Renewable energy in the Philippines#Solar power
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2022}}
In 2013, renewable energy provided 26.44% of the total electricity in the Philippines and 19,903 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy out of a total demand of 75,266 gigawatt-hours.Membrere L. [http://www.doe.gov.ph/electric-power-statistics/philippine-power-statistics/2498-2013-philippine-power-statistics "2013 Philippine power statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410230734/http://www.doe.gov.ph/electric-power-statistics/philippine-power-statistics/2498-2013-philippine-power-statistics |date=10 April 2016 }} Accessed 8 April 2016.
The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels.
For the sake of energy security, there is momentum to develop renewable energy sources.
The types available include hydropower, geothermal power, wind power, solar power and biomass power.
The government of the Philippines has legislated a number of policies in order to increase the use of renewable energy by the country.
The government has committed to raising to 50% the contribution of renewables of its total electricity generating capacity,{{Cite news|url=http://business.inquirer.net/4182/philippines-sets-50-renewables-target-by-2030|title=Philippines sets 50% renewables target by 2030|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en}} with 15.3 gigawatts (GW) by 2030.{{Cite web|url=http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/the_philippines_pursues_renewable_energy_expansion|title=The Philippines pursues renewable energy expansion|last=Programme|first=Climate Action|website=www.climateactionprogramme.org|language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}} The move would help the country in its commitment to reduce its carbon emissions by 75% by 2030.{{Cite web |title=Philippines |url=https://climatepromise.undp.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/philippines |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=UNDP Climate Promise |language=en}}
Background
There is momentum to decrease reliance on fossil fuels due to the negative effects such as pollution, climate change and financial uncertainty because of fluctuating fuel prices.World Journal [https://time.com/4137154/philippines-ground-zero-for-climate-disaster/ "See how climate change affects the Philippines"] TIME Accessed 8 April 2016.
Legislation passed by the Congress of the Philippines to support the use of renewable energy include the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001); the Biofuels Act (2006), which encourages the use of biomass fuels; the Renewable Energy Act (2008);[http://www.reurasia.com/single-post/2016/09/13/Latest-Renewable-Energies-Projects-in-the-Philippines Renewable Energy Act] Reurasia.com 13 September 2016 and the Climate Change Act (2009), which provides a legal basis for addressing climate change through sustainable development.
Renewable energy implementation is important to the Philippines for several reasons.[http://www.reurasia.com/single-post/2016/09/13/Latest-Renewable-Energies-Projects-in-the-Philippines Latest renewable energies projects] Reurasia.com 13 September 2016. The geographic characteristics of the country make it vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Rising sea levels are a threat because the Philippines is an archipelago with many cities located in coastal areas. As the coastline recedes due to rising seas, coastal cities become vulnerable to flooding. Climate change has also been linked to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events.Verifying greenhouse gas emissions National Research Council Washington DC 2010 p vii – 36. {{ISBN|978-0-309-15211-2}}.
Reliance on fossil fuels is detrimental to the energy security of the Philippines.[http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/ "Energy security"] International Energy Agency. Accessed 8 April 2016. The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels. In 2012, the Philippines imported 20 million tons of coal. Eight million tons were produced domestically.[http://www.doe.gov.ph/exploration-development/coal-statistics/402-production-vs-importation "Coal statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410232112/http://www.doe.gov.ph/exploration-development/coal-statistics/402-production-vs-importation |date=10 April 2016 }} Department of Energy. Accessed 8 April 2016. In 2010, the Philippines imported 54 million barrels of oil and produced 33,000 barrels.[http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ph&product=oil&graph=production "Philippines crude oil production by year"] Index Mundi website. Accessed 8 April 2016. Given this dependence on imported coal and oil, the Philippines is vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply constraints.Brahim S. "Renewable energy and energy security in the Philippines" in Energy Procedia.
The Philippine Department of Energy wrote:
“The harnessing and utilization of renewable energy comprises a critical component of the government's strategy to provide energy supply for the country. This is evident in the power sector where increased generation from geothermal and hydro resources has lessened the country's dependency on imported and polluting fuels. In the government's rural electrification efforts, on the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar, micro-hydro, wind and biomass resources are seeing wide-scale use.”Membrere L. [http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res "Renewable energy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407194449/http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res |date=7 April 2016 }} Department of Energy. Accessed 8 April 2016.
