Representation of the People Act, 1951

An elected constituent assembly was set up on 9 December 1946 to frame the constitution. Most of the articles of the constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, commonly known as the Republic Day. Part XXI of the constitution contained the transitional provisions. Articles 379 and 394 of Part XXI which contained provisions for provisional parliament and other articles which contained provisions like citizenship, came into force on 26 November 1949, the date on which the constitution was adopted. The provisional parliament enacted the Act vide Act No.43 of 1951 for the first general election conducted on 25 October 1951. The basic qualification to represent the people is Indian citizenship and not disqualified to vote under section 16 of the Representation of People Act, 1950 read with Part II and VII of this act.{{cite web|url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/55081742/|title= The Representation of the Peoples Act, 1950 |access-date=17 December 2019}}

The act has been amended several times, but some of the notable amendments include

• the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1966 (47 of 1966), which abolished the election tribunals and transferred the election petitions to the high courts whose orders can be appealed to Supreme Court.{{cite web|title= The representation of the people act,1951 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|access-date=2 July 2015}} However, election disputes regarding the election of President and Vice-President are directly heard by the Supreme Court.
• the Representation of the People (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2013 (29 of 2013){{cite web|title= The Representation of the People (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2013. |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/292013.pdf|access-date=21 September 2016}}

The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was introduced by Varun Gandhi in Lok Sabha.{{citation |title=Right to recall will keep MPs, MLAs on their toes |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/editorials/right-to-recall-will-keep-mps-mlas-on-their-toes/story-h5nz68rGLTaIdqb3rvpliJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 March 2017 }}

Registration of political parties is governed by the provisions of section 29A of this Act.

Supreme Court shall inquire and decide & regarding doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President per Article 71(1) of the constitution. Subject to Article 71 (3), Parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of president which may violate the requisite election qualifications.{{cite web|title= Sections 13 to 20, The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/102305/ |access-date=2 July 2016}} Subject to the provisions of Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971, Supreme Court can remove the president for ceasing to possess the eligible qualifications to be Lok Sabha member under Sections 7 & 8(k) of this Act when the acts/ deeds (i.e. for giving assent to unconstitutional bills passed by the parliament or state legislatives, permitting the gazette notification of the unconstitutional advises {including promulgation of ordinances under Article 123 or imposing president rules in a state under Article 356} rendered by the union cabinet / prime minister, etc.) of the president are proclaimed by the courts as unconstitutional, mala fide, ultra vires, void, etc. Also it is the duty of the Supreme Court to clarify any doubt in connection with the election of president such as speedy trail of the pending cases against an elected president before the elevation to president. The scope of the trail would be limited only to decide whether the incumbent president is eligible to continue in his post but not to prosecute the president under criminal charges with arrest and imprisonment or to claim relief in a civil case to comply with the provisions per Article 361 of the constitution.

Similar to the president per article 71 upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Rajya Sabha subject to this Act. All pending criminal / corruption cases are to be disposed on priority by the Supreme court to decide whether he is qualified to continue as vice president

• Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to this Act.

Speaker of the Lok Sabha is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of this Act. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.{{cite web|title= Aadhaar Act as Money Bill: Why the Lok Sabha isn't Immune from Judicial Review |url=http://thewire.in/34721/identity-of-the-aadhaar-act-supreme-court-and-the-money-bill-question/|access-date=29 July 2016}} When courts upheld the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under sections 7 & 8(1)(k) of this Act.

{{Main|Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|Office of profit}}

The Constitution of India – which empowers the Parliament of India to make laws regarding disqualification of MP and MLA- also mentions that on disqualification of an MP or an MLA, the seat becomes vacant immediately. Interpreting the words of constitution the bench found the clause 8(4) of the RPA act -which gives a time period of 3 months to file an appeal and allows continuation in office till its disposal- as unconstitutional. The Cabinet of Ministers, in order to nullify the judgement, passed an ordinance for the amendment of the act, however the said Ordinance wasn't signed by the President and it was taken back.{{Cite news|title = Supreme Court verdict on disqualifying netas: A right step in the wrong direction?|date = 12 July 2013|url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-verdict-on-disqualifying-netas-a-right-step-in-the-wrong-direction-949075.html|newspaper = The FirstPost|access-date = 30 October 2013}}{{Cite news|title = A Quick U turn?|date = 2 October 2013|url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-quick-uturn/article5192465.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|access-date = 30 October 2013}} A recent verdict on 19 November 2013 ensured the stay on the election campaigning of the convicted legislators for the current session.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Being public servants, elected representatives, MLAs or MPs, cannot hold an office of profit under section 9 (A) of the Representation of People's Act and Articles 102 and 191(E) of the Constitution.{{cite web | title=Disqualification of 2 UP MLAs in OOP cases historic | website=dna | date=30 January 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-disqualification-of-2-up-mlas-in-oop-cases-historic-2056686 | access-date=1 February 2015}}

