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Religious satire

{{short description|Satire referring to religious beliefs}}

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File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg, commissioned by Martin Luther.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531–46 By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.] Fortress Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-3735-4}} Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur" German peasants respond to a papal bull of Pope Paul III. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears.""Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198 Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531–46 (2004), p. 199]]]

Religious satire is a form of satire that refers to religious beliefs and can take the form of texts, plays, films, and parody. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of Aristophanes, religion has been one of the three primary topics of literary satire, along with politics and sex.Clark (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC&pg=PA116 pp.116–8] quotation: {{blockquote|...religion, politics, and sexuality are the primary stuff of literary satire. Among these sacret targets, matters costive and defecatory play an important part. ... from the earliest times, satirists have used scatological and bathroom humor. Aristophanes, always livid and nearly scandalous in his religious, political, and sexual references...}}Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=A5NZAAAAMAAJ Satire—that blasted art] p.20Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1980) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SnwhAQAAIAAJ Menippeans & Their Satire: Concerning Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs], in Scholia satyrica, Volume 6, 3/4, 1980 p.45 quotation: {{blockquote|[Chapple's book Soviet satire of the twenties]...classifying the very topics his satirists satirized: housing, food, and fuel supplies, poverty, inflation, "hooliganism", public services, religion, stereotypes of nationals (the Englishman, German, &c), &c. Yet the truth of the matter is that no satirist worth his salt (Petronius, Chaucer, Rabelais, Swift, Leskov, Grass) ever avoids man's habits and living standards, or scants those delicate desiderata: religion, politics, and sex.}} Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs.Hodgart (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&pg=PA39 p.39] Religious satire is also sometimes called philosophical satire, and is thought to be the result of agnosticism or atheism. Notable works of religious satire surfaced during the Renaissance, with works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Erasmus and Albrecht Dürer.

Religious satire has been criticised and at times censored to avoid offence, for example the film Life of Brian was initially banned in Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom. This potential for censorship often leads to debates on the issue of freedom of speech such as in the case of the Religious Hatred Bill in January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian Rowan Atkinson) feared that satirists could be prosecuted.

Notable examples of religious satire and satirists

{{in popular culture|section|date=June 2023}}

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File:Loz carlinbd2.jpg was well known for his routines satirizing religion.]]

Image:Bill Maher by David Shankbone cropped.jpg, satirist behind the film Religulous]]

= Films and documentaries =

== Characters ==

= Literature and publications =

File:Ismail Gasprinski of Crimea. Molla Nasreddin № 17.jpg educator and intellectual Ismail Gasprinsky (on the right), leader of the Jadid movement, depicted holding the newspaper Terjuman ("The Translator") and the textbook Khoja-i-Sübyan ("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani Muslim clerics, are threatening him with takfīr and sharīʿah decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine Molla Nasreddin, N. 17, 28 April 1908, Tbilisi (illustrator: Oskar Schmerling).]]

= Plays and musicals =

File:MahometFanatisme.jpg of the 1753 edition of Voltaire's play Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète]]

= Television =

  • The Barchester Chronicles, 1982 television serial produced by the BBC, from the Anthony Trollope novels satirizing Victorian clergy
  • Futurama episode "A Pharaoh to Remember" features a religious ceremony in which a priest chants, "Great Wall of Prophecy, reveal to us God's Will, that we might blindly obey!" and celebrants answer, "Free us from thought and responsibility."
  • Curb Your Enthusiasm has episodes that have satirized Orthodox Judaism and Christianity
  • South Park has satirized Christianity, Mormonism, Judaism, Islam, Scientology, and other religions
  • Family Guy has satirized elements of Christianity and other religions in several episodes
  • Satirical Australian documentary miniseries John Safran vs God (2004)
  • British sitcom Father Ted, which lampooned the role of the Catholic Church in Ireland
  • Blackadder episode "The Archbishop" sees Edmund invested as Archbishop of Canterbury amid a Machiavellian plot by the King to acquire lands from the Catholic Church. In Series 2, in the episode "Money", the Bishop of Bath and Wells comments "Never, in all my years, have I encountered such cruel and foul-minded perversity! Have you ever considered a career in the church?"

== Characters ==

= On the web =

= People =

  • Betty Bowers plays a character called "America's Best Christian". In the persona of a right-wing evangelical Christian, she references Bible verses, using the persona to point out the inconsistencies in the Bible