Sources
The Philippines utilizes renewable energy sources including hydropower, geothermal and solar energy, wind power and biomass resources.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 2013, these sources contributed 19,903 GWh of electrical energy, representing 26.44 percent of the country's electricity needs. Among the renewable energy sources available in the country, geothermal shows to be the cheapest and most (economically) attractive energy source followed by wind, hydropower, and lastly, solar PV.{{Cite journal|last=Agaton|first=Casper Boongaling|date=25 January 2018|title=Use coal or invest in renewables: a real options analysis of energy investments in the Philippines|journal=Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.1186/s40807-018-0047-2|issn=2198-994X|doi-access=free}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Renewable electricity production (GWh) by source{{Cite web|url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/philippine-power-statistics|title=Summary of Installed Capacity, Dependable Capacity, Power Generation and Consumption|website=Philippines Department of Energy}} !Year !Geothermal !Hydropower !Biomass !Solar !Wind !Total renewables !Total electricity !Renewables % of electricity production |
| 2003
|9,822 |7,870 |0 |0 |0 |17,692 |52,941 |33.42% |
| 2004
|10,282 |8,593 |0 |0 |0 |18,875 |55,957 |33.73% |
| 2005
|9,902 |8,387 |0 |2 |17 |18,308 |56,568 |32.36% |
| 2006
|10,465 |9,939 |0 |1 |53 |20,459 |56,784 |36.03% |
| 2007
|10,215 |8,563 |0 |1 |58 |18,836 |59,612 |31.60% |
| 2008
|10,723 |9,834 |0 |1 |61 |20,620 |60,821 |33.90% |
| 2009
|10,324 |9,834 |14 |1 |64 |20,237 |61,934 |32.68% |
| 2010
|9,929 |9,788 |27 |1 |62 |19,807 |67,743 |29.24% |
| 2011
|9,942 |7,803 |115 |1 |88 |17,950 |69,176 |25.95% |
| 2012
|10,250 |10,252 |183 |1 |75 |20,761 |72,922 |28.47% |
| 2013
|9,605 |10,019 |212 |1 |66 |19,903 |75,266 |26.44% |
| 2014
|10,308 |9,137 |196 |17 |152 |19,809 |77,261 |25.64% |
| 2015
|11,044 |8,665 |367 |139 |748 |20,963 |82,413 |25.44% |
| 2016
|11,070 |8,111 |726 |1,097 |975 |21,979 |90,798 |24.21% |
| 2017
|10,270 |9,611 |1,013 |1,201 |1,094 |23,189 |94,370 |24.57% |
| 2018
|10,435 |9,384 |1,105 |1,249 |1,153 |23,326 |99,765 |23.38% |
= Hydroelectric plants =
File:AngatDam.jpg, a major hydropower facility in the Philippines]]Hydropower is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the Philippines. There are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run-of-the-river types in the country. Of twenty-nine hydroelectric plants, fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run-of-the-river systems.[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_luzon_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Luzon)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418192407/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_luzon_december_2015.pdf|date=18 April 2016}} Department of Energy[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_visayas_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Visayas)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610233915/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_visayas_december_2015.pdf|date=10 June 2016}} Department of Energy[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_mindanao_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Mindanao)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610235053/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_mindanao_december_2015.pdf|date=10 June 2016}} Department of Energy Hydropower accounts for 11.8% of the energy generation and 17-18% of installed capacity in the Philippines.{{Cite journal |last1=Erdiwansyah |last2=Mamat |first2=R. |last3=Sani |first3=M. S. M. |last4=Sudhakar |first4=K. |date=20 June 2019 |title=Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719312653 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=670 |pages=1095–1102 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.273 |pmid=31018425 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.670.1095E |s2cid=109529680 |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Guiamel |first1=Ismail Adal |last2=Lee |first2=Han Soo |date=1 November 2020 |title=Potential hydropower estimation for the Mindanao River Basin in the Philippines based on watershed modelling using the soil and water assessment tool |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484719309059 |journal=Energy Reports |language=en |volume=6 |pages=1010–1028 |doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.025 |s2cid=218971298 |issn=2352-4847|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Delina |first=Laurence L. |date=1 July 2020 |title=Indigenous environmental defenders and the legacy of Macli-ing Dulag: Anti-dam dissent, assassinations, and protests in the making of Philippine energyscape |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620300402 |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |language=en |volume=65 |pages=101463 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2020.101463 |s2cid=213895250 |issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free }}
Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production.[http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res/hydropower "Hydropower"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430165857/http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res/hydropower|date=30 April 2016}} Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016 However, hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams.[http://interaksyon.com/article/121675/release-of-angat-ipo-dam-water-aggravates-bulacan-floods "Release of Angat, Ipo dam water aggravates Bulacan floods"] InterAksyon.com Accessed 8 April 2016. Hydropower integration also has the potential to disturb pre-existing natural ecosystems and cultures as well as cause land dispossession and community resettlement.{{Cite journal |last=Talamayan |first=Fernan |date=1 May 2020 |title=Mapping Anti-Dam Movements: The Politics of Water Reservoir Construction and Hydropower Development Projects in the Philippines |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3748391 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3748391|ssrn=3748391 |s2cid=234896254 |url-access=subscription }} The methods of using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to determine suitable sites for constructing hydroelectric plants do not tend to incorporate social or environmental considerations.{{Cite journal |last1=Fesalbon |first1=R. M. A. |last2=Blanco |first2=A. C. |title=Hydropower Dam Site Selection and Visualization Using Gis and Rs Techniques: A Case of Marinduque, Philippines |date=23 December 2019 |url=https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-4-W19/207/2019/ |journal=The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |language=English |publisher=Copernicus GmbH |volume=XLII-4-W19 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W19-207-2019|bibcode=2019ISPAr4219..207F|s2cid=210896283 |doi-access=free }} In response to the construction of large scale hydroelectric infrastructure, opposition movements have arisen. Anti-dam organizations and protests may advocate for indigenous peoples, environmental conservation, anti-capitalism, or anti-imperialism. Vocal environmental human rights defenders have been red-tagged by the government or extrajudicially killed by the military or police.{{Cite journal |last1=Del Bene |first1=Daniela |last2=Scheidel |first2=Arnim |last3=Temper |first3=Leah |date=1 May 2018 |title=More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1 |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1 |s2cid=158360331 |issn=1862-4057|url-access=subscription }} The rights, concerns, and political agency of indigenous peoples trying to protect their villages and sacred sites from being submerged have often been disregarded due to urban-centric economic development.
