Rathore dynasty

The Rathore dynasty has several notable subclans, which are branches or offshoots of the main lineage. These subclans were typically formed by prominent members of the dynasty, often as a result of territorial expansion or the establishment of new kingdoms. Some of the most recognised subclans are as follows:

Jodha, Vadhel, Jaitawat, Kumpawat, Champawat, Mertiya, Bikawat, Udawat & Karamsot, are some of the branches or subclans of Rathore Rajputs.{{cite book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |first=Tanuja |last=Kothiyal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |page=105 |isbn=978-1-10708-031-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105622/https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

This article discusses the "Kanaujiya" Rathores of Marwar and lineages, thereof; Norman Ziegler had noted of 12 other similar branches ("shakhas") of Rathores — Sur, Shir, Kapaliya, Kherada, Abhepura, Jevamt, Vagula, Karaha, Parakra, Ahrao, Jalkheda, and Camdel.{{Cite thesis|title=Action power and service in Rajasthani culture: a social history of the Rajputs of middle period Rajasthan|publisher=University of Chicago|date=1973|language=en|first=Norman|last=Ziegler}} Scholarship about those branches are scarce to non-existent.

A section of historians argue for a Rashtrakuta origin.{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Melia Belli|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004300569/B9789004300569_005.xml|title=3 A Deceptive Message of Resistance: Nostalgia and the Early Jodha Rathores' Renaissant Devals|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-30056-9|language=en|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103062420/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004300569/B9789004300569_005.xml|url-status=live}} Branches of Rashtrakutas had migrated to Western Rajasthan as early as the late tenth century. Multiple inscriptions of Rathauras have been located in and around Marwar dating from the tenth to thirteenth century, indicating that the Rathores may have emerged from one of the Rashtrakuta branches.

Muhnot Nainsi, employed by the Rathores of Marwar, chronicled Nainsi ri Khyat, a bardic genealogical history of the Rajputs in western Rajasthan {{circa|1660}}; one of the oldest extant historical records of the region, the Khyata collated information from existing oral literature, genealogies and administrative sources in a chronological fashion.{{Page number needed|date=September 2021}}{{Cite journal|last=Ziegler|first=Norman P.|date=1976|title=The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564|journal=History in Africa|volume=3|pages=127–153|doi=10.2307/3171564|jstor=3171564|s2cid=156943079|issn=0361-5413|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709212904/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564|url-status=live}}{{Efn|Nainsi's was the Chief Revenue Officer of Jaswant Singh I, during the time of compilation and his' is the oldest Khyat of the region. Other written sources include the much formal "Marvar Ri Parganam Ri Vigat", compiled by Nainsi. Both does not record any entry later than 1666, his last year in service.}}{{efn|It may not be assumed that prior to Nainsi, the literary worlds of Thar were barren. A vast corpus of literature — vamsavalis, bat, and pidhavali — were maintained and transmitted across centuries, prim. in oral forms, by specialists from lowers castes. Even the relatively newer forms of Khyat or Vigat were probably there for about a century before Nainsi.}} Nainsi had noted of the Rathores to have originated from Kannauj before migrating to Marwar.{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781139946186|chapter=Mobility, Polity, Territory|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nomadic-narratives/mobility-polity-territory/97F9991E392DE000D8A66C8CABD2A9CE|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183157/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nomadic-narratives/mobility-polity-territory/97F9991E392DE000D8A66C8CABD2A9CE|url-status=live}}

British indologist V. A. Smith theorized that the Rathores and Bundelas are an offshoot of the Gahadavala dynasty.{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=309 |language=en}} Roma Niyogi considers this claim to be of a later origin.{{Cite book|first=Roma|last=Niyogi|title=The hsotory of the Gahadvala dynasty|publisher=Calcutta oriental books|year=1959|pages=30–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601061533/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}

These bardic claims of descent have been since deemed to be largely ahistorical by Ziegler.{{efn|An inscription in Bithoor commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent. Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand, a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.}} Ziegler notes the theme of migrations to be common across Rajput genealogies; a construct, borrowed from literary canon of other regions. Later genealogies of Rathores went as far as to derive origin from Gods of the Hindu pantheon — Indra, Narayana et al.{{efn|"Rathodam Ri Vamsavali", edited out of three undated manuscripts (prob. 18th c.), mentions the earliest ancestor of Rathores to be one Raja Rastevswar, a Suryavanshi Rajput in the Treta Yuga.{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Rajpūt Social Organization: A Historical Perspective|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.12}} He took birth from his father's spine ("ratho") and with the blessings of Rsi Gotam, established a sovereign state from Kannauj. Even Rama, from the Dyapara Yuga, is noted to be a Rathore!}}