= Parody religions =

  • Boogyism is a fun loving cult that follows the teachings of The Great Booga, an 8 ft stuffed bunny look-alike who created the entire universe after an accident involving an unattended barbecue. It has its own religious text, The Spiritual Arghh.
  • The Flying Spaghetti Monster is the deity of the "Pastafarian" parody religion, which asserts that a supernatural creator resembling spaghetti with meatballs is responsible for the creation of the universe. Its purpose is to mock intelligent design.
  • The Invisible Pink Unicorn is a goddess which takes the form of a unicorn that is paradoxically both invisible {{em|and}} pink. These attributes serve to satirize the apparent contradictions in properties which some attribute to a theistic God, specifically omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence.
  • Dinkoism or Dinkamatham is a parody religion and social movement that emerged and evolved on social networks{{cite web |url= https://graphicshelf.com/curious-case-lord-dinkan/ |title= The Curious Case of Lord Dinkan |publisher= Graphics Shelf.com |date= 23 November 2017 |access-date= 9 June 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210610011217/https://graphicshelf.com/curious-case-lord-dinkan/ |archive-date= 10 June 2021 |url-status= live}} organized by independent welfare groups.{{cite web |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Dinkoists-Gather-Under-a-Troll-Tree/2016/03/21/article3337791.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160325143022/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Dinkoists-Gather-Under-a-Troll-Tree/2016/03/21/article3337791.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 25 March 2016 |author= Express News Service |date= 21 March 2016 |publisher= The New Indian Express |title= 'Dinkoists' Gather Under a Troll Tree |access-date= 12 October 2020 |quote=...threatening calls and opposition from staunch religious followers... the social media religion, ‘Dinkoists’ here on Sunday. ... no official registration ... attention entirely through Facebook... }} The BBC described Dinkoism in 2016 as an atheist movement with significant growth on social media.{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-36001999 |title= The mouse messiah bringing salvation to India's atheists |work= BBC News |date= 11 April 2016 |access-date= 12 October 2020}} With its own scripture Dinka Puranam and Balamangalam{{cite web |url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-dinkoists-take-akshaya-tritiya-hit-market-their-brand-underwear-42811 |title= Kerala's Dinkoists take on Akshaya Tritiya, hit the market with their brand of underwear |work= The News Minute |author= Megha Varier |date= 6 May 2016 |access-date= 9 June 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210610004349/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-dinkoists-take-akshaya-tritiya-hit-market-their-brand-underwear-42811 |archive-date= 10 June 2021 |url-status= live}}
  • Discordianism is centered around the ancient Greco-Roman goddess of chaos, Eris, but draws much of its tone from Zen Buddhism, Christianity, and the beatnik and hippie countercultures of the 1950s and 1960s (respectively). Its main holy book, the Principia Discordia contains things such as a commandment to "not believe anything that you read",{{cite quote|date=April 2024}} and proposes that all statements are both true and false at the same time.{{cn|date=April 2024}} There is some discourse as to whether Discordianism should be regarded as a parody religion, and if so, to what degree.{{sfnmp|1a1=Robertson|1y=2012|2a1=Robertson|2y=2016}}
  • The Church of the SubGenius pokes fun at many different religions, particularly Scientology, Televangelism (and its associated scandals), and other modern beliefs.
  • The worship of "Ceiling Cat" among Lolcats. Ceiling Cat's enemy is Basement Cat, a black cat representing the devil.

= Miscellaneous =

Reactions, criticism and censorship

Religious satire has been criticised by those who feel that sincerely held religious views should not

be subject to ridicule. In some cases religious satire has been censored – for example, Molière's play Tartuffe was banned in 1664.

The film Life of Brian was initially banned in Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7530542.stm Vicar supports Life of Brian ban] In an interesting case of life mirroring art, activist groups who protested the film during its release bore striking similarities to some bands of religious zealots within the film itself.Dyke, C: Screening Scripture, pp. 238–240. Trinity Press International, 2002 Like much religious satire, the intent of the film has been misinterpreted and distorted by protesters. According to the Pythons, Life of Brian is not a critique of religion so much as an indictment of the hysteria and bureaucratic excess that often surrounds it.{{cite web |title= The Secret Life of Brian |website= YouTube |year= 2007 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDCAJTrF1gg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128155105/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDCAJTrF1gg |archive-date=2011-11-28 |url-status=dead}}

The issue of freedom of speech was hotly debated by the UK Parliament during the passing of the Religious Hatred Bill in January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian Rowan Atkinson) feared that satirists could be prosecuted, but an amendment by the House of Lords making it clear that this was not the case was passed – by just one vote.{{cite web |title = Votes on the Racial and Religious Hatred Bill | year = 2006 | url = http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/search.php?query=racial+and+religious+hatred+bill }}

In 2006, Rachel Bevilacqua, a member of the Church of the SubGenius, known as Rev. Magdalen in the SubGenius hierarchy, lost custody and contact with her son after a district court judge took offense at her participation in the Church's X-Day festival.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

=Works cited=

  • {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=David G. |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-last=Cusack |editor2-first=Alex |editor2-last=Norman |title=Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production |year=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-22187-1 |chapter=Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&dq=Discordia&pg=PA421 |pages=421–444}}
  • {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=David G. |chapter=SubGenius vs The Conspiracy: Playfulness and sincerity in invented religions |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-last=Cusack |editor2-first=Pavol |editor2-last=Kosnáč |title=Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-13549-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIlDwAAQBAJ}}

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{{criticism of religion}}

Category:Criticism of religion

Satire