Incorporating small scale plants, especially micro-hydroelectric plants that have a capacity of less than 0.1 MW (100 kW), may mitigate adverse side effects and be a cost-effective way to bring electricity to rural and off-the-grid communities. Isolated mountain communities have seen improvements in education, community engagement, and economy due to improved lighting provided by micro-hydropower.{{Cite journal |last1=Arnaiz |first1=M. |last2=Cochrane |first2=T. A. |last3=Hastie |first3=R. |last4=Bellen |first4=C. |date=1 August 2018 |title=Micro-hydropower impact on communities' livelihood analysed with the capability approach |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082617308943 |journal=Energy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=45 |pages=206–210 |doi=10.1016/j.esd.2018.07.003 |hdl=10092/15826 |s2cid=158665491 |issn=0973-0826|url-access=subscription }}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right" |
| !2004
!2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 |
|---|
| align="left" |Hydropower Output (GWh)
|8,593 |8,387 |9,939 |8,563 |9,834 |9,788 |7,803 |9,698 |10,252 |10,019 |9,137 |8,665 |
| align="left"| Percentage Change
| |(2.40%) |18.50% |(13.84%) |14.84% |(0.47%) |(20.28%) |24.29% |5.71% |(2,27%) |(8.80%) |(5.45%) |
| class="wikitable"
|+Major hydropower sites !Facility Name[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_luzon_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Luzon)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418192407/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_luzon_december_2015.pdf|date=18 April 2016}} Department of Energy[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_visayas_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Visayas)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610233915/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_visayas_december_2015.pdf|date=10 June 2016}} Department of Energy[http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_mindanao_december_2015.pdf "List of existing plants (Mindanao)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610235053/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2015_existing_power_plants_mindanao_december_2015.pdf|date=10 June 2016}} Department of Energy !Type !Installed Capacity (MW) !Location !Owner !Year Commissioned |
| San Roque
|Dam |align="right"| 411.0 |Pangasinan |San Roque Power Corporation |align="right"| 2003 |
| HEDCOR
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 33.8 |Benguet |HEDCOR |align="right"| 1993 |
| Kalayaan PSPP
|Dam |align="right"| 739.2 |Laguna |CBK Power Company Ltd. |align="right"| 1998/2004 |
| Magat
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 360.0 |Isabela |Aboitiz Power |align="right"| 1983 |
| Caliraya
|Dam |align="right"| 35.0 |Laguna |CBK Power Company Ltd. |align="right"| 1942/1947/1950 |
| Botocan
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 22.8 |Laguna |CBK Power Company Ltd. |align="right"| 1967/1986 |
| Angat
|Dam |align="right"| 246.0 |Bulacan |PSALM |align="right"| 1967/1986 |
| Pantabangan-Masiway
|Dam |align="right"| 132.0 |Nueva Ecija |First Gen Hydro Power Corp. |align="right"| 1977/1981 |
| Ambuklao
|Dam |align="right"| 105.0 |Benguet |Aboitiz Power |align="right"| 1957 |
| Binga
|Dam |align="right"| 132.0 |Benguet |Aboitiz Power |align="right"| 1960 |
| Bakun
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 70.0 |Ilocos Sur |Luzon Hydro Corp. |align="right"| 2000/2001 |
| Casecnan
|Dam |align="right"| 165.0 |Nueva Ecija |CE Casecnan Water & Energy Co. |align="right"| 2002 |
| Sabangan
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 13.2 |Mt. Province |HEDCOR |align="right"| 2015 |
| NIA-Baligtan
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 6.0 |Isabela |NIA |align="right"| 1987 |
| JANOPOL
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 5.2 |Bohol |BOHECO I |align="right"| 1992 |
| AGUS 1
|Dam |align="right"| 80.0 |Lanao del Sur |PSALM |align="right"| 1992 |
| AGUS 2
|Dam |align="right"| 180.0 |Lanao del Sur |PSALM |align="right"| 1992 |
| AGUS 4
|Dam |align="right"| 55.0 |Lanao del Norte |PSALM |align="right"| 1985 |
| AGUS 5
|Dam |align="right"| 200.0 |Lanao del Norte |PSALM |align="right"| 1985 |
| AGUS 6
|Dam |align="right"| 54.0 |Lanao del Norte |PSALM |align="right"| 1953/1971 |
| AGUS 7
|Dam |align="right"| 255.0 |Lanao del Norte |PSALM |align="right"| 1983 |
| Pulangi IV
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 232.0 |Bukidnon |PSALM |align="right"| 1985/1986 |
| Sibulan HEP
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 42.6 |Davao del Sur |HEDCOR |align="right"| 2010 |
| Agusan
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 1.6 |Bukidnon |FG Bukidnon Power Corp. |align="right"| 1957 |
| Bubunawan
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 7.0 |Bukidnon |BPC Inc. |align="right"| 2001 |
