Renewable energy in the Netherlands
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File:Netherlands electricity generation by source.png
Despite the historic usage of wind power to drain water and grind grain, the Netherlands today lags 21 of the 26 other member states of the European Union in the consumption of energy from renewable sources. In 2022, the Netherlands consumed just 15% of its total energy from renewables.{{cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Aandeel hernieuwbare energie in 2022 toegenomen naar 15 procen |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2023/22/aandeel-hernieuwbare-energie-in-2022-toegenomen-naar-15-procent |access-date=2023-09-04 |publisher=CBS}} According to statistics published by Eurostat, it was the last among the EU countries in the shift away from global warming-inducing energy sources.[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statistics Renewable energy statistics] European Commission, januari 2020 The leading renewable sources in the country are biomass, wind, solar and both geothermal and aerothermal power (mostly from ground source and air source heat pumps). In 2018 decisions were made to replace natural gas as the main energy source in the Netherlands with increased electrification being a major part of this process.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/?id=6|title=PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME ANNUAL REPORT 2018, p91.}}
{{Image frame
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| width=400
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| yGrid=
| xAxisTitle=Year
| xAxisAngle = -70
| yAxisTitle=Total energy production in petajoules
| type=stackedrect
| x = 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
| y1 = 366.9, 335.6, 335.3, 336.6, 367.2, 373.6, 361.1, 351.7, 357.9, 312.3, 325.2, 346.1, 348.0, 359.3, 354.6, 338.6, 323.9, 351.8, 333.5, 312.4, 315.5, 311.4, 341.2, 342.8, 378.8, 463.6, 430.2, 385.8, 346.6, 269.0, 172.1, 235.0
| y2 = 1058.1, 1049.3, 1062.0, 1071.2, 1092.2, 1121.3, 1149.0, 1150.1, 1157.1, 1156.0, 1158.6, 1188.5, 1219.3, 1305.7, 1305.7, 1303.0, 1314.3, 1319.8, 1234.7, 1205.2, 1256.7, 1203.9, 1217.3, 1141.2, 1129.1, 1134.3, 1171.1, 1187.2, 1160.1, 1112.8, 1079.4, 1094.7
| y3 = 1286.5, 1438.8, 1393.7, 1434.7, 1396.7, 1444.2, 1591.0, 1496.8, 1487.5, 1447.8, 1465.7, 1501.8, 1498.9, 1506.4, 1538.6, 1479.0, 1433.7, 1395.8, 1451.0, 1486.0, 1677.6, 1467.2, 1402.0, 1397.6, 1218.4, 1198.5, 1257.2, 1299.4, 1286.7, 1341.6, 1316.1, 1262.0
| y4 = 31.2, 31.6, 32.5, 34.8, 35.1, 38.5, 44.3, 47.9, 50.6, 52.9, 56.7, 59.5, 65.4, 64.0, 75.7, 94.9, 101.3, 105.2, 126.7, 140.0, 137.3, 143.1, 150.6, 148.8, 148.8, 157.9, 162.3, 178.9, 196.6, 234.0, 302.2, 341.6
| y5 = 52.8, 50.0, 61.0, 61.7, 61.4, 66.0, 71.2, 56.1, 71.2, 72.2, 72.0, 72.8, 74.2, 77.3, 77.4, 80.6, 73.4, 80.0, 80.2, 80.0, 75.5, 78.8, 78.6, 69.3, 81.5, 84.3, 86.6, 80.9, 81.7, 84.8, 88.9, 86.8
| colors=#313c42,#7C6250,#ef8e39,forestgreen,#de2821
}}
|caption=Total energy production by source in petajoules{{Cite web|title=CBS Statline|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83989NED/table?ts=1644765022662|access-date=2022-02-13|website=opendata.cbs.nl|language=nl}}{{br}}{{legend inline|#313c42|Coal}} {{legend inline|#7C6250|Oil}} {{legend inline|#ef8e39|Gas}} {{legend inline|forestgreen|Renewable}} {{legend inline|#de2821|Other sources}}
}}
The low take up of renewable energy may be partially explained by the flat and often sub-sea level landscape and subsequent limits to hydropower resources, although hydro poor resource countries such as Denmark have still managed to make renewables the focus of their energy needs.
