Raukaua

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Raukaua laetevirens.JPG

|image_caption = Raukaua laetevirens

|taxon = Raukaua

|authority = Seem.

|type_species = Raukaua edgerleyi

|type_species_authority = (Hook.f.) Seem.

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision =

}}

Raukaua is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. It has an austral distribution, being indigenous to southern Argentina and Chile, as well as New Zealand and the island of Tasmania.David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}. (See External links below).

Raukaua is a genus of woody plants. They vary in habit: for example R. laetevirens is a small tree, while R. valdiviensis is a liana. Like most of Araliaceae, they have palmately compound leaves. The leaves are heteroblastic, that is, conspicuously different in form from juvenile to adult. R. simplex often produces root suckers and on these, the further the sucker is from the main shoot, the more juvenile the form of the leaves.

The Māori extracted an aromatic oil from the leaves of R. edgerleyi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} The essential oils of the New Zealand species have been the subject of a phytochemical analysis.Roderick J. Weston. 2004. Essential Oils of the Leaves of the Raukaua Genus (Araliaceae). Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Tubingen-Mainz, Series C (A Journal of Biosciences) volume 59,pages 35-38. (See External links below).

All of the species of Raukaua have been placed in Pseudopanax at one time or another, and sometimes in other genera as well.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-048-1}}. (See External links below). Molecular phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences have shown that Raukaua is closely related to Schefflera sensu strictissimo, Cheirodendron, Motherwellia, and Cephalaralia (not Cephalaria!).Anthony D. Mitchell, Rong Li, Joseph W. Brown, Ines Schönberger, and Jun Wen. 2012. Ancient divergence and biogeography of Raukaua (Araliaceae) and close relatives in the southern hemisphere. Australian Systematic Botany 25(6):432-446. {{doi|10.1071/SB12020}}. (See External links below). It might not be as close to Pseudopanax as was once believed.Antoine N. Nicolas and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2009. The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the realignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(1):134-151. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010}}.

Raukaua is known to be polyphyletic and will eventually be revised, but in its current circumscription, it comprises six species. R. gunnii is endemic to Tasmania. R. laetevirens and R. valdiviensis are from southern Chile and Argentina, the latter being restricted to the Valdivian temperate rain forest.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} R. anomalus, R. edgerleyi, and R. simplex are from New Zealand.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} There are naturally occurring hybrids between R. simplex and the other two New Zealand species.Patrick B. Heenan. 1998. The status of Raukaua edgerleyi var. serratus and R. x parvus comb. nov. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36(2):307-310. (See External links below).

The type species for Raukaua is Raukaua edgerleyi.Raukaua In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).

Species and hybrids

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:::Species

Raukaua anomalus (Hook.f.) A.D. Mitchell, Frodin & Heads – New Zealand
Raukaua edgerleyi (Hook.f.) Seem. – New Zealand
Raukaua gunnii (Hook.f.) Frodin – Tasmania
Raukaua laetevirens (Gay) Frodin – Central and southern Chile and southwestern Argentina
Raukaua simplex (G. Forster) A.D. Mitchell, Frodin & Heads – New Zealand and Auckland Island
Raukaua valdiviensis (Gay) Frodin – Central Chile

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:::Hybrids

Raukaua × parvus (Kirk) Heenan – (R. anomalus × R. simplex var. simplex) – New Zealand
Raukaua × serratus (Kirk) Heenan (R. edgerleyi × R. simplex var. simplex) – New Zealand

History

The genus Raukaua was erected by Berthold Carl Seemann in 1866Raukaua in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below). in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign.Berthold Carl Seemann. 1866. On the genus Raukana (sic). page 352. In: Revision of the natural order Hederaceae. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4:352. (See External links below). The genus name is a Latinization of Raukawa, the Māori name for Raukaua edgerleyi.Anthony D. Mitchell, David G. Frodin, and Michael J. Heads. 1997. Reinstatement of Raukaua, a genus of the Araliaceae centred in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35(3):309-315. {{doi|10.1080/0028825X.1997.10410156}}. (See External links below). Upon publication, the name was misspelled as Raukana, complicating issues of priority and valid publication, but Seeman published a correction in 1868 that read "Raukaua, Seem., read always Raukaua.".Berthold Carl Seemann. 1868. page 142 In: Additions and Corrections to the Revision of Hederaceae, pages 140-142. In: Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae, pages 129-142. In: Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 6. (See External links below).