| Cabulig HEP
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 9.2 |Misamis Oriental |Mindanao Energy Systems |align="right"| 2012 |
| Talomo HEP
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 4.5 |Davao del Sur |HEDCOR |align="right"| 1998 |
| Tudaya 1
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 6.6 |Davao del Sur |HEDCOR |align="right"| 2014 |
| Tudaya 2
|Run-of-River |align="right"| 7.0 |Davao del Sur |HEDCOR |align="right"| 2014 |
= Geothermal power =
{{main|Geothermal power in the Philippines}}
In the Philippines, geothermal energy is used to generate electricity. Two types of technologies are used in the Philippines. These are firstly, the higher temperature flash steam method and secondly, the lower temperature binary cycle method.[http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/geothermal-energy/tech/geoelectricity.html "Geothermal power and electricity production"] Renewable energy world website. Accessed 8 April 2016. In the Philippines, the first is the more common. The second is used only at the MAKBAN plant. Geothermal plants are suitable for areas with low winds, such as Mindanao, and areas that have rainy weather, such as Batanes. Geothermal energy production can result in the release of toxic substances such as mercury, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic and selenium.[http://education.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geothermal-energy/ "Geothermal energy"] National Geographic Society 20 November 2012. Accessed 8 April 2016. In 2014, at a geothermal plant in Biliran, eight plant workers were hospitalized with hydrogen sulphide poisoning.[http://www.philstar.com/region/2014/06/22/1337741/biliran-geothermal-project-eight-workers-hurt-gas-poisoning "At Biliran geothermal project eight workers hurt in gas poisoning"] philstar.com 22 June 2014. Accessed 8 April 2016.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right" |
| !2004
!2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 |
|---|
| align="left" | Geothermal Power Output (GWh)
|10,282 |9,902 |10,465 |10,215 |10,723 |10,324 |9,929 |9,942 |10,250 |9,605 |10,308 |11,044 |
| align="left"| Percentage Change
| |(3.70%) |5.69% |2.39% |4.97% |(3.72%) |(3.83%) |(0.13%) |3.10% |(6.29%) |7.32% |7.14% |
| class="wikitable"
|+Major geothermal sites !Type !Installed Capacity (MW) !Location !Owner !Year Commissioned |
| MAKBAN
|Flash/Binary |align="right"| 442.8 |Laguna |AP Renewable Inc. |align="right"| 1979 |
| BACMAN
|Flash |align="right"| 130.0 |Sorsogon |Bac-Man Geothermal Inc. |align="right"| 1993 |
| Tiwi
|Flash |align="right"| 234.0 |Albay |AP Renewable Inc. |align="right"| 1979 |
| MANITO-Lowland
|Flash |align="right"| 1.5 |Albay |Bac-Man Geothermal Inc. |align="right"| No date |
| MAIBARARA
|Flash |align="right"| 20.0 |Batangas |Maibarara Geothermal Inc. |align="right"| 2014 |
| Palinpinon GPP
|Flash |align="right"| 192.5 |Negros Oriental |Green Core Energy |align="right"| 1983 |
| Leyte
|Flash |align="right"| 112.5 |Leyte |Green Core Energy |align="right"| 1983 |
| Unified Leyte
|Flash |align="right"| 610.2 |Leyte |Energy Development Corp. |align="right"| 1996/1997 |
| Nasulo GPP
|Flash |align="right"| 50.0 |Negros Occidental |Energy Development Corp. |align="right"| 2014 |
| Mt. Apo
|Flash |align="right"| 103.0 |North Cotabato |Energy Development Corp. |align="right"| 1996 |
= Solar power =
File:Monocrystalline solar panel.png
In 2015, three solar farms were constructed in the Philippines. The Philippines receives over 7kWh per square meter per day during its peak month of April and lowest at 3kWH per square meter per day during its off-peak month of December as observed by Schadow1 Expeditions in 33 cities of the country.{{cite journal|last1=Malicdem|first1=Ervin|title=Optimal Tilt of Solar Panels in the Philippines|url=https://www.academia.edu/34980472|journal=Schadow1 Expeditions|date=17 February 2015|page=6|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.19886.61764|access-date=5 November 2017}} Given the country's high solar potential, the solar energy's contribution to the energy mix is expected to increase from the current (2019) 1.2% of 23GW to at least 3.5% of the 43GW total capacity by 2040.{{Cite journal|last1=Guno|first1=Charmaine Samala|last2=Agaton|first2=Casper Boongaling|last3=Villanueva|first3=Resy Ordona|last4=Villanueva|first4=Riza Ordona|date=1 February 2021|title=Optimal Investment Strategy for Solar PV Integration in Residential Buildings: A Case Study in The Philippines|url=https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/32657|journal=International Journal of Renewable Energy Development|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=79–89|doi=10.14710/ijred.2021.32657|issn=2252-4940|doi-access=free}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Major solar power sites !Type !Installed Capacity (MW) !Location !Owner !Year Commissioned |
| Tarlac-2
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 20 |Tarlac, Tarlac |PetroSolar Corp. |align="right"| 2019 |
| Tarlac-1
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 50 |Tarlac, Tarlac |PetroSolar Corp. |align="right"| 2016 |
| Majestic
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 41.3 |Cavite |Majestic Power Corp. |align="right"| 2015 |
| Pampanga Solar
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 10.0 |Mexico, Pampanga |Raslag Corp. |align="right"| 2015 |
| Burgos Solar
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 4.0 |Burgos, Ilocos Norte |Solar Philippines |align="right"| 2015 |
| CEPALCO Solar PV
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 1.0 |Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental |CEPALCO |align="right"| 2004 |
| Valenzuela - Isla
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 8.6 |Valenzuela, Metro Manila |Valenzuela Solar Energy Inc. |align="right"| 2015 |
| Valenzuela - Tagalag
|Photovoltaic |align="right"| 20.69 |Valenzuela, Metro Manila |Eco-Park Energy of Valenzuela Corporation |align="right"| 2019 |
= Wind power =
All wind power sites in the Philippines are on-shore facilities. Some, such as Ilocos Norte, Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal and Bangui Wind Farm are tourist destinations.[http://www.mb.com.ph/ilocos-n-breaks-tourists-record/ "Ilocos N. breaks tourists record"] The Manila Bulletin Accessed 8 April 2016.[http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2016/01/21/1544770/wind-farm-drawing-tourists-rizal "Wind farm drawing tourists to Rizal"] The Philippine Star Accessed 8 April 2016.
On March 13, 2024, Cheloy Garafil announced that German wind and solar farms developer wpd GmbH, per CEO Björn Nullmeyer, committed P392.4B investment for PH renewable energy. “The wpd GmbH plans to invest PHP392.4 billion in the Philippines to set up offshore wind farms in Cavite, Negros Occidental, and Guimaras, the biggest undertaking registered with the Board of Investments (BOI) in February last year,” she explained. “The President met the wpd GmbH officials in Berlin to discuss status updates on the BOI-registered OSW (offshore wind) projects Cavite and Negros (1 & 2) Projects with a combined capacity of 3,260 MW (megawatts) valued at PHP400 billion,” she stressed.{{cite news |last1=Gita-Carlos |first1= Ruth Abbey |title=German wind, solar developer commits P392.4B for PH renewable energy|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1220770|accessdate=March 14, 2024 |publisher= Philippine News Agency|date=March 14, 2024}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Major wind power sites !Type !Installed Capacity (MW) !Location !Owner !Year Commissioned |
| Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 1 and 2
|On-Shore |align="right"| 33.0 |Ilocos Norte |North Wind Power Development Corp. |align="right"| 2005 |
| Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 3
|On-Shore |align="right"| 18.9 |Ilocos Norte |North Wind Power Development Corp. |align="right"| 2014 |
| Burgos Wind Farm
|On-Shore |align="right"| 150.0 |Ilocos Norte |EDC |align="right"| 2014 |
| Carispisan Wind
|On-Shore |align="right"| 81.0 |Ilocos Norte |North UPC |align="right"| 2014 |
| Pililla Wind Farm
|On-Shore |align="right"| 54.0 |Rizal |Alternegy Philippine Holdings Corp. |align="right"| 2015 |
| TAREC
|On-Shore |align="right"| 54.0 |Guimaras |TAREC |align="right"| 2014 |
| NABAS Wind Phase 1
|On-Shore |align="right"| 36.0 |Aklan |PWEI |align="right"| 2015 |
= Biomass power =
File:Bagasse baling machine in Hainan - 06.jpg
Biomass energy refers to energy derived from plant and animal sources.[http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=76,15049&_dad=portal "What is biomass"] Biomass Energy Centre UK Accessed 8 April 2016. Biomass resources are abundant in the Philippines due to its large agricultural industry. Bagasse, rice husks, and coconut husks are used to generate power.[http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res/biomass-solar-wind-and-ocean "Biomass, solar, wind and ocean"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323163855/http://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy-res/biomass-solar-wind-and-ocean |date=23 March 2016 }} Department of Energy. Accessed 8 April 2016. The Philippines also uses biogas from landfill as a biomass energy source. The availability of biomass can be affected by events such as drought.[http://science134.tripod.com/id9.html "Advantages and Disadvantages"] Science 134 website. Accessed 8 April 2016.|
| class="wikitable"
|+Major biomass power sites !Type !Installed Capacity (MW) !Location !Owner !Year Commissioned |
| Green Future
|Bagasse |align="right"| 19.8 |Isabela |Green Future Innovation Inc. |align="right"| 2014 |