In 2022, Dutch wind turbines had a total nameplate capacity of 8,831 MW,{{Cite web |last=Statistiek |first=Centraal Bureau voor de |date=2023-06-02 |title=Hernieuwbare elektriciteit; productie en vermogen |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/cijfers/detail/82610NED |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl-NL}} accounting for 4,20% of final energy consumption. As of 2022, a number of large offshore windfarms have either come online (Gemini wind farm) are planned or have been granted authorisation (145,628 GWh). The total average capacity of the current offshore windfarms is 10,169 GWh.{{cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Operationele windparken |url=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_windmolenparken_in_de_Noordzee |access-date=2023-09-04}}{{Circular reference|date=October 2023}} Most of the tiny contribution made to electricity generation by hydroelectricity came from three power plants.
A large part of the renewable electricity sold in the Netherlands comes from Norway, a country which generates almost all its electricity from hydropower plants.
In the Netherlands, household consumers can choose to buy renewable electricity. The relative amount of renewable energy used by household users has been steadily increasing, rising from 38% in 2008{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.nl/images/Monitor_consumentenmarkt_201022-156528.pdf|title=Autoriteit Consument & Markt}} to 80% in 2020.{{cite web|url=https://www.milieucentraal.nl/klimaat-en-aarde/energiebronnen/groene-stroom/|title=Groene stroom|access-date=2020-10-05}}
One area in which the Netherlands is a relative leader is in the adoption of electric plug in vehicles. In 2022 plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands represented 10,7% of cars owned,{{cite web |title=Hoeveel personenauto’s zijn er in Nederland? |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/verkeer-en-vervoer/vervoermiddelen-en-infrastructuur/personenautos |access-date=4 September 2023 |publisher=Netherlands Statistics Bureau}} making it the world's second highest share after Norway. Electric vehicles are able to run on renewable electricity with lower emissions and have the potential to provide grid power storage facilities.{{cite news|title=Goedkoopste energie? Kies de goedkoopste energieleverancier. Gratis!|url=https://www.energievergelijking.nl/goedkoopste-energieleverancier/|access-date=2 November 2016|work=Energievergelijking.nl|language=nl-NL}}
Historical trends
= Early development in overall renewable energy =
Total renewable energy use was just 1.1% of overall energy use in 1990. This increased to 7.4% in 2018. The electricity sector first overtook the heating and cooling sector in 2005 in terms of total renewable energy use.
= Recent trends in renewable energy =
All EU countries along with Iceland and Norway submitted [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans National Renewable Energy Action Plans] (NREAPs){{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans|title=National Renewable Energy Action Plans, Directive 2009/28/EC|date=29 June 2023 }} to outline the steps taken, and projected progress by each country between 2010 and 2020 to meet the Renewable Energy Directive targets for each country. Each plan contains a detailed breakdown of each country's current renewable energy usage and plans for future developments. According to projections by the Dutch submission in 2020 the gross final energy consumption in the Netherlands by sector breaks down as follows:
Using the unadjusted NREAP data approximately half of energy consumption (52.8%) is used in the heating and cooling sector. The heating and cooling sector (also known as the thermal sector) includes domestic heating and air conditioning, industrial processes such as furnaces and any use of heat generally. The next largest share is the electricity sector at 24.7%, followed by the transport sector at 22.5%. Total annual energy consumption before adjustments for aviation is projected to be 52,088 ktoe (52.million tonnes of oil equivalent) by 2020.
