Ren Bishi

{{Short description|Chinese military and political leader (1904–1950)}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Ren Bishi

| native_name = {{lang|zh-hans|{{nobold|任弼时}}}}

| image = Ren Bishi.jpg

| alt = 200

| caption =

| order = Secretary General of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

| deputy =

| 1blankname = Chairman

| 1namedata = Mao Zedong

| term = 19 June 1945 – 27 October 1950

| predecessor = Qu Qiubai

| successor = Deng Xiaoping

| office1 = Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

| deputy1 =

| term_start1 = July 1928

| term_end1 = 27 October 1950

| predecessor1 =

| successor1 =

| office2 = Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party

| term2 = January 1933 - March 1933

| predecessor2 = Huang Li

| successor2 = Kang Sheng

| office3 = First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China

| term_start3 = May 1927

| term_end3 = June 1928

| predecessor3 = Zhang Tailei

| successor3 = Guan Xiangying

| birth_name =

| birth_date = 30 April 1904

| birth_place = Hunan, Qing Empire

| death_date = {{Death-date and age|27 October 1950|30 April 1904}}

| death_place = Beijing, China

| nationality = Chinese

| other_names =

| occupation = Military and Political Leader

| known_for =

| party = Chinese Communist Party (1922–1950)

| alma_mater = Communist University of the Toilers of the East

| spouse = Chen Congying (m. 1926)

}}

{{Chinese

| s = 任弼时

| t = 任弼時

| p = Rén Bìshí

| w = Jen Pi-shih

}}

Ren Bishi ({{zh|s=任弼时|p=Rén Bìshí|w=Jen Pi-shih}}; 30 April 1904 – 27 October 1950) was a military and political leader in the early Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

In the early 1930s, Ren commanded the Fifth Red Army and was a central figure in the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet, but he was forced to abandon his base after being pressured by Chiang Kai-shek's Fifth Encirclement Campaigns. In October 1934 Ren and his surviving troops joined the forces of He Long, who had set up a base in Guizhou. In the command structure of the new Second Front Army, He became the military commander and Ren served as its political commissar. Under threat from advancing Kuomintang troops, Ren and He were forced to retreat and went on to participate in the Long March in 1935.Leung, Edward Pak-wah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=drHgAyJuO_IC&pg=PA50&lpg Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War]. United States of America: Scarecrow Press. 2002. {{ISBN|0-8108-4435-4}}. p.50. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ren was the representative of the CCP at the Communist International and the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Ren was considered a rising figure within the CCP until his death at the age of 46.{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol1/note/A0780.html|title=Ren Bishi|publisher=People's Daily Online|access-date=April 21, 2011}} He was the fifth most senior party member of the 7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party before his death.

Biography

= Early life =

Ren Bishi was born in rural Hunan to a teacher's family. He entered Hunan First Normal University in 1915 and collaborated with Mao Zedong to set up the Russian Research Center at the school in 1920.{{Cite web|url = http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/82103/82104/5636035.html|title = 1904-1920 Timeline of Ren Bishi|website = People of the Chinese Communist Party|publisher = Chinese Communist Party}} In the same year, he also joined the youth wing of the soon-to-be Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai. In May 1921, Ren and five others - including Liu Shaoqi and Xiao Jinguang - embarked on a chartered trip to the Soviet Union, going around Nagasaki, Vladivostok and the White movement blockade. Arriving in August 1921, the six of them entered the Communist University of the Toilers of the East.{{Cite web|url = http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150506/43701218_0.shtml|title = 哪位中共将领四度旅居苏联与莫斯科结下不解之缘|date = May 6, 2015|access-date = November 27, 2015|website = Fenghuang History}} Ren joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1922 and replaced Qu Qiubai as the translator of the history of Western revolutionary movements. After completing his studies on 23 July 1924, he arrived in Shanghai in August 1924 after a train ride through Siberia and a chartered boat from Vladivostok. Under the orders of the Party, Ren was appointed to be a lecturer of the Russian language at Shanghai University.{{Cite web|url = http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/82103/82104/5636036.html|title = 1921-1930 Timeline of Ren Bishi|website = People of the Chinese Communist Party|publisher = Chinese Communist Party}} He was appointed to the Zhejiang and Anhui District Committee in 1924 and was responsible for publications such as China Youth, Mission Journal and Friends of Civilians.