| 5JC Power
|Rice Husk |align="right"| 12.0 |Nueva Ecija |I Power Corp. |align="right"| 2015 |
| Montalban LFG
|Landfill Gas |align="right"| 9.3 |Rizal |Montalban Methane Power Corp. |align="right"| 2009 |
| Laguna LFG
|Landfill Gas |align="right"| 4.2 |Laguna |Bacavalley Energy Inc. |align="right"| 2011 |
| Lucky PPH
|Bagasse |align="right"| 4.0 |Isabela |Lucky PPH International Inc. |align="right"| 2008 |
| Pangea
|Landfill Gas |align="right"| 1.2 |Metro Manila |Pangea Green Energy Phil Inc. |align="right"| 2013 |
Legislation
The Philippine government has passed four laws that seek to improve the state of renewable energy. These are the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (RA 9136); the Biofuel Act of 2006 (RA 9367); the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513); and the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729).
The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) (EPIRA) promotes the use of renewable energy particularly through private sector investment.[{{cite web |url=http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/609-ra-9136 |title=Republic Act No. 9136 - an Act Ordaining Reforms in the Electric Power Industry, Amending for the Purpose Certain Laws and for Other Purposes |access-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421232828/http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/609-ra-9136 |archive-date=21 April 2016 }} "Republic Act No. 9136" department of Energy. Accessed 12 April 2016. However, after a decade of EPIRA's enactment, advocacy groups and lawmakers said the law only strengthened monopolies and caused electricity rates to double.{{Cite web|url=http://ibon.org/2016/06/repeal-epira-ph-power-rates-double-in-15-years-ibon/|title=Repeal EPIRA: PH power rates double in 15 years–IBON|website=IBON Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2018}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/04/07/electric-consumer-group-calls-review-epira-535511|title=Electric consumer group calls for review of Epira|last=Arado|first=Jennie P.|date=7 April 2017|work=SunStar|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/46252-drilon-joins-calls-to-review-epira|title=Drilon: Review EPIRA after 'apparent failure'|work=Rappler|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}{{Cite news|url=http://business.inquirer.net/157645/solon-pines-for-pre-epira-days-in-power-generation|title=Solon pines for pre-Epira days in power generation|last=Cabacungan|first=Gil|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}
The Biofuels Act (2006) documents state policy to reduce the Philippines' dependence on imported fossil fuels. It encourages investment in biofuels through incentives including reduced tax on local or imported biofuels; and bank loans for Filipino citizens engaged in biofuel production. The law resulted in the formation of the National Biofuel Board (NBB).[http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/614-ra-9367 "Republic Act No. 9367"] Department of Energy Accessed 13 April 2016.
The Renewable Energy Act (2008) legislates state policy to accelerate the development and use of renewable energy resources.[http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/627-ra-9513 "Republic Act No. 9513"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331000909/http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/627-ra-9513 |date=31 March 2016 }} Department of Energy. Under this act (section 6), mandated a minimum percentage of generation of electricity from renewable sources (a renewable portfolio standard (RPS)). Also under this act (section 7), a feed-In tariff system was implemented for electricity produced from renewable sources, giving producers the security of long term fixed prices.{{cite journal|doi= 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.084|title= Alternative framework for renewable energy planning in the Philippines|journal= Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume= 59|pages= 1396–1404|year= 2016|last1= Roxas|first1= Fernando|last2= Santiago|first2= Andrea}} Electricity utilities make net metering agreements with qualified end-users of renewable energy systems. A minimum percentage of electricity from renewable sources for the off-grid missionary electrification system was also mandated.
Under the Renewable Energy Act (2008), incentives are available to developers of renewable energy. These incentives include an income tax holiday for the first seven years of the entity's commercial operations; duty-free importation and special realty tax rates on renewable energy machinery, equipment and materials within the first ten years; net operating loss carry-over; zero percent Value-Added Tax (VAT) rate for the sale of fuel or power generated from renewable sources of energy; and Tax Credit on domestic capital equipment and services.