The Netherlands has a minimum target of 14% of renewable energy use by 2020. The sectoral targets for 2020 break down into national targets of 8.7% in the heating and cooling sector, 37% in the electricity sector and 10.3% in the transport sector although these figures may be slightly different from those implied by the minimum trajectory path.{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans|title=The Netherlands, National Renewable Energy Action Plan. pg. 27.|date=29 June 2023 }} The following table shows the actual results recorded of renewable energy use by sector:
| style="text-align: right" class="wikitable"
|+Renewable energy by sector 2009-2022{{Cite web |title=SUMMARY results SHARES |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/4956088/SUMMARY+results+SHARES.xlsx/ |website=Eurostat}} ! !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 |
| align="left" |Heating and cooling sector
|3.4% |3.1% |3.7% |3.9% |4.1% |5.2% |5.5% |5.5% |5.9% |6.1% |7.2% |8.1% |7.8% |8.6% |
| align="left" |Electricity sector
|9.1% |9.6% |9.8% |10.4% |10.0% |10.0% |11.1% |12.5% |13.8% |15.1% |18.2% |26.4% |33.3% |39.9% |
| align="left" |Transport sector
|4.5% |3.3% |4.8% |4.9% |5.1% |6.2% |5.3% |4.6% |5.9% |9.6% |12.3% |12.6% |9.0% |10.8% |
| !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! |
|---|
| align="left" |Total consumption
|4.3% |3.9% |4.5% |4.7% |4.8% |5.5% |5.8% |6.0% |6.6% |7.4% |8.9% |11.4% |13.0% |15.0% |
| align="left" |Total consumption including statistical transfers from other EU members{{efn|name=statistical transfer|A statistical transfer is the administrative purchase by one European member state of a quantity of renewable energy from another member state that has achieved its target and has a surplus. Such a transfer does not involve any physical flow of renewable energy}}
|4.3% |3.9% |4.5% |4.7% |4.8% |5.5% |5.8% |6.0% |6.6% |7.4% |8.9% |14.0% |13.0% |15.0% |
Energy consumption by sector
{{Pie chart|caption=Projected total gross final energy consumption by sector in 2020.|value1=52.8|label1=Heating and cooling|value2=24.7|label2=Electricity|value3=22.5|label3=Transport}}
= Electricity =
{{See also|Electricity sector in the Netherlands}}
{{Image frame
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| xAxisTitle=Year
| xAxisAngle = -40
| yAxisTitle=Electricity production in TWh
| type=stackedrect
| x = 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
| y1 = 52.126126, 52.581516, 52.492704, 54.408072, 55.132205, 56.172989, 60.498005, 58.207785, 57.075274, 60.888077, 64.563171, 68.494439, 73.577778, 67.946072, 54.057456, 54.028719, 50.991982, 45.881465, 52.567442, 57.883550, 57.348843, 70.653132, 72.558650, 56.396802, 46.88
| y2 = 5.315192, 5.297921, 4.859356, 5.048118, 4.720500, 5.231034, 5.123837, 5.229602, 4.312063, 5.249281, 4.845874, 3.691351, 4.344444, 4.524918, 4.285276, 4.110138, 4.540042, 4.034095, 4.013272, 3.940345, 4.118993, 3.772028, 3.820590, 4.048399, 3.16
| y3 = 25.782450, 20.809658, 23.428151, 24.910476, 24.954185, 25.881089, 24.420741, 23.059152, 23.125407, 24.599968, 22.539960, 23.434488, 21.893333, 20.766667, 24.222999, 24.560150, 28.760067, 39.534307, 36.720122, 31.275542, 27.469763, 17.714968, 7.605424, 14.628665, 16.48
| y4 = 2.346091, 2.528857, 2.992297, 3.313418, 3.979428, 3.968297, 5.320778, 7.465918, 8.068422, 7.605994, 9.480115, 10.835999, 11.214723, 12.341074, 12.543575, 12.211360, 11.707203, 13.694382, 14.776913, 17.436491, 18.901501, 22.795860, 32.997465, 40.185536, 47.44