In January 1925, Ren attended the Socialist Youth League of China's Third National People's Congress as the praesidium and changed the organization's name from "Socialist Youth League" to the "Chinese Communist Youth League". With Zhang Tailei being posted elsewhere in May 1925, Ren was appointed as the First Secretary of the Communist Youth League, in charge of leading the May Thirtieth movement. Despite the failure of the movement, Ren was able to consolidate and utilise the Youth League to vastly expand its membership soon after. In early April 1926, he married Chen Congying in Shanghai.{{Cite book|title = 强烈驱动者|last = 兰梦|publisher = Hyweb Technology Co. Ltd.|year = 2006}} Ren left for Moscow to attend the Communist Youth International Executive Committee Sixth Plenum in October and stayed in the Soviet Union until March the following year.File:1931 renbishi.jpg, Ren Bishi, Zhu De, Deng Fa, Xiang Ying, Mao Zedong, Wang Jiaxiang]]File:长征时候的任弼时.pngFollowing the 1927 White Terror, Ren was elected to become a member of the Central Committee while retaining his secretariat in the Communist Youth League. With the end of the First-United Front Ren sided with Mao Zedong against Chen Duxiu in August 1927 to support the idea of initiating a peasant-based revolution in China. Soon after, Ren was able to gain temporary membership of the Politburo.

= First Chinese Civil War (1927–1936) =

On 15 October 1928. Ren was arrested by the local warlord in Nanling County, Anhui Province while attempting to attend a meeting by the Communist Youth League. Although Ren was released by the end of 1928, his son caught pneumonia and died.{{Cite book|title = Choosing Revolution: Chinese Women Soldiers on the Long March|last = Helen Praeger|first = Young|publisher = University of Illinois Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780252092985|pages = 68}}

In January 1929, he was appointed Minister of the CCP Central Committee and head of propaganda in the Jiangxi Soviet. On 13 August, he was made the temporary secretary of the Jiangxi Soviet, tasked to set up Today News, Education Week and Shanghai Daily. He was detained again on 17 November when attending a municipal meeting organized by the CCP. Even under electrocution and torture, Ren did not provide any confession to the police. As a response to his detainment, Zhou Enlai acted as the negotiator and was able to secure a prison term for Ren and even managed to reduce the term to secure his release by 25 December 1929.{{Cite book|title = 隐蔽战线统帅周恩来|last = 穆欣|publisher = 中国青年出版社|year = 2002|isbn = 9787500646860|location = China}} In April and September, he was appointed as the party secretary in Hubei and Wuhan. In the same year, he was recalled to Shanghai following the failure of the uprising initiated by Li Lisan in Nanjing.

Ren was reelected as a Politburo member on 7 January 1931 during the extended Fourth Plenary Session of the CCP. On 7 November, during the First Session, he was elected a member of the Central Executive of the Chinese Soviet Republic.{{Cite web|title = 1931年11月7日中华苏维埃第一次全国代表大会召开--中国共产党新闻--中国共产党新闻网|url = http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64165/72301/72308/4956307.html|website = cpc.people.com.cn|access-date = 2015-12-20}} Following the shift of communist influence from Shanghai to the Jiangxi region, Ren protected many party members such as Zhang Aiping who were implicated during the "Anti-Bolshevik League incident".{{Cite book|title = 中共党史人物传|last = 胡华|publisher = 陕西人民出版社|pages = 28|volume = 8}}

During the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet, Ren was a proponent of direct assault and was highly critical of Mao's guerrilla strategy. During the Ningdu Conference in October, Mao was replaced by Zhou Enlai as the West Army Commander and was criticized by Ren during the same time. In lieu of his actions against Mao, in the 7th Plenary Session of the CCP, Ren admitted that his actions were wrong and the result of a "moment of sectarian activity".{{Cite book|title = 任弼时选集|last = 任弼时|publisher = 人民出版社|year = 1987|pages = 249}}