The Climate Change Act (2009) legislated state policy to incorporate a gender-sensitive, pro-children and pro-poor perspective in all climate change and renewable energy efforts.[https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no-9729/ "Republic Act No. 9729"] Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines 23 October 2009. Accessed 13 April 2016
Feed-in tariff program statistics
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
! rowspan="2" |Resource ! colspan="2" |For Nomination / Conversion ! colspan="2" |With Certificate of Confirmation of Commerciality ! colspan="2" |With Certificate of Endorsement to ERC |
| align="left"| No. of Projects
|align="left"|Capacity (MW) |align="left"| No. of Projects |align="left"| Capacity (MW) |align="left"| No. of Projects |align="left"| Capacity (MW) |
| align="left"| Hydro
| – | – |66 |610.93 |4 |26.60 |
| align="left"| Wind
|7 |1,023.55 |5 |431.00 |6 |393.90 |
| align="left"| Solar
|18 |681.30 |30 |892.54 |6 |131.90 |
| align="left"| Biomass
| – | – |4 |24.37 |11 |94.25 |
| align="left"| TOTAL
|25 |1704.85 |105 |1,958.84 |27 |646.65 |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
!RE Technology !Proposed FiT ($/kWh)* !Approved FiT ($/kwh)* !Degression Rate |
| Solar
|0.407 |0.220 |6% after 1 year from effectivity of FiT |
|---|
| Wind
|0.235 |0.193 |0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT |
| Biomass
|0.159 |0.150 |0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT |
| Run-of-River Hydro
|0.139 |0.134 |0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT |
| colspan="4" |*Based on US$1.00 : PHP 44.00 |
Private sector involvement
The Renewable Energy Act (2008) encourages the involvement of the private sector in renewable energy production through fiscal and non-fiscal incentives.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.101|title=Renewable Energy and Energy Security in the Philippines|journal=Energy Procedia|volume=52|pages=480–486|year=2014|last1=Brahim|first1=Sahara Piang|doi-access=free}}
Fiscal incentives include tax reductions, as well as funding assistance from both government and third parties. A number of international organizations have expressed willingness to aid Philippine businesses in developing local renewable energy infrastructure including German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Asian Development Bank (ADB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2015.07.013|title=The politics of energy and development: Aid diversification in the Philippines|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=10|pages=259–272|year=2015|last1=Marquardt|first1=Jens}} Impediments to private sector investment include high transaction costs; social engineering costs; lack of suitable local technology; and caps on electricity prices made by the Energy Regulatory Commission.
| class="wikitable"
|+An itemized partial list of required permits, licenses and certificates for RE project application:{{Cite journal|last=Taguibao|first=Jalton Garces|title=Renewable energy (RE) Sector Development in the Philippines Based on the Perspectives and Experiences of Selected Industry Managers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272979271|journal=Asia-Pacific Social Science Review|volume=10|issue=2|doi=10.3860/apssr.v10i2.1903|year=2011}} !Required Documents issued by the National Government !Required Documents issued by the Local Government Units |
# SEC Registration
|
|
| class="wikitable"
!Issued FIT rate (per kWh) !Proposed rate (per kWh) |
| Solar
|Php 9.68 |Php 17.95 |
| Wind
|Php 8.53 |Php 10.37 |
| Biomass
|Php 6.63 |Php 7.00 |
| Hydropower
|Php 5.90 |Php 6.15 |
= Public-private partnership =
Up until June 2015, the Department of Energy (DOE) had awarded 646 service contracts as Public-private partnerships to private sector entities under the Renewable Energy Law with installed capacity of 2,760.52 MW.[http://www.wallacebusinessforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/K-JULINFRA15.pdf "Renewable energy on the rise"] Philippine analyst July 2015
| class="wikitable"
!Resources !Awarded Projects !Installed Capacity !Potential Capacity |
| Geothermal
|42 |1,896.19 |750.00 |
| Hydro
|407 |136.73 |7,884.54 |
| Wind
|51 |426.90 |1,168.00 |
| Solar
|93 |108.90 |2,206.51 |
| Biomass
|45 |191.80 |357.00 |
| Ocean energy
|8 | – |31.00 |
| TOTAL
|646 |2,760.52 |12,397.05 |
Instances of private sector projects include:
| class="wikitable"
!Island Group !Resource !Project Name !Project Proponent |
| rowspan="26" |Luzon{{Cite web|url=http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-luzon-committed-02152016.pdf|title=2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN LUZON (COMMITTED)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610234851/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-luzon-committed-02152016.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016}}
