Rachel Green (scientist)
{{short description|American biologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
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| birth_date = Oct 24, 1964
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| thesis_title = An in vitro genetic analysis of the group I self-splicing intron
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303969302/
| thesis_year = 1992
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| spouse = Brendan Cormack
| children = 3
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Rachel Green is an American biologist. She currently serves as a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of molecular biology and genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Her research focuses on ribosomes and their function in translation. Green has also been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000.
Early life and education
Rachel Green was born on October 24, 1964. Green grew up in Rocky River, Ohio, where her mother was a chemistry teacher. Green intended to study engineering in college, but changed her major to chemistry, earning a B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1986. She then earned a PhD in biochemistry from Harvard University in 1992, in the lab of Jack Szostak, where she studied RNA.{{cite web |title=Rachel Green, Ph.D. |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/6899213/rachel-green |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}
She did postdoctoral research at University of California Santa Cruz in the lab of Harry Noller, researching the function of the ribosome in E. coli.{{cite web |title=Rachel Green Inside Look |url=https://www.hhmi.org/insidelook/rachel-green |website=HHMI.org |access-date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}
Career
Green joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1998. In 2007 she became a full professor at Johns Hopkins.{{Cite web|title=Rachel Green|url=https://bio.jhu.edu/directory/rachel-green/|access-date=2020-04-22|website=Department of Biology|language=en-US}}
Green has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000.{{cite web |title=Rachel Green |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/rachel-green |website=HHMI.org |access-date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}
She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012,{{cite web |title=Rachel Green |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20027257.html |website=www.nasonline.org |access-date=25 April 2019}} to the National Academy of Medicine{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 80 New Members|url=https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-80-new-members/|date=2017-10-16|website=National Academy of Medicine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}} in 2017, and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019.{{cite web |title=Three Johns Hopkins Scientists Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/three-johns-hopkins-scientists-elected--to-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom |access-date=25 April 2019 |language=en |date=18 April 2019}}
Research
The focus of Green's laboratory is defining the molecular mechanisms that affect that accuracy of translation in bacteria, yeast, and higher eukaryotic systems.{{Cite journal|last1=Schuller|first1=Anthony P.|last2=Green|first2=Rachel|date=2018|title=Roadblocks and resolutions in eukaryotic translation|url= |journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology|language=en|volume=19|issue=8|pages=526–541|doi=10.1038/s41580-018-0011-4|pmid=29760421 |issn=1471-0080|pmc=6054806}} After joining Johns Hopkins as a tenure-track assistant professor in 1998, Green began investigations into factors that control the translocation step of translation, where the ribosome moves forward over the messenger RNA (mRNA), prior to adding the next amino acid to the growing protein.{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Rachel|date=2000-05-15|title=Ribosomal translocation: EF-G turns the crank|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=R369–R373|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00481-4|issn=0960-9822|pmid=10837219|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Cukras|first1=Anthony R.|last2=Southworth|first2=Daniel R.|last3=Brunelle|first3=Julie L.|last4=Culver|first4=Gloria M.|last5=Green|first5=Rachel|date=2003-08-01|title=Ribosomal Proteins S12 and S13 Function as Control Elements for Translocation of the mRNA:tRNA Complex|journal=Molecular Cell|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=321–328|doi=10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00275-2|issn=1097-2765|pmid=14536072|doi-access=free}} Later, Green's research segued into studies on molecular factors and global mechanisms that affect translation accuracy.{{Cite journal|last1=Cochella|first1=Luisa|last2=Green|first2=Rachel|date=July 2005|title=Fidelity in protein synthesis|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=15|issue=14|pages=R536–R540|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.018|doi-access=free}} In particular, Green and her colleagues found that certain nucleotides in transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules affect the ability of the ribosome to determine and select the correct tRNA in each step of translation.{{Cite journal|last=Cochella|first=L.|date=2005-05-20|title=An Active Role for tRNA in Decoding Beyond Codon:Anticodon Pairing|url= |journal=Science|language=en|volume=308|issue=5725|pages=1178–1180|doi=10.1126/science.1111408|issn=0036-8075|pmc=1687177|pmid=15905403}} Green's investigations into other aspects of translation quality control have included research into the mechanisms and effects of mRNA surveillance, in which mis-coded or nonfunctional mRNAs are subjected to degradation.{{Cite journal|last1=Djuranovic|first1=S.|last2=Nahvi|first2=A.|last3=Green|first3=R.|date=2011-02-04|title=A Parsimonious Model for Gene Regulation by miRNAs|url= |journal=Science|language=en|volume=331|issue=6017|pages=550–553|doi=10.1126/science.1191138|issn=0036-8075|pmc=3955125|pmid=21292970}}{{Cite journal|last1=Shoemaker|first1=Christopher J|last2=Green|first2=Rachel|date=June 2012|title=Translation drives mRNA quality control|url= |journal=Nature Structural & Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=594–601|doi=10.1038/nsmb.2301|issn=1545-9993|pmc=4299859|pmid=22664987}}{{Cite journal|last1=Simms|first1=Carrie L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Erica N.|last3=Zaher|first3=Hani S.|date=2017|title=Ribosome-based quality control of mRNA and nascent peptides|url= |journal=WIREs RNA|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=e1366|doi=10.1002/wrna.1366|issn=1757-7012|pmc=5116004|pmid=27193249}}
Awards
- 1996 Burroughs Wellcome Career Award, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation
- 1999 Searle Scholarship Award, Searle Foundation
- 2000 Packard Fellowship Award, David and Lucile Packard Foundation
- 2012 Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences
- 2017 Elected Member, National Academy of Medicine
- 2019 Elected Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Publications
Green has more than 16,000 citations in Google Scholar and an h-index of 69.{{Cite web|title=Rachel Green|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0cy3s0AAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2021-05-11|website=scholar.google.com}}
- [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Green+R&cauthor_id=29097519 Pubmed Citations]
- [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0cy3s0AAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar Citations]
Selected Publications
- 2012 with S Djuranovic, A Nahvi, miRNA-mediated gene silencing by translational repression followed by mRNA deadenylation and decay, in: Science. Vol. 336, nº 6078; 237-240.
- 2010 with T Schneider-Poetsch, J Ju, DE Eyler, Y Dang, S Bhat, WC Merrick, B Shen, JO Liu, Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by cycloheximide and lactimidomycin, in: Nature Chemical Biology. Vol. 6, nº 3; 209-217.
- 1997 with HF Noller, Ribosomes and translation, in: Annual Review of Biochemistry. Vol. 66, nº 1; 679-716.
- 2011 with S Djuranovic, A Nahvi, A parsimonious model for gene regulation by miRNAs, in: Science. Vol. 331, nº 6017; 550-553.
- 1989 with F Michel, M Hanna, DP Bartel, JW Szostak, The guanosine binding site of the Tetrahymena ribozyme, in: Nature. Vol. 342, nº 6248; 391-395.
Personal life
Green's husband, Brendan Cormack, is also a geneticist at Johns Hopkins University. The couple has 3 children.{{cite web |last1=April 17 |first1=Katie Pearce / Published |title=Johns Hopkins biologist, geneticist Rachel Green named Bloomberg Distinguished Professor |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/04/17/rachel-green-bloomberg-distinguished-professor/ |website=The Hub |access-date=25 April 2019 |language=en |date=17 April 2017}}
References
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Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Category:American women biochemists
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:20th-century American biologists
Category:20th-century American women scientists
Category:21st-century American biologists
Category:21st-century American women scientists
Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni