Racism against Asians

The concept of 'racism against Asians' is most common in communities or countries where the ethnic or racial majority is non-Asian, or it is most common in communities or countries where the national character is Western. The concept is most frequently employed in reference to Anti-Asian phenomena which exist in countries which are located outside the Asian continent, such as countries which are located in Africa, Europe, North America and South America.

{{Main|Racism by country}}

{{Main|Racism in Australia}}

• White Australia policy

{{Main|Racism in Canada}}

• Chinese head tax in Canada
• Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
• Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration
• Internment of Japanese Canadians
• Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
• 1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots
• Anti-Oriental riots (Vancouver)
• Chinese Immigration Act, 1923

{{Main|Racism in Africa#Uganda}}

• Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

{{Main|Racism in the United Kingdom}}

• 2024 United Kingdom riots
• Paki bashing

{{Main|Asian immigration to the United States|History of Asian Americans}}

• Nativism in United States politics#Asian targets
• Racism against Asian Americans, covers the history of anti-Asian racism in the United States
• Affirmative action
• Xenophobia in the United States#Asian targets
• Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
• Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
• Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
• San Francisco riot of 1877
• Destruction of Chinatown, Denver
• Tacoma riot of 1885
• Seattle riot of 1886
• Chinese Massacre Cove, the site of the Hells Canyon Massacre which was committed in May 1887
• Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
• Rock Springs massacre
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Immigration Act of 1917
• Immigration Act of 1924
• Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
• Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
• California Alien Land Law of 1913
• Internment of Japanese Americans
• Asian American activism
• Stop Asian Hate, a 2021 movement originating in the United States

{{Main|History of Chinese Americans#Anti-Chinese movement|History of Japanese Americans#Anti-Japanese sentiment|Stereotypes of groups within the United States#Asian and Pacific Islander Americans|Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States}}

• Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
• Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
• Interminority racism in the United States (racism against Asian Americans by other minority groups)

{{Main|Racism in France}}

• Anti-Asian racism in France

Racist incidents or perceptions, especially towards East or Southeast Asians, may include:

• Emasculation of Asian men against fetishizations and hypersexualisation of Asian women (yellow fever).{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Rachel |date=2021-03-19 |title=The history of fetishizing Asian women |url=https://www.vox.com/22338807/asian-fetish-racism-atlanta-shooting |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Vox |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Tu |first=Jessie |date=2018-11-27 |title=Because I am small and Asian, I am fetishised by some white men |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/because-i-am-small-and-asian-i-am-fetishised-by-some-white-men-20181126-p50ifk.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Qian |first=Yue |date=2020-02-09 |title=Asian guys stereotyped and excluded in online dating |url=http://theconversation.com/asian-guys-stereotyped-and-excluded-in-online-dating-130855 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Here's how pop culture has perpetuated harmful stereotypes of Asian women |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/here-s-how-pop-culture-has-perpetuated-harmful-stereotypes-asian-t213676 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Fang |first=Janet |title=The Deadly Consequences of Hypersexualizing Asian Women |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-deadly-consequences-of-hypersexualizing-asian-women/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Single Asian Men and Harmful Stereotypes in the Dating World {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minority-report/202308/single-asian-men-and-harmful-stereotypes-in-the-dating-world |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}
• Which causes inferiority complex and internalized racism.{{Cite web |title=When Asians say they're not into Asian men |url=https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2018/11/when-asians-say-theyre-not-into-asian-men |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Johns Hopkins News-Letter |language=en-US}}{{cite news |last1=Salesses |first1=Matthew |title='Good-looking for an Asian': how I shed white ideals of masculinity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/23/asian-american-masculinity-white-male-insecurity |work=The Guardian |date=23 October 2020 }}
• Reinforced by dangerous racial science of supposed "mongoloid race" (outdated), such as lacking of sexual dimorphism between Asian men and Asian women,{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004237414_004 |chapter=How the 'Mongoloid Race' Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe |title=Race and Racism in Modern East Asia |date=2013 |pages=59–85 |isbn=978-90-04-23741-4 |first1=Walter |last1=Demel |publisher=BRILL }} as well as dealing with the aftershocks of the history of European colonisation of Southeast Asia and "white worship".{{Cite web |title=Colonialism in Southeast Asia: Resistance, Negotiation and Legacies – University of Hawaii Manoa Library Website |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/about/news-events/exhibits/colonialism-in-southeast-asia-resistance-negotiation-and-legacies/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2015-10-29 |title=Opinion: White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1873833/white-worship-hong-kong-you-cant-end-it-if-you-refuse |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}
• The model minority myth fails to account for the bamboo ceiling, the difficult circumstances of poorer Asians, and their marginalization and stereotyping in the media.{{Cite web |date=2014-06-10 |title=Unconscious bias and the bamboo ceiling |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/unconscious-bias-and-bamboo-ceiling |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}{{cite thesis |last1=Paner |first1=Isabel |title=The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film |date=May 2018 |doi=10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08 }}{{cite journal |last1=Abrams |first1=Zara |title=Countering stereotypes about asian americans |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |date=December 2019 |volume=50 |issue=11 |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/12/countering-stereotypes }}{{cite journal |last1=Tinkler |first1=Justine |last2=Zhao |first2=Jun |last3=Li |first3=Yan |last4=Ridgeway |first4=Cecilia L. |title=Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty |journal=Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World |date=January 2019 |volume=5 |pages=237802311983600 |doi=10.1177/2378023119836000 |s2cid=150928622 |doi-access=free }}
• Contradictorily being used to justify white supremacy through modes of "honorary Aryan" or "honorary whiteness" racial concepts.{{Cite journal |last=Dhingra |first=Pawan |date=October 2021 |title="Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families": Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23326492211018483 |journal=Sociology of Race and Ethnicity |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=458–471 |doi=10.1177/23326492211018483 |s2cid=236221102 |issn=2332-6492}}{{Cite journal |last=Panzer |first=Sarah |date=2023-07-10 |title=Honorary Aryans? Japanese German Mischlinge and the Negotiation of Identity in Nazi Germany |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/abs/honorary-aryans-japanese-german-mischlinge-and-the-negotiation-of-identity-in-nazi-germany/63C8AF8C16D5BEF75EDC814C56C9C9F1 |journal=Contemporary European History |language=en |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1017/S0960777323000334 |s2cid=259658679 |issn=0960-7773}}
• Being used to justify racism against Black people via the model minority myth.{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Kat |date=2017-04-19 |title='Model Minority' Myth Again Used As A Racial Wedge Between Asians And Blacks |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=NPR}}
• Are stereotyped as cold, anti-social, robotic.{{Cite news |date=2020-05-18 |title=Analysis {{!}} Asians are stereotyped as 'competent but cold.' Here's how that increases backlash from the coronavirus pandemic. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/06/asians-are-stereotyped-competent-cold-heres-how-that-increases-backlash-coronavirus-pandemic/ |access-date=2023-10-01 }}
• Discrimination based on perceived foreignness or accent.{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Su Yeong |last2=Wang |first2=Yijie |last3=Deng |first3=Shiying |last4=Alvarez |first4=Rocio |last5=Li |first5=Jing |title=Accent, Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype, and Perceived Discrimination as Indirect Links between English Proficiency and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents |journal=Developmental Psychology |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1037/a0020712 |pmid=21244164 |pmc=3052861 }}
• Being seen as a perpetual foreigner.
• Being linked to diseases such as coronavirus (see Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic).{{Cite web |date=2020-05-12 |title=Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=America's long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/asian-american-racism-covid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217230843/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/asian-american-racism-covid |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=History |language=en}}
• Othered into being seen as "yellow" or being seen as the "yellow peril".{{Cite web |title=When Did East Asians Become Yellow? {{!}} Center for East Asian & Pacific Studies at Illinois |url=https://ceaps.illinois.edu/news/2023-03-20/when-did-east-asians-become-yellow |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=ceaps.illinois.edu |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=How did Asians go from being called "white" to "yellow" |url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/753623.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=english.hani.co.kr}}
• Generalizing East Asians as monolithic{{Cite web |title=AAPI Communities are Not a Monolith - APCO Worldwide |url=https://apcoworldwide.com/blog/aapi-communities-are-not-a-monolith/undefined/blog/aapi-communities-are-not-a-monolith/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=apcoworldwide.com |language=en}} and being ignorant of the multicultural populations of Southeast Asia, such as the existence of Melanesians in Southeast Asia, etc.

On the other hand, discrimination against South Asians and/or Middle Easterners includes:

• Being seen as terrorists{{cite journal |last1=Samari |first1=Goleen |title=Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=November 2016 |volume=106 |issue=11 |pages=1920–1925 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 |pmid=27631738 |pmc=5055770 }}{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Kelly |title=Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat |journal=Race and Justice |date=April 2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117–145 |doi=10.1177/2153368715590478 |s2cid=31176854 }}{{Cite web |title=Racial Profiling {{!}} Costs of War |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/social/rights/profiling |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Costs of War |language=en}}
• Othered into being seen as "brown", a categorization which was extended to Southeast Asians.{{Cite web |date=2020-02-02 |title=The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities – Asian American Policy Review |url=https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2020/02/02/the-brown-asian-american-movement-advocating-for-south-asian-southeast-asian-and-filipino-american-communities/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105230409/https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2020/02/02/the-brown-asian-american-movement-advocating-for-south-asian-southeast-asian-and-filipino-american-communities/ |url-status=dead }}