| rowspan="8" |Hydropower |Kapangan |Cordillera Hydro Electric Power Corporation |
| Bulanao
|DPJ Engineers and Consultants |
| Prismc
|PNOC-Renewables Corporation |
| Magat A
|Isabela Electric Cooperative, Inc. |
| Magat B
|Isabela Electric Cooperative, Inc. |
| Tubao
|Tubao Mini-Hydro Electric Corporation |
| Catuiran*
|Sta. Clara Power Corp. |
| Inabasan*
|Ormin Power, Inc. |
| rowspan="10" |Solar
|San Rafael Solar Power Plant |SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation |
| Morong Solar Power Plant
|SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation |
| Cabanatuan Solar Power Project
|First Cabanatuan Renewable Ventures, Inc. |
| Palauig Solar Power Plant
|SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation |
| Currimao Solar Photovoltaic Power Project
|Mirae Asia energy Corporation |
| Macabud Solar Photovoltaic Power Project
|ATN Philippines Solar energy Group, Inc. |
| Sta. Rita Solar Power Project
|Jobin-Sqm Inc. |
| YH Green
|YH Green |
| Tarlac Solar Power Project
|PetroSolar Corporation |
| Calatagan Solar Power Project Phase I
|Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation |
| rowspan="2" |Geothermal
|Bacman 3 (Tanawon) Geothermal Project |energy Development Corporation |
| Maibarara 2 Geothermal Project
|Maibarara Geothermal Inc. |
| rowspan="6" |Biomass
|2 MW ACNPC WTE Biomass Power Plant Project |Asian Carbon Neutral Power Corporation |
| 12 MW Biomass Power Plant Project
|Green Innovations for Tomorrow Corporation |
| 5 MW Bicol Biomass energy Corporation
|Bicol Biomass energy Corporation |
| 8.8 MW Biogas Power Plant Project
|AseaGas Corporation |
| 24 MW SJCiPower Rice Husk-Fired Biomass power Plant Project (Phase 1 – 12MW Phase 2 – 12 MW)
|San Jose City I Power Corporation |
| 70 kW Biomass Gasification Power Plant Project*
|PowerSource Philippines, Inc. |
| rowspan="11" |Visayas{{Cite web|url=http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-visayas-committed-02152016.pdf|title=2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN VISAYAS (COMMITTED)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610234748/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-visayas-committed-02152016.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016}}
|Geothermal |Biliran Geothermal Plant Project |Biliran Geothermal Incorporated |
| rowspan="4" |Hydropower
|Villasiga HEP |Sunwest Water & Electric Co., Inc. |
| Igbulo (Bais) Hydroelectric Power Project
|Century Peak energy Corporation |
| Cantakoy
|Quadriver energy Corp. |
| Amlan HEPP
|Natural Power Sources Integration, Inc. |
| rowspan="3" |Solar
|Miag-ao Solar Power Project |COSMO Solar energy, Inc. |
| La Carlota Solar Power Project Phase A (SACASOL II-A)
|San Carlos Solar energy Inc. |
| Cadiz Solar Power Project
|Phil.Power Exploration & Development Corporation |
| Wind
|Nabas Wind Power Project Phase I – 34 Phase II-16 |PetroWind energy Corporation |
| rowspan="2" |Biomass
|12 MW Multi-Feedstock Biomass Power Plant Project |Megawatt Clean energy, Inc. |
| 2.5 MW Rice Husk-Fired Biomass Power Plant Project
|Megawatt Clean energy, Inc. |
| rowspan="14" |Mindanao{{Cite web|url=http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-mindanao-committed-02152016.pdf|title=2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN MINDANAO (COMMITTED)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610235152/http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_energy_Situationer/2016-private_sector_initiated_power_projects-mindanao-committed-02152016.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016}}
| rowspan="5" |Hydropower |Lake Mainit |Agusan Power Corporation |
| Puyo Hydroelectric Power Project
|First Gen Mindanao Hydropower Corp. |
| Asiga
|Asiga Green energy Corp. |
| Manolo Fortich I
|Hedcor Bukidnon, Inc. |
| Manolo Fortich 2
|Hedcor Bukidnon, Inc. |
| rowspan="3" |Solar
|Kibawe Solar Power Project |Asiga Green energy Corp. |
| Digos Solar Power Project Phase I
|Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc. |
| Digos Solar Power Project Phase II
|Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc. |
| rowspan="6" |Biomass
|3 MW Biomass Cogeneration Facility |Philippine Trade Center, Inc. |
| 15 MW LPC Biomass Power Plant Project
|Lamsan Power Corporation |
| 3.5 MW Biomass Cogeneration System
|Green Earth Enersource Corporation |
| 10MW Malay-balay Bioenergy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating Facility
|Malaybalay Bio-energy Corporation |
| 23.5 MW EPC Woody Biomass Power Plant Project
|Eastern Petroleum Corporation |
| 12 MW Napier Grass-Fired Biomass Power Plant Project
|Manolo Fortich Biomass energy Corporation |
*—off grid project