File:Rao Amar Singh of Jodhpur (6125095904).jpg, a notable Rathore nobleman|left]]

The first Rathore chieftain was Siho Setramot, grandson of the last Gahadavala king Jayachandra.{{efn|For context of production (and circulation), see section on history.}} Setramot abdicated the throne of Kanauj to become an ascetic but got embroiled in a royal rivalry and eventually married the daughter of a Gujarati ruler, who birthed him three sons. Asthan, the eldest, was raised at Paltan after Siho's death (at Kanauj) and he went on to establish the first Rathore polity in Pali (and few adjoining villages), after winning over the local Brahmins by defeating an oppressive king named Kanha Mer. Other contemporary sources claim the same descent and construct slightly variable narratives about migration from Kanauj: Setramot fled the Ghurid Sultanate to Marwar and established the first Rathore polity.{{Cite thesis|last=Saran|first=Richard Davis|title=Conquest and Colonization: Rajputs and Vasis in Middle Period Marvar|date=1978|publisher=University of Michigan}} The Bithoor inscription provides the date of Siho's death in 1273 CE and calls him the son of Set Kunwar; however, it does not claim any Gaharwal origin.{{efn|An inscription in Bithoor commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent. Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand, a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.}}

Under Asthan's regime, and that of his successor-rulers, the Rathore territories significantly expanded courtesy confrontations and diplomatic negotiations with other pastoral groups; the primary base shifted multiple times.{{efn|After Asthan, came in order — Raipal, Kanhadde, Jalhansi, Chhada, Teedo, Salkha, Malo, Chunda, and Rinmal. A fair share of internecine rivalry was present since Malo's ascension to the throne.}} Marital alliances with any warrior-group operating out of Thar were especially favored and they were welcome to be inducted in the Rathore fold.{{Efn|Ziegler doubts that these rulers (till Raso/Chunda) were extrapolated from popular memory and incorporated into Rathore genealogy; very little exists in the form of historical evidence. David Henige also points out that Nainsi accommodates 10 kings within a span of 74 years, which is quite improbable unless plagued with telescoping.}} Multiple new Rathore branches seem to have split out in these spans.{{Efn|All of these branches — Sindhal, Uhar, Petar, Mulu etc. — reigned over different areas of Marwar.}}

The precise accuracy of events which allegedly occurred across these spans is questionable and may not be relied upon except for a generic reconstruction.

File:H0900-L185162829.jpg]]

Chunda, who was ninth in descent from Asthan, married a Pratihara princess and was gifted the territory of Mandore as a dowry by the Pratihara clan. In return Chunda promised to defend Mandore against the Tughlaq Empire.{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105623/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=rao%20chunda%20of%20mandore&f=false|url-status=live}} Mandore thus became the new capital of the Rathore clan, c. 1400.{{Page number needed|date=September 2021}} This prompted a significant sociopolitical shift: the hitherto nomadic lifestyle frequented with cattle raids etc. would gradually give way to landed aristocracy.{{Efn|The earlier periods are referred to in Rajput histories as period of "Vikhau". Contemporary anxieties of caste-pollution and unstable hierarchy are projected back onto these spans.}} His son Ranmal was assassinated in 1438; Marwar was annexed by Sisodias whilst other parts were captured by Delhi Sultanate.{{Efn|Ziegler notes that the chronicles become reasonably reliable since mid-fifteenth century and is supported by epigraphical evidence. There is a strong probability that Nainsi copied off some parts from much older sources without attribution. However, Nainsi did add anachronistic elements to his narratives. }}

In 1453, Rao Jodha regained Marwar, and expanded his territories by entering into multiple alliances with fellow Rajputs; the Jodha line was established with his consecration of a new capital at Jodhpur. Rao Jodha was successful in annexing several territories from the Delhi Sultanate, due to which the Rathores of Marwar became the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana during his reign. {{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgr University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105647/https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} Among his sons, Rao Bika found a new state in Bikaner in 1465; he and his successors would go on to expand territories therefrom, adopting similar tactics. This Bikawat branch became the new bearer of Rathore legacy, even bringing Gahdavala-time emblems and heirlooms from Marwar. Another of Jodha's sons Rao Varsingh found a new state at Merto in 1462, establishing the Mertiyo branch.{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Succession Lists of the Major Rajpūt Ruling Families of Middle Period Rājasthān|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.13}}