In the year 2006, Sonia Gandhi resigned her membership of Lok Sabha for enjoying office of profit while being an MP.{{cite web | title=BJP forced Sonia Gandhi resignation as MP | date=10 April 2006 | url=https://www.mediamonitors.net/perspectives/americas-influence-over-indian-politics-and-its-likely-consequences/ | access-date=1 February 2017}} In 2006, Sonia Gandhi's ruling party in Parliament also amended the Parliament (Prevention of disqualification) Act, 1959 with retrospective effect from 4 April 1959 to prevent her{{According to whom|date=October 2021}} punishable under the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.{{cite web | title=Parliament (Prevention of disqualification)Amendment Act, 2006 | date=18 August 2006 |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/actc/yearwise/2006/2006.31.pdf | access-date=1 February 2017}}

• Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had announced that the government had issued notifications for registration of overseas Indian electors under the Representation of People Act, 1950 to enable Indians resident abroad to participate in elections.{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/258318|title=Indian residents abroad can participate in election process: Manmohan Singh|publisher=newstrackindia.com|access-date=13 December 2014}}
• Former state cabinet minister, Jagir Kaur, was booked under Section 123 of the act for bribing voters after the police seized 183 cases of liquor from the vehicles.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1637687/report-liquor-lands-ex-punjab-minister-in-trouble|title=Liquor lands ex-Punjab minister in trouble | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=15 January 2012|publisher=dnaindia.com|access-date=13 December 2014}}
• The Allahabad high court invalidated found Indira Gandhi, who was the then Prime Minister, guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha representing Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. This resulted in declaration of emergency and amendments were made in the constitution to validate the election.
• Umlesh Yadav is the first politician to be disqualified by the Election Commission of India for a period of three years for suppression of her election expenses incurred when she was elected as an MLA to the Bisauli Assembly constituency constituency in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly elections.{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article2559714.ece |title=Paid news claims its price – The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=13 December 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/May2007/pollupd/ac/states/s24/aconst24.htm|title=State Elections 2007 - Constituency wise detail for 24-Bisauli Constituency of Uttar Pradesh|publisher=eci.nic.in|access-date=13 December 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/recent/Disqualification_case_Umkesh_Yadav.pdf|date=21 October 2011|title=BEFORE THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA In re:Account of election expenses of Smt. Umlesh Yadav, returned candidate from 24-Bisauli Assembly Constituency at the general election to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, 2007-Scrutiny of account under section 10A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951|access-date=13 December 2014}}
• Two Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly members, Bajrang Bahadur Singh and Uma Shankar Singh, were disqualified in January 2015 due to holding government contracts.
• As part of the disproportionate assets case against J. Jayalalithaa, she became in 2014 Chief Minister to be disqualified from office.{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=Times of India|date=14 February 2017}}
• Madhya Pradesh Cabinet Minister Narottam Mishra disqualified for three years by Election commission of India for providing wrong information to EC on expenses incurred during the polls under section 10A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, to be read with Sections 77 and 78 of the Act.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ec-disqualifies-minister-in-mp/article19143645.ece|title=EC disqualifies Minister in M.P.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 June 2017}}
• On 19 December 2023, The Madras High Court convicted K. Ponmudy in Disproportionate assets case for amassing assets during his tenure as minister for Mines and Minerals in 2006–2011 DMK Government in Tamil Nadu. On 21 December 2023, He and his wife were sentenced to three years imprisonment as well as to a fine of ₹50 lakhs each by the Madras High Court. As a result, Ponmudi was disqualified as an MLA and minister.{{Cite web |title=Madras HC sets aside trial court order acquitting DMK Minister K Ponmudi in disproportionate assets case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/dec/19/madras-hcsets-aside-trial-court-order-acquitting-dmk-minister-k-ponmudi-in-disproportionate-assets-2642952.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-12-19 |title=Madras HC Overturns Acquittal, Convicts DMK Minister K Ponmudi In Disproportionate Assets Case |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/ponmudi-madras-high-court-overturns-acquittal-convicts-dmk-minister-ponmudy-in-disproportionate-assets-case-1651093 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}

The Act allows cash donations of any amount but it states in section 29C that any contributions above {{INRConvert|20|k}} to political parties are to be reported.{{citation |title=Why Jaitley's Political Funding Reforms Won't End Anonymous Donations |url=https://thewire.in/106262/jaitley-political-funding-reforms-budget-anonymous-donations |work=The Wire |date=6 February 2016 }}

• Rajya Sabha
• Representation of the People Act
• MPID Act

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Category:Election law in India