Quintillus

{{Infobox royalty

| image = Aureus Quintillus (obverse).jpg

| image_size = 250px

| alt = Golden coin depicting man with diadem facing right

| caption = Aureus depicting Quintillus. Inscription reads {{abbreviation|IMP|IMPERATOR}} {{abbreviation|C|CAESAR}} {{abbreviation|M|MARCVS}} {{abbreviation|AVR|AVRELIVS}} QVINTILLVS {{abbreviation|AVG|AVGVSTVS}}

| succession = Roman emperor

| reign = 270 (17–77 days)

| predecessor = Claudius Gothicus

| successor = Aurelian

| birth_date =

| birth_place = Sirmium, Pannonia Inferior (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)

| death_date = 270

| death_place = Aquileia, Italy

| burial_place =

| issue = 2 sons

| full name = Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus

| regnal name = Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus{{cite book |last=Cooley |year=2012 |first=Alison E. |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy|page=500|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Alison E. Cooley }}

}}

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (died 270) was a short-lived Roman emperor. He took power after the death of his brother, Emperor Claudius Gothicus, in 270. After reigning for a few weeks Quintillus was overthrown by Aurelian, who had been proclaimed rival emperor by the legions he commanded. The ancient sources variously report him to have killed himself, to have fallen in battle against Aurelian, or to have been murdered by his own soldiers.

Early life

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus' exact birthplace is unknown. An Illyrian, he was likely born in Pannonia Inferior, as is indicated by his coinage.{{sfn|Manders|2012|p=258}} Originating from a low-born family, Quintillus came to prominence with the accession of his brother Claudius Gothicus to the imperial throne in 268 CE. Quintillus was possibly made Procurator of Sardinia during his brother's reign.

Reign of Quintillus

Quintillus was declared emperor after Claudius died in 270. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother;{{sfn|Eutropius|loc=IX:12}} the choice was reportedly approved by the Roman Senate. Joannes Zonaras reports him elected by the Senate itself.{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} Records, however, agree that the legions which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the Danube were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian as emperor.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}}

The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. It is variously reported to have lasted 17 days (Jerome, Eutropius and Zonaras), 77 days (Filocalus), or "a few months" (Zosimus). Modern scholars believe "17" to be a misreading of a larger number, since Quintillus had time to produce an abundance of coins.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}}{{Cite book|last=Syvänne|first=Ilkka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Aurelian and Probus|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2020|isbn=9781526767530|pages=65}} Records also disagree on the cause of his death. The Historia Augusta reports him murdered by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict military discipline.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:5}} Jerome says that he was slain at Aquileia, without further specifics.{{sfn|Jerome|loc=s.a. 271}} According to Joannes Zonaras, Quintillus opened his veins and bled himself to death;{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} John of Antioch concurs, adding that the suicide was assisted by a physician.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} Claudius Salmasius noted that Dexippus recorded the death without stating causes.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:6}} All records, however, agree in placing the death at Aquileia. Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=13:9}}

The Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece, Claudia, who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=13:1}} Some historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine I.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}}

Legacy

Image:Carska palata Sirmijum1.JPG, today in Sremska Mitrovica]]

His reign was very short and he never managed to visit Rome as emperor. Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable emperor.{{sfn|Eutropius|loc=IX:12}} He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous emperors Galba and Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} In his reign the priestly offices held by the emperor were separated and the image of the emperor as pontifex maximus was abandoned.{{sfn|Manders|2012|p=145}}

References

Sources

=Ancient sources=

{{cite book |author=Jerome|title=Chronicon|date=2005|url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm|ref={{sfnref|Jerome}}|orig-date={{circa}} 380|translator=Roger Pearse}}
{{cite book |author=Aurelius Victor|author-link=Aurelius Victor|title=Epitome de Caesaribus|date=2018|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm|ref={{sfnref|Aurelius Victor}}|orig-date={{circa}} 400|translator=Thomas M. Banchich}}
{{cite book |author=Eutropius|author-link=Eutropius (historian)|title=Breviarium ab urbe condita|date=1853|url=http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#12|ref={{sfnref|Eutropius}}|orig-date={{circa}} 380|translator=John Selby Watson}}
{{cite book |chapter=Live of Claudius|title=Historia Augusta|date=1913|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius*.html|ref={{sfnref|Historia Augusta}}|orig-date=|translator=David Magie}}
{{cite book |author=Joannes Zonaras|title=Epitome Historiarum|date=2008|url=http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415|archive-date=21 May 2008|ref={{sfnref|Zonaras}}|translator=Basileos Nestor|orig-date={{circa}} 1120}}
{{cite book |author=Zosimus|author-link=Zosimus (historian)|title=Nova Historia|date=1814|url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm|ref={{sfnref|Zosimus}}|translator=J. Davis|orig-date={{circa}} 500}}

=Secondary sources=

{{cite book |last1=Manders |first1=Erika |title=Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284 |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004189706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeyGeNsb_GoC}}
{{cite web|last1=Banchich|first1=Thomas|title=Quintillus (270 A.D)|date=1999|website=De Imperatoribus Romanis|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317143116/http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-03-17}}
Jones, A.H.M.; Martindale, J.R., Morris, J. (1971). [https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/759/mode/1up Quintillus 1]. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire I. Cambridge University Press, p. 759. {{ISBN|0-521-07233-6}}