Rao Maldeo's regime (1532-1562) harbored another significant shift from clannish rule to monarchy; Malde forced his distant relatives, who conquered new territories, to submit to him or else be deprived of gains. Bikaner was raided, too. Large palaces were constructed and fortifications were committed to, in what signaled the effective end of pastoral lifestyle. By mid-sixteenth century, the Rathors had a firm hold over entire Rajasthan.

All these while, multiple matrimonial and military alliances with local Islamic kingdoms; the Delhi Sultanate have been noted; Hindu-Muslim relations were largely fraternal.{{Efn|At the same time, desecration of temples, and forced conversions have been noted. Some fled Marwar to avoid Muslim subjugation.}}

File:Young Jodh bai with Jahangir.jpg (left) a Rathore Princess and her husband Jahangir (right). She was the mother of Shah Jahan.]]

The situations deteriorated once Akbar was ordained as the Mughal Emperor, and rao Maldeo died. His son rao Chandrasen Rathore defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. The Jodhawat Rathores lost much of their territory rapidly and were effectively subsumed. The Bikawat Rathores entered into friendly relations with the Mughals, led their armies, and were extensively patronaged to the extent of being allowed to control the Jodhpur Fort. In 1583, Uday Singh finally accepted Mughal suzerainty and in return, was granted part of a Pargana in Jodhpur; this would enable the Jodhawat Rathores to become all-weather allies of the Mughals though punctuated with discords.

This span of cohabitation led to the introduction of strict endogamy into Rathore folds and hypergamy with Mughals. It was also under the Mughals, that bardic genealogies were crafted to present themselves as worthy appointees of the Mughals and distinguish themselves from other "once-fraternal" communities, thereby staking a claim to power irrespective of temporal situations.{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Introduction to Translations|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.9}} Also, by this time, the nomadic memories were better suppressed and the Rathores had themselves rebranded as the elite "protectors" of local cattle-rearers; in a couple of centuries, figures from early Rathore polity would be deified.

Many scions of the Rathore clan were able to establish their own kingdoms during the Mughal reign. Barbara Ramusack notes how a 23-year-old Ratan Singh Rathore, who was from a younger branch of the Jodhpur ruling family, was able to rise in rank by fighting against a mad elephant in Delhi. Shah Jahan was so impressed by his valour that he enlisted Ratan Singh in his army. Ratan Singh was able to rise to a rank of 3,000, received the Mahi-Maratib and Jagirs in Malwa, where he founded his own kingdom in Ratlam. The dynasty started by Ratan Singh would further breakaway and form the kingdoms of Sailana and Sitamau.{{cite book|title=The Indian Princes and their States|first=Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|date=18 April 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=ratan+singh+Norbert+Peabody&pg=PA16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=16|isbn=9781139449083|access-date=2020-09-14|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408015059/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA16&dq=ratan+singh+Norbert+Peabody|url-status=live}}

During Aurangzeb's reign major rebellions would break out resulting in a 30 year war between the Mughals and the Rathores. The rebellion would continue until Bahadur Shah I's reign. Durgadas Rathore played an instrumental role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur during this war.{{Cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa |year=2006 |pages=595–610 |isbn=9788129115010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJq}}{{Cite book |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1994 |pages=148–149 |isbn=9788125003335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+sarkar |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405154821/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+sarkar |url-status=live }}