Due to Bo Gu and others adopting Wang Ming's left-leaning stance of party ideology, Ren was forced to transfer from his post in the Soviet Central Bureau of Organization Department to become the party secretary in the Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet.{{Cite web|title = 1933年任弼时曾因"打毛排弼"被调离苏区中央局--党史频道-人民网|url = http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2014/0414/c85037-24891336.html|website = dangshi.people.com.cn|access-date = 2015-12-23}} Upon his appointment, he was faced with critical problems such as the Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet and the rebuilding of party elements following counter-insurgency plans. He halted the counter-revolutionary plans and released Wang Shoudao, Zhang Qilong and others to expand the Red Sixth Army to the Sixth Army Group.{{Cite book|title = 怀念任弼时同志|publisher = 湖南人民出版社|year = 1979|pages = 95|editor-last = 中共汨罗县委宣传部}} In December, he replaced Cai Huiwen and was appointed as the Political Commissar of the Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet.

In August 1934, accompanying Red Sixth Army commanders Xiao Ke and Wang Zhen, Ren organized a successful Westward march to retreat from the increasing unsuccessful defense in the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet.{{Cite web|url = http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/82103/82104/5636038.html|title = 1931-1940 Timeline of Ren Bishi|website = People of the Chinese Communist Party|publisher = Chinese Communist Party}} Ren met with the Red Third Army on 24 October 1934 in Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou and formed the Red Second Army Group under the command of He Long. Even though this army group managed to retain control over parts of Hunan and Hubei, Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army adopted a multi-pronged conventional assault which forced the retreat of Communist forces. By November, Ren, He Long and Guan Xiangying were able to break out of the military blockade established by Chiang's army in Sangzhi, Hunan through a joint command of the Second and Sixth armies and proceeded on with the Long March.

On 2 July 1936, Ren's Second and Sixth Army Groups met with the Red Fourth Army led by Zhang Guotao and Xu Xiangqian in Sichuan, Garzê. Ren was then the political commissar of the Red Second Army.{{Cite book|title = 近代史硏究|publisher = 中國社會科學出版社|year = 1983|pages = 145}} With the end of the Long March in October, Ren and Peng Dehuai were appointed as the Political Commissars for the Front Command of the CCP to resist Hu Zongnan's forces that were in Shaanxi.{{Cite book|title = 陝西省志|publisher = 陝西人民出版社|location = Shaanxi, China|pages = 184, 194|volume = 59}} By December, was a member of both the Revolutionary Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee and the Presidium.

File:1940s renbishi helong.jpg and Ren Bishi during the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945]]

= During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1936–1945) =

In January 1931, Peng Dehuai and Ren alongside Yang Hucheng went to Xi'an to plan the front line defense against the Japanese forces through mobilizing the Seventh Route Army and the Northeast Army. During August, he was a member of the Central Military Commission which oversaw the renaming of Communist forces to become the Eighth Route Army. By 16 October, Ren was head of the Political Department of the Eighth Route Army and the CPC Central Military Commission.{{Cite web|title = 开国元勋任弼时|url = http://www.gmw.cn/content/2005-02/27/content_186362.htm|website = www.gmw.cn|access-date = 2015-12-26}}

In 1938, he attended the CPC Central Military Commission North Branch's meeting. In March, he was sent by the CCP Central Committee to negotiate with the Comintern in Moscow.{{Cite book|title = Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership|last = Kampen|first = Thomas|publisher = NIAS Press|year = 2000|pages = 93}} In July, he officially replaced Wang Jiaxiang as the representative of CCP at Comintern. Ren returned to Yan'an on 26 March 1940, serving in the Secretariat and the Organizational Department of the CCP. In April 1942, he led the Yan'an Rectification Movement in the Shaan-Gan-Ning border region. Ren, alongside Mao and Liu Shaoqi as members of the Organizational Department of the CCP, became in charge of the northwest regions of Gansu-Ningxia and Shaanxi,{{Cite book|title = 中国共产党组织史资料汇编|last = 王健英|publisher = 中共中央党校出版社|year = 1995|pages = 610}} and in the same month, was in charge of organizing the 8th Route Army based in Xi'an.{{Cite book|title = 中国共产党八十年历史纪事|last = 张树军|publisher = 湖北人民出版社|year = 2001|pages = 304}} Ren was part of a team that concluded the leadership problems between the Fourth Plenary Session and the Zunyi Conference in the "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of the CCP" report.{{Cite book|title = 放眼看长征|last = 叶心瑜|publisher = 红旗出版社|year = 2006|pages = 18}}