| y5 = 6.436413, 6.399352, 6.408070, 6.392341, 6.296573, 6.886897, 6.781438, 6.806254, 6.253455, 6.820842, 6.773657, 7.046499, 7.108611, 7.387204, 7.396220, 5.964969, 7.418556, 6.942263, 7.134898, 6.727343, 6.263749, 6.414459, 6.571354, 6.315789, 6.315789
| colors=#ef8e39,#7C6250,#313c42,forestgreen,#de2821
}}
|caption=Total electricity production by source:{{Cite web|title=CBS Statline|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/80030NED/table?fromstatweb|access-date=2022-02-13|website=opendata.cbs.nl|language=nl}}{{br}}{{legend inline|#ef8e39|Gas}} {{legend inline|#7C6250|Oil and other fossil fuels}} {{legend inline|#313c42|Coal}} {{legend inline|forestgreen|Renewable}} {{legend inline|#de2821|Nuclear and other sources}}
}}
{{Image frame
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| yGrid=
| xAxisTitle=Year
| xAxisAngle = -55
| yAxisTitle=Percentage of total electricity
| type=stackedrect
| x = 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
| y1 = 1.09, 1.36, 1.47, 1.54, 1.70, 1.86, 2.14, 2.60, 2.25, 2.84, 4.47, 4.32, 3.27, 4.17, 5.17, 5.78, 5.73, 6.00, 5.00, 4.31, 4.22, 4.17, 3.92, 3.85, 4.92, 7.54, 8.32, 7.5
| y2 = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.08, 0.16, 0.34, 0.61, 0.93, 1.33, 1.83, 3.04, 4.42, 7.25, 9.39, 14.98
| y3 = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.05, 0.25, 0.44, 0.61, 0.63, 0.60, 0.65, 0.61, 0.63, 0.87, 1.93, 2.80, 2.83, 2.74, 4.13, 6.95, 7.12
| y4 = 0.34, 0.45, 0.49, 0.55, 0.61, 0.69, 0.74, 0.91, 1.19, 1.50, 1.72, 2.06, 2.33, 2.74, 3.17, 3.06, 3.24, 3.45, 3.86, 4.28, 4.94, 5.03, 5.19, 5.39, 6.08, 7.41, 8.62, 11.01
| y1Title= Biomass
| y2Title= Solar
| y3Title= Offshore wind
| y4Title= Onshore wind
| colors=forestgreen,#FFE700,darkslateblue,dodgerblue
}}
|caption=Percentage of electricity generated from renewables:{{Cite web|title=CBS Statline|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/82610NED/table?dl=18862|access-date=2022-02-13|website=opendata.cbs.nl|language=nl}}{{br}}{{legend inline|forestgreen|Biomass}} {{legend inline|#FFE700|Solar}} {{legend inline|darkslateblue|Offshore wind}} {{legend inline|dodgerblue|Onshore wind}}
}}
In 2023, 47.8% of electricity generation in the Netherlands came from renewable sources, up from 9.5% in 2010 and 3.4% in 2000.{{cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables?tab=chart&country=~NLD|title=Share of electricity production from renewables: Netherlands|author=Our World in Data|page=|date=2024-06-20|access-date=2024-10-26}}
Current Dutch government policy is, through the use of renewable sources and nuclear power, aiming for zero-emission electricity generation by 2035.{{cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/publications/netherlands-final-updated-necp-2021-2030-submitted-2024_en|title=Netherlands - Final updated NECP 2021-2030 (submitted in 2024)|author=EU Directorate-General for Communication|page=5/213|date=2024-06-26|access-date=2024-10-26}}
Renewable energy sources
{{Bar graph|title=Installed wind power in the NetherlandsGWEC Global Wind Report 2017