Subsequently, most authors did not recognize Seemann's genus, and they usually placed its species in other genera, usually Pseudopanax.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} In cases where Raukaua was accepted, it usually included only the New Zealand species.

Raukaua was last revised in 1997, in the New Zealand Journal of Botany. The status of the two hybrids was clarified in 1998. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.

Phylogenetic studies of Araliaceae have indicated that Raukaua might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The polyphyly of Raukaua was confirmed and clarified in 2012, in a molecular phylogenetic study. The following relationships were resolved. The New Zealand species are sister to a clade consisting of Schefflera sensu strictissimo and Cheirodendron. Schefflera s.ss. is a Melanesian and Polynesian group.David G. Frodin, Porter P. Lowry II, and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. Schefflera (Araliaceae): taxonomic history, overview, and progress. Plant Diversity and Evolution 128(3-4):561-595. {{doi|10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0028}}. Cheirodendron is endemic to Hawaii. The South American species are sister to a clade comprising the Tasmanian R. gunnii and the monospecific mainland Australian genera Cephalaralia and Motherwellia. R. gunnii is sister to the clade [Cephalaralia + Motherwellia]. Because of the polyphyly of Raukaua, its South American and Tasmanian species must eventually be transferred to other genera. A treatment of Araliaceae has already been submitted for the book series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??

References

External links

[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&dq=Mabberley%27s+plant-book+Raukaua&pg=PA729 Raukaua] {{color|green|In}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-Book]
[http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=440 World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/Search.asp?types=yes&type=World+Checklists World Checklists] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/ kewbooks] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117072917/http://www.kew.org/about-kew/kew-publishing/index.htm Scientific Publications] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
[http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/SB12020.htm Abstract and References for Mitchell et alii (2012)]
[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512570 Raukaua hybrids] {{color|green|In}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tnzb20/36/2#.UsPWOIuzKpg Volume 36, Issue 2] {{color|green|In}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20?open=36&repitition=0#vol_36 List of Issues] {{color|green|Of}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tnzb20/current#.UsPYaouzKpg New Zealand Journal of Botany]
[http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Raukaua Raukaua] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/ Index Nominum Genericorum] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/ Research and Collections] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]
[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Raukaua+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Raukaua] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16233414 page 352] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16233050 volume 4] {{color|green|Of:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15787#/summary Journal of Botany, British and Foreign] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/j#/titles J] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL]
[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16233618 page 142] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16233467 volume 6] {{color|green|Of:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15787#/summary Journal of Botany, British and Foreign]
[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1997.10410156 Reinstatement of Raukaua] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20?open=35&repitition=0#vol_35 volume 35] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20#.UsT1e4uzKpj List of issues] {{color|green|Of:}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1997.10410156#.UsT1z4uzKpi New Zealand Journal of Botany] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/ Taylor & Francis Online]
[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40022934 Raukaua (exact)] At: [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] At: [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] At: [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden]
[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?23949 Raukaua] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?87 List of Genera] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?87 Araliaceae] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl |date=2000-08-16 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227004053/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en |date=2013-02-27 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/257405 Raukaua] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4050 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/364270 Apiineae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4036 Apiales] In: ··· [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt]
[http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/table-1/raukaua-edgerleyi-pseudopanax-raukaua.html Pictures of Raukaua edgerleyi] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/table-1.html Trees (Native) Growing locally] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/friends-of-te-henui.html Friends of Te Henui] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.terrain.net.nz/ Taranaki Educational Resource]
[https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/d458a346-99a3-4dfe-a2be-ae269797e7ed Raukaua edgerleyi] {{color|green|At:}} NZFlora database - Landcare Research
[http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.asp?ID=202 R. edgerleyi, Raukawa]
[http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Apiales/Araliaceae/Sauco%20del%20Diablo.htm R. laetevirens, Flora Chilena]
[http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Apiales/Araliaceae/Raukaua%20valdiviensis/Raukaua%20valdiviensis.htm R. valdiviensis, Flora Chilena]

Category:Apiales genera

Category:Taxa named by Berthold Carl Seemann