |publisher=D.K. & M.N. Sanford |location=Ipswich |isbn=978-0-9564584-0-7}} 'The Royal Oak' is the third most popular pub name in Britain (with 541 counted in 2007){{cite web |title=Real Ale and Pub News Features Archive |url=http://www.solihullcamra.org.uk/features_archive.htm |publisher=Solihullcamra.org.uk |date=2007-11-15 |access-date=2012-05-02 |url-status = usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301171337/http://www.solihullcamra.org.uk/features_archive.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012}} and HMS Royal Oak has been the name of eight major Royal Navy warships. The naval associations are strengthened by the fact that oak was the main construction material for sailing warships. The Royal Navy was often described as "The Wooden Walls of Old England"{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=MEC1924 |title=National Maritime Museum |publisher=Nmm.ac.uk |access-date=2012-05-02}} (a paraphrase of the Delphic Oracle) and the Navy's official quick march is "Heart of Oak". In folklore, the Major Oak is where Robin Hood is purported to have taken shelter.{{Cite news |url=https://www.ehbp.com/the-definitive-list-of-british-oak-trees-their-history/|title=The Definitive List of British Oak Trees & Their History {{!}} EHBP|date=2018-02-16|work=English Heritage Buildings|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en-GB}}

Oak leaves (not necessarily of this species) have been depicted on the Croatian 5 lipa coin;{{Cite web |date= |title=HRVATSKA NARODNA BANKA |url=http://www.hnb.hr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012028/http://www.hnb.hr/ |archive-date=2009-05-06 |access-date= |website=www.hnb.hr}}{{Cite web |date= |title=Kuna and Lipa, Coins of the Republic of Croatia |url=http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/ekovanic.htm?tsfsg=a89719a221b101407a7b882421d5f621 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622012116/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/ekovanic.htm?tsfsg=a89719a221b101407a7b882421d5f621 |archive-date=2009-06-22 |access-date= |website=www.hnb.hr}}{{Cite web |date= |title=Description of the 5 Lipa Coin |url=http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e5lipa.htm?tsfsg=a5ee4c0e86800b7a3ae0a4fb87366071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014510/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e5lipa.htm?tsfsg=a5ee4c0e86800b7a3ae0a4fb87366071 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date= |website=www.hnb.hr}} on old German Deutsche Mark currency (1 through 10 Pfennigs; the 50 Pfennigs coin showed a woman planting an oak seedling), and now on German-issued euro currency coins (1 through 5 cents); and on British pound coins (1987 and 1992 issues).

In Ireland, the city and county of Derry, is an anglicisation of the Irish Daire or Doire, which translates as 'oak-grove/oak-wood'.

Image:Baginton oak tree july06.JPG, England]]

It is often claimed that England has more ancient oaks than the rest of Europe combined.{{cite web |work=BRAHMS online |title=The Ancient Oaks of England |url=https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/ancientoaksofengland |publisher=Oxford University |access-date=20 May 2023}} This is based on research by Aljos Farjon at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who found that there were 115 oaks (of both species) in England with a circumference of 9 m or more, compared with just 96 in Europe. This is attributed to the persistence of mediaeval deer parks in the landscape.{{cite book |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos |title=Ancient Oaks in the English Landscape |date=2022 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=978-1842467664}} The Majesty Oak, with a circumference of {{cvt|12.2|m|ft}}, is the thickest such tree in Great Britain.{{Cite web |date=2011-06-04 |title=Britain's record-breaking trees identified |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/countryside/8557126/Britains-record-breaking-trees-identified.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}} The Brureika (Bridal Oak) in Norway with a circumference of {{cvt|10.86|m}} (in 2018){{cite web | url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/records/nor/ | title=The thickest, tallest, and oldest trees in Norway }} and the Kaive Oak in Latvia with a circumference of {{cvt|10.2|m}} are among the thickest trees in Northern Europe.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} The largest historical oak was known as the Imperial Oak from Bosnia and Herzegovina. This specimen was recorded at 17.5 m in circumference at breast height and estimated at over 150 m³ in total volume. It collapsed in 1998.{{Cite web |title=Pedunculate Oaks (Quercus robur) worldwide |url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/world-quercusrobur/}}