|float=right|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=8000|label_type=Year|data_type=Cumulative capacity (in MW)|label1=2001|data1=481|label2=2002|data2=682|label3=2003|data3=908|label4=2004|data4=1078|label5=2005|data5=1224|label6=2006|data6=1561|label7=2007|data7=1749|label8=2008|data8=2149|label9=2009|data9=2225|label10=2010|data10=2218|label11=2011|data11=2272|label12=2012|data12=2391|label13=2013|data13=2713|label14=2014|data14=2865|label15=2015|data15=3431|label16=2016|data16=4328|label17=2017|data17=4341|label18=2018|data18=4393|label19=2019|data19=4484|label20=2020|data20=6619|label21=2021|data21=7800}}
= Wind power =
{{main article|Wind power in the Netherlands}}
2016 was a record year for new wind turbine installations totalling 887 MW bringing the totalled installed capacity to 4,328 MW by year end. 691 MW of the new installations were offshore.{{Cite web|url=https://gwec.net/publications/global-wind-report-2/global-wind-report-2016/|title=GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2016 {{!}} GWEC|website=www.gwec.net|access-date=2018-08-21}} The Dutch government has a target of 6,000 MW of onshore wind power by 2020 and 4,450 MW of offshore wind power by 2023.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gwec.net/publications/global-wind-report-2/global-wind-report-2015-annual-market-update/|title=GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2015 {{!}} GWEC|website=www.gwec.net|access-date=2016-08-11}}
In 2017, the Netherlands had 2294 wind turbines. The wind capacity installed at end 2017 will, in a normal wind year, produced 9% of electricity, when the equivalent value for Germany was 16.1% and Portugal 14%.[http://www.ewea.org/uploads/pics/StatsThumbnail_01.jpg Wind in power 2010 European statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407143606/http://www.ewea.org/uploads/pics/StatsThumbnail_01.jpg |date=2011-04-07 }} EWEA February 2011 page 11
In 2022 the Netherlands announced it increased its offshore wind target to 21 GW by 2030. That would meet approximately 75% of the countries electricity needs. With this, offshore wind energy makes an important contribution to achieving the increased climate target of 55% less CO2-emissions. {{cite web | url=https://english.rvo.nl/information/offshore-wind-energy/new-offshore-wind-energy-roadmap | title=New Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap | RVO.nl }}
= Solar power =
{{main article|Solar power in the Netherlands}}
By 2017 year end cumulative installed capacity of solar PV power reached a preliminary estimate of 2,749 MW with 700 MW added in that year alone.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2018/|title=Photovoltaic Barometer 2018|date=28 April 2018 }} Whilst the Netherlands saw its capacity grow by the fourth highest in Europe during 2017 its installed capacity per inhabitant remained relatively low at 160.9 Watts per inhabitant compared to the European average of 208.3 Watts per inhabitant.
= Biomass =
Sources of biomass in the Netherlands include the biogenic fraction of waste that is burned in waste incineration plants. Waste wood is also collected for use in the Netherlands and other EU countries. Manure is used to produce biogas and wood pellets are co-fired in electricity plants. 590 kton of pellets were imported, mostly from the United States of America and around 140 kton from Dutch sources contributing 12 to 13 PJ of primary energy to co-firing in energy plants in 2013–2014.
Biofuels are produced in the Netherlands for both domestic and export markets.