There has been an increase in the amount of psychological or mental distress which has been caused by the aforementioned factors.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=The Facts About Asian American Mental Health and Suicide Rates |url=https://www.newportinstitute.com/resources/mental-health/asian-american-mental-health/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Newport Institute |language=en-US}}{{cite journal |last1=Keum |first1=Brian TaeHyuk |last2=Ahn |first2=Lydia HaRim |last3=Choi |first3=Andrew Young |last4=Choudhry |first4=Adil |last5=Nguyen |first5=Mary |last6=Meizys |first6=Gintare M. |last7=Chu |first7=Annalisa |last8=Hearns |first8=Maynard |title=Asian American Men's Gendered Racial Socialization and Fragmented Masculinity: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis |journal=The Counseling Psychologist |date=July 2023 |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=684–718 |doi=10.1177/00110000231170310 |s2cid=258622070 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Karasz |first1=Alison |last2=Gany |first2=Francesca |last3=Escobar |first3=Javier |last4=Flores |first4=Cristina |last5=Prasad |first5=Lakshmi |last6=Inman |first6=Arpana |last7=Kalasapudi |first7=Vasundhara |last8=Kosi |first8=Razia |last9=Murthy |first9=Meena |last10=Leng |first10=Jennifer |last11=Diwan |first11=Sadhna |title=Mental Health and Stress among South Asians |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |date=August 2019 |volume=21 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4 |pmid=27848078 |pmc=5643212 }} Myopic depictions of Asian cultures continues to be a problem.{{Cite web |last=Adlakha |first=Siddhant |date=2023-09-28 |title='The Creator' Brings Out the Worst Tendencies of Asian-Inspired Sci-Fi |url=https://joysauce.com/the-creator-brings-out-the-worst-tendencies-of-asian-inspired-sci-fi/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=JoySauce |language=en-US}}

Additionally, racism in Asia (racist attitudes which Asians have towards each other as well as racist attitudes which Asians have towards non-Asians) is also impacted by differences in nationality as well as regional differences.

{{div col}}

• Afrophobia
• Anti-Afghan sentiment
• Anti-Arab racism
• Anti-Armenian sentiment
• Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
• Anti-Bengali sentiment in India
• Anti-Chinese sentiment
• Anti-Europeanism
• Anti-Hungarian sentiment
• Anti-Indian sentiment
• Anti-Indonesian sentiment
• Anti-Iranian sentiment
• Anti-Japanese sentiment
• Anti-Khmer sentiment
• Anti-Korean sentiment
• Anti-Kurdish sentiment
• Anti-Malay sentiment
• Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment
• Anti-Mongolianism
• Anti-Pakistan sentiment
• Anti-Palestinianism
• Anti-Filipino sentiment
• Anti-Qing sentiment
• Anti-Romani sentiment
• Anti-Russian sentiment
• Antisemitism
• Anti-Slavic sentiment
• Anti-Thai sentiment
• Anti-Tibetan sentiment
• Anti-Turkish sentiment
• Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
• Anti-Western sentiment
• Asian American activism
• Discrimination based on skin tone
• Dusky Peril
• Ethnocentrism
• Hispanophobia
• Historical race concepts
• Index of racism-related articles
• Interminority racism in the United States
• Islamophobia
• Mormon teachings on skin color
• Nativism (politics)
• Nativism in United States politics
• Negrophobia
• Racial discrimination
• Racial hierarchy
• Racial hygiene
• Racial segregation
• Racism against African Americans
• Racism against Native Americans in the United States
• Racism by country
• Racism in Africa
• Racism in the Arab world
• Racism in Asia
• Racism in Australia
• Racism in Europe
• Racism in Israel
• Racism in Jewish communities
• Racism in Muslim communities
• Racism in North America
• Racism in South America
• Racism in the State of Palestine
• Slavery in the United States
• Tatarophobia
• White backlash
• White flight
• White nationalism
• White pride
• White supremacy
• Yellow Peril
• Xenophobia
• Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
• Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
• Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Xenophobia in the United States

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

{{portalbar|Asia|Society}}

{{Racism}}

{{Discrimination}}

Category:Anti–East Asian sentiment

Category:Anti–South Asian sentiment

Category:Anti–Southeast Asian sentiment

Category:Stereotypes of East Asian people

Asians against