The Rathore ruler of Jodhpur, Man Singh, initially refused to form treaties with the British. However in 1805-1806 he approached the British for military advice and paid the British to protect his state against the predatory actions of the Marathas and Pindaris. By 1816 the British changed this treaty and expelled all foreign influence in Jodhpur, they also started arbitrating in state matters. By 1818 the alliance was cemented and in 1832 the Rajputana agency was formed. Man Singh was not always cordial with the British during this time, in 1829 Man Singh gave shelter to Mudhoji II Bhonsle and antagonized the British. Mudhoji was zealously protected by Man Singh and lived his remaining life in Jodhpur till his death in 1840.{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|pages=833}} Man Singh was finally caught with evidence, when his spy Dhumdas was arrested by the British. Man Singh was using ascetics as spies and messengers. The letters proved that Man Singh was part of an "anti-British cabal" which included Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, Dost Muhammad, King of Afghanistan and the Russians. In September 1839 the British sent an army and captured Jodhpur. Man Singh chose to relinquish his throne and became an ascetic to avoid war. The exiled maharaja of Jodhpur died on 5 September 1843 due to poor health.{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=117-119|quote=Ascetics from all over India who flocked to Maan Singh drawn by tales of his generosity. It is save to assume, and the worried British certainly did, that many of these fakirs were spies and messengers. Most interesting of this traffic in subterfuge are letters to and from Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the lion of Punjab. The Sikh had a healthy respect for the Rathore as his letters reveal....Part of a bigger larger anti-British cabal....King of Afghanistan and the Russians....Jodhpur's master-spy Dhumdas, however was arrested in 1838...Ranjit Singh died in 1839. In September of the same year....the company's force marched on and occupied Jodhpur....Maan Singh left Mehrangarh, donned the garb of a mendicant and renounced material life. Weak and ill, he died on 5 September 1843}} The 1857 rebellion sparked uprisings amongst several Rajput chieftains of the Rathore clan in Jodhpur State. Prominent amongst them was Kushal Singh of Auwa. After several failed attempts by the British, the rebellion was quelled by the British army under the command of Brigadier Holmes.{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=836–837|language=en|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}

During the 20th century the lower castes in India tried to uplift their social standing by adopting surnames of other castes. The Rajput clan name "Rathore" was adopted as a surname by the Teli community in 1931, who started calling themselves Vaishyas Rathore for caste upliftment.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&pg=PA88|title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats|first=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda|last=Patil|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=88|year=2002|isbn=8170998670|access-date=2020-08-28|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&pg=PA88|url-status=live}} During the same period of British Raj, the Banjaras began styling themselves as Chauhan and Rathor Rajputs.{{Cite book|last=Rath|first=Saroj Kumar|title=India as a Model for Global Development|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2018|editor-last=Masaeli|editor-first=Mahmoud|pages=91|chapter=Satyagraha and Social Justice in India|isbn=9781527518568|editor-last2=Prabhakar|editor-first2=Monica|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Banjaras+rathor+rajputs&pg=PA91|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407152604/https://books.google.com/books?id=M_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Banjaras+rathor+rajputs&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}

File:CoA_Jodhpur_1893.png

The various cadet branches of the Rathore clan gradually spread to encompass all of Marwar and later founded states in Central India and Gujarat. The Marwar Royal family is considered the head house of Rathores. At the time of India's independence in 1947, the princely states ruled by various branches of the Rathore clan included:[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA179 Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105401/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=21 June 2024 }} by Tony McClenaghan, pg 179{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=13|quote=He was the head of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, a clan which besides Jodhpur had ruled over Bikaner, Kishengarh, Idar, Jhabhua, Sitamau, Sailana, Alirajpur and Ratlam, all States important enough to merit gun salutes in the British system of protocol. These nine Rathore States collectively brought to India territory not less than 60,000 square miles in area.}}

• Jodhpur (Marwar) in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1226 by Rao Siha.
• Bikaner in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1465 by Rao Bikaji (son of Rao Jodha).
• Kishangarh in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1611 by Maharaja Kishan Singh.
• Idar in present-day Gujarat, founded in 1257 by Rao Sonag, reconquered in 1729 by Rao Anand Singh.
• Ratlam in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1651 by Maharaja Ratan Singh.
• Jhabua in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1584 by Raja Keshav Das.
• Sitamau in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded 1701 by Raja Kesho Das.
• Sailana in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1730 by Raja Jai Singh.
• Alirajpur in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1437 by Raja Anand Deo.

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|year=1970 |title=Rajasthan Studies |location=Agra, India|publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal|page=201|oclc=137196}}
• {{Cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|date=1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0333-5|language=en}}
• {{cite book |first=Roma |last=Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
• {{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7}}
• {{cite book|author=Eugenia Vanina|author-link=Eugenia Vanina|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

{{#related:Jodha of Mandore}}

{{#related:Jodhpur State}}

{{#related:Marwar}}

Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan

Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh

Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh

Category:Rajput clans of Sindh

Category:Sindhi tribes

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