Rapeseed and maize crops were hardly used in 2014 to produce biofuels in Holland with reasons cited being the high price of corn and resistance to using food crops for fuel production. Rapeseed is used for well over 1% of the imported biofuels (biodiesel) while corn is used for 11% (bioethanol). Germany was the largest supplier of rape seed in 2014 (53%), followed by Romania (13%). For maize the largest supplier in 2014 was Ukraine (39%), followed by France (24%). Some maize fodder is fermented for biofuel production in Holland.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|+Biomass gross final consumption (TJ) by energy sector, 2013. (Data extract).{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports|title=2015 Progress Report, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.|date=29 June 2023 }} ! !Electricity !Heat !Transport !Total |
| align="left" |Waste incineration plants
|7 473 |11 053 | |18 526 |
| align="left" |Co-firing of biomass in power stations
|6 531 |417 | |6 948 |
| align="left" |Decentralised electricity production from solid biomass and bioliquid
|3 904 |1 436 | |5 340 |
| align="left" |Total biomass boilers for heating in businesses
| |5 474 | |5 474 |
| align="left" | | |4 038 | |4 038 |
| align="left" | | |1 436 | |1 436 |
| align="left" |Total biomass in domestic use
| |17 910 | |17 910 |
| align="left" | | |17 640 | |17 640 |
| align="left" | | |270 | |270 |
| align="left" |Total biogas
|3 741 |5 794 |1 |9 535 |
| align="left" | |222 |233 |0 |455 |
| align="left" | |699 |1 341 |- |2 040 |
| align="left" | |1 891 |1 798 |- |3 689 |
| align="left" | |929 |2 422 |1 |3 351 |
| align="left" |Total liquid biofuels for transport
| |*802 |12 122 |12 924 |
| align="left" | | | |5 210 |5 210 |
| align="left" | | |*802 |6 912 |7 714 |
| align="left" |Total biomass
|21 649 |42 886 |12 123 |76 657 |
| colspan="5" | -
|
Biomass produced 76,657 TJ of energy for final consumption in 2013. The largest share was destined for the heat sector at 42,886TJ followed by the electricity sector at 21, 649T J and then the transport sector with 12,123TJ.
= Hydroelectricity =
{{main article|Hydroelectricity in the Netherlands}}
Due to its flat landscape the Netherlands has only very limited hydroelectric resources. In 2014 hydroelectricity produced just 112 Gwh of power out of a total electricity production from all sources of 103,418 GWh.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=NETHLAND=&product=electricityandheat|title=International Energy Agency/Statistics/Netherlands/Electricity and Heat for 2014.}}
= Heat Pumps =
−
An interesting source of heat recovery used in the Netherlands is sourced from freshly milked milk, or warm milk. However at 0.3% of total renewable energy production[http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/BED23760-23C0-47D0-8A2A-224402F055F3/0/2012c90pub.pdf Renewable Energy in the Netherlands 2010], Statistics Netherlands, 2010 (2010 figures) this source is not likely to accelerate energy transition in the country. Warm milk is still not mentioned in the EU Renewable Energy Directive, nor in international energy statistics and so is not included is gross final consumption figures. It does however provide Dutch farmers with plenty of hot water.
−
In 2010, 740,000 dairy cows (about half of the country's total) provided 277 TJ of heat energy avoiding 18,000 tons of CO2 emissions. According to industry sources for every litre of milk cooled, 0.7 litres of warm water is produced. Water pumped through the plate heat exchanger reaches 50 °C to 55 °C. The energy recovered from 1000 litres of milk per day over a year generates heat equal to: 13,100 kWh of electrical energy, 1,900 litres of oil, 1,650 m³ of natural gas or 950 kg of propane gas.{{Cite web|url=http://www.delaval.com/en/-/Product-Information1/Milk-cooling--storage/Systems/Heat-recovery/|title=DeLaval.com}}
Climate change
In 2008 Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende claimed that the Netherlands annually uses €1–1.5 billion (0.3% of national income) to protect against the risks of the sea level rise. Many areas are under sea level in the Netherlands and are protected by dam and dikes.[http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/ymparisto/oikea/id100516.html Alankomaissa sata miljardia euroa kuluu merenpinnan nousun estämiseen] yle 03.09.2008 In 2010 the Netherlands supported raising the European Union emission restrictions from 20% to 30%; however, the Netherlands has only committed to reaching the minimum 14% goal for itself.
See also
{{Portal|Netherlands|Energy|Renewable energy}}
{{Commons category}}
External links
- [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans European Commission National Renewable Energy Action Plans]
- [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports European Commission renewable energy Progress Reports]
- [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-directive/national-energy-efficiency-action-plans European Commission National Energy Efficiency Action Plans]
Notes
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}