File:Ren Bishi on Tian'anmen.jpg

= During the Second Chinese Civil War (1945–1949) =

During the Seventh National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in March 1945, Ren was elected as a Politburo member of CPC Central Committee and the party's Central Secretary-General.{{Cite book|title = Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership|last = Kampen|first = Thomas|publisher = MAXRead|pages = 78}} As part of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party, he was preceded by only Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De. In late November, Ren was diagnosed with serious illness by a doctor sent under the orders of Stalin, which reduced his participation in daily party politics. On 26 August 1946, Ren began drafting his proposal on establishing the Communist Youth.{{Cite book|title = 走向新中国: 中共五大书记|last = 冯蕙|publisher = Central Literature Publishing House|year = 2002|isbn = 978-7-5073-1211-9|pages = 547}}

In 1947, he was appointed to head various land and economic reforms (land reform) in Shanbei but was relieved gradually due to his high blood pressure.

When violence against landlords as part of the land reform movement surged in early 1948, Ren was one of the party leaders who criticize the movement.{{Cite book |last=DeMare |first=Brian James |url= |title=Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=113 |oclc=1048940018}} Ren announced a policy shift in January 1948, guaranteeing that targets of the movement would nonetheless be allowed to keep a share of property.{{Cite book |last=DeMare |first=Brian James |url= |title=Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=114 |oclc=1048940018}} This policy change contributed to a shift away from economic struggle and to political struggle. The Party instructed that fewer landlords should be targeted and work teams should not beat or torture their targets.

Also in 1948, Ren attended the Xibaipo Conference with Zhou, Liu, and Zhu De.{{Cite book |title=西柏坡的故事 |publisher=河北人民出版社 |year=1979 |pages=49}} Despite his illness, Ren assisted in the army command during the Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin Campaigns.

In February 1949, he was appointed head of the Preparatory Committee for the Communist Youth League of China. He was made the honorary president of the Central Committee on 12 April during his recuperation at Jade Spring Hill. However, Ren's condition worsened and he had to be transferred to Moscow for further treatment. Following the outbreak of the Korean War, Ren returned to China on 28 May. Ren attended the first anniversary of the PRC held at Tiananmen on 1 October. Afterwards, Ren was active in studying the situation of the Korean War but suffered a stroke due to fatigue.{{Cite book|title = 湖南党史月刊|publisher = 《湖南党史月刊》编辑部|year = 1991|pages = 7–9}} Three days after his stroke and following unsuccessful treatment, he died in Beijing at 12:00 on October 27.{{Cite book|title = Mao's New World: Political Culture in the Early People's Republic|last = Chang-tai Hung|publisher = Cornell University Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-8014-4934-5|pages = 228–229}}

Death and legacy

Upon his death, his memorial service was held in the Imperial Ancestral Temple on 30 October, with Mao, Liu, Zhou, Peng Zhen and Zhu De as the pall-bearers. Due to regulations against cremation, Ren was buried with a funeral service on 18 July 1951 in the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. Marshal Ye Jianying praised Ren as being the "party camel, who worked long and hard without rest, never seeking enjoyment, never borne grudges against anyone. He was our model and best party member, an outstanding revolutionary."{{Cite book|title = 怀念任弼时同志|publisher = 湖南人民出版社|year = 1979|location = China|pages = 3}}

The CCP Central Committee agreed to the publishing of the Selected Works of Ren Bishi in 1987 under People's Publishing House, after which the Collected Works of Ren Bishi followed in 1989.