Two individuals of notable longevity are the Stelmužė Oak in Lithuania and the Granit Oak in Bulgaria, which are believed to be more than 1500 years old, possibly making them the oldest oaks in Europe; another specimen, called the 'Kongeegen' ('Kings Oak'), estimated to be about 1,200 years old, grows in Jaegerspris, Denmark.{{cite web|title=Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse paa Jægerspris |url=http://www.kongfrederik.dk/main.asp?me=41&sc=3 |website=www.kongfrederik.dk|access-date=23 October 2017}} Yet another can be found in Kvilleken, Sweden, that is over 1000 years old and {{cvt|14|m|ft|0}} around.{{cite web |last=Moström |first=Jerker |date=May 2006| url=http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Nerladdningssida/?fileType=pdf&downloadUrl=/Documents/publikationer/620-5617-4.pdf |title=The Oak Tree, from Peasant Torment to a Unifying Concept of Landscape Management |publisher=National Heritage Board of Sweden |work=The Oak – History, Ecology Management and Planning |location=Linköping, Sweden |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123212605/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Nerladdningssida/?fileType=pdf&downloadUrl=/Documents/publikationer/620-5617-4.pdf |archivedate=2015-01-23}} Of maiden (not pollarded) specimens, one of the oldest is the great oak of Ivenack, Germany. Tree-ring research of this tree and other oaks nearby gives an estimated age of 700 to 800 years. Also the Bowthorpe Oak in Lincolnshire, England is estimated to be 1,000 years old, making it the oldest in the UK, although there is Knightwood Oak in the New Forest that is also said to be as old. The highest density of Q. robur with a circumference of {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}} and more is in Latvia.{{Cite book |date= 2008|title=Jāņa Rozes grāmatnīca - 100 dižākie un svētākie |url=http://www.jr.lv:80/lv/veikals/prece/?shop_id=296940 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307013031/http://www.jr.lv:80/lv/veikals/prece/?shop_id=296940 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |access-date= |website=www.jr.lv:80 |page=25 |isbn=978-9984-827-15-5 |last1=Enin̦š |first1=Guntis |publisher=Lauku Avīze }}

In Ireland, at Birr Castle, a specimen over 400 years old has a girth of {{cvt|6.5|m}}, known as the Carroll Oak.Fifty Trees of Distinction by Prof. D.A. Webb and the Earl of Ross. Booklet, published by Birr Castle Demesne, 2000.

In the Basque Country (Spain and France), the 'tree of Gernika' is an ancient oak tree located in Gernika, under which the Lehendakari (Basque prime minister) swears his oath of office.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

The largest example in Australia is in Donnybrook, Western Australia.{{cite web|author=Nina Smith |date=2009-12-10 |url=http://www.donnybrookmail.com.au/news/local/news/general/australias-biggest-oak-tree/1701700.aspx |title=Australia's Biggest Oak Tree |publisher=Donnybrookmail.com.au |access-date=2012-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103500/http://www.donnybrookmail.com.au/news/local/news/general/australias-biggest-oak-tree/1701700.aspx|archivedate=2011-07-06}}

• Femeiche

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Quercus robur}}

• [https://archive.today/20121204162908/http://www.deby.bialowieza.pl/ang Oaks from Bialowieza Forest in Poland (biggest oak cluster with the monumental sizes in Europe) {English}]
• [http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/photos-englishoak/ Monumental Trees, Photos and location details of large English oak trees]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205073112/http://poweroak.lv/ Latvia - the land of oaks]
• [http://www.euforgen.org/species/quercus-robur/ Quercus robur] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

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robur

Category:Trees of Asia

Category:Trees of Europe

Category:Trees of humid continental climate

Category:Trees of mild maritime climate

Category:Least concern plants

Category:Least concern biota of Europe

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Garden plants of Europe

Category:Ornamental trees