Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction

Speculative and science fiction writers have often addressed the social, political, technological, and biological consequences of pregnancy and reproduction through the exploration of possible futures or alternative realities.

Themes

As real-world reproductive technology has advanced, SF works have become increasingly interested in representing alternative modes of reproduction.{{citation | last = Creed | first = Barbara | author-link = Barbara Creed | contribution = Gynesis, Postmodernism and Science Fiction Horror Film | editor-last = Kuhn | editor-first = Annette | editor-link = Annette Kuhn | title = Alien Zone: Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema | page = [https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/215 215] | publisher = Verso | location = London | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780860919933 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/215 }} Among the uses of pregnancy and reproduction themes regularly encountered in science fiction are:

other modes of sexual reproduction;
parthenogenetic reproduction;
the use of technology in reproduction;{{cite journal |last= Allman |first= John | title= Motherless Creation: Motifs in Science Fiction | journal= North Dakota Quarterly | volume= 58 | issue= 2 | pages= 124–132 | publisher = University of North Dakota |date= Spring 1990 |url= https://ndquarterly.org/the-archive/the-fourth-series/ }}{{cite journal |last= Broege |first= Valerie | title= Views on Human Reproduction and Technology in Science Fiction | journal= Extrapolation | volume=29 | issue= 3 | pages= 197–215 | publisher = Liverpool University Press |date=Fall 1988 |url= https://www.proquest.com/openview/c788e79e115f3989f7a77c2e7c0b0fff/1?pq-origsite=gscholar |doi= 10.3828/extr.1988.29.3.197 | url-access= subscription }}

The phenomenon of pregnancy itself has been the subject of numerous works, both directly and metaphorically. These works may relate pregnancy to parasitism or slavery, or simply use pregnancy as a strong contrast with horror. For example, in the film, Rosemary's Baby (1968) (based on the 1967 novel by Ira Levin) a woman is tricked into a satanic pregnancy by her husband.{{cite journal |last= Fischer |first= Lucy | title= Birth Traumas: Parturition and Horror in Rosemary's Baby | journal= Cinema Journal | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 3–18 | publisher = University of Texas Press |doi= 10.2307/1225505 | jstor = 1225505 |date= Spring 1992 }}{{cite journal |last= Valerius |first= Karyn | title= Rosemary's Baby, Gothic Pregnancy, and Fetal Subjects | journal= College Literature | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 116–135 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |doi= 10.1353/lit.2005.0048 | jstor = 25115290 |date= Summer 2005 |s2cid= 144061322 }}

=Alien–human hybrids=

Inter-species reproduction and alien-human hybrids frequently occur in science fiction, and women being impregnated by aliens is a common theme in SF horror films, including I Married a Monster from Outer Space, Village of the Damned, Inseminoid, and Xtro. The theme has even been parodied, such as in the soft porn Wham Bam Thank You Spaceman.

In the film Alien Resurrection (1997), Ellen Ripley has been cloned to facilitate study of the alien queen embryo with which she was implanted{{cite journal |last= Kimball |first= A. Samuel | title= Conceptions and Contraceptions of the Future: Terminator 2, The Matrix and Alien Resurrection | journal= Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies| volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 69–107 | publisher = Duke University Press |doi= 10.1215/02705346-17-2_50-69 |date= 2002 |s2cid= 146524270 }}{{cite journal |last= Ferreira |first= Aline | title= Artificial Wombs and Archaic Tombs: Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve and the Alien Tetralogy | journal= Femspec | volume=4 | issue= 1 | pages= 90–107 | publisher = Cleveland State University |date=2002 |url= http://www.femspec.org/4-1/abstracts.html#criticism7 }}{{citation | last = Creed | first = Barbara | author-link = Barbara Creed | contribution = Alien and the Monstrous-Feminine: An Imaginary Abjection | editor-last = Kuhn | editor-first = Annette | editor-link = Annette Kuhn | title = Alien Zone: Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema | pages = [https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/128 128–144] | publisher = Verso | location = London | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780860919933 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/128 }} In Octavia E. Butler's Lilith's Brood trilogy (1987, 1988, 1989) alien and human females impregnated with the DNA of males by alien intermediary-sex individuals, in "fivesomes".{{cite journal | last= Federmayer | first= Éva | title= Octavia Butler's Maternal Cyborgs: The Black Female World of the Xenogenesis Trilogy | journal= Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies| volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 103–118 | publisher = University of Debrecen, Hungary |date= Spring 2000 |jstor= 41274076 }}{{cite journal | last= Luckhurst | first= Roger | title='Horror and Beauty in Rare Combination': The Miscegenate Fictions of Octavia Butler | journal= Women: A Cultural Review | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 28–38 | publisher = Taylor and Francis |doi= 10.1080/09574049608578256 |date= Spring 1996 }}

Reproduction and technology

{{Further|Assisted reproductive technology#Fictional representation}}

Speculative fiction in technology of reproduction may involve cloning and ectogenesis, i.e., artificial reproduction).

The latter part of the 2000s decade has also seen an upswing of films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology in contemporary reality rather than being speculation.{{cite news | last = Mastony | first = Colleen | title = Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen | url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/06/21/the-heartache-of-infertility-shared-on-stage-screen/ | work = Chicago Tribune | date = June 21, 2009 }}

Large-scale infertility or population growth

Fertility and reproduction have been frequent sites for examination of concerns about the impact of the environment and reproduction on the future of humanity or civilization. For example, The Children of Men by P. D. James is just one of many works which have considered the implications of global infertility; Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison is one of many works which have examined the converse, the implications of massive human population surges. Numerous other works, such as Implosion, The First Century after Beatrice, Venus Plus X and More Than Human by Theodore Sturgeon examine the future of humanity as it evolves, or particular breeding programs.

Politics and gender politics

Pregnancy and control of human reproduction have often been used as proxies for treating gender issues or broader themes of social control; works dealing with pregnancy and human reproduction have also been used to closely explore gender politics. For instance, "male pregnancy" has been used to comedic effect in mainstream literature and films such as Junior (1994 film, dir. Ivan Reitman),{{cite journal |last= Cuomo |first= Amy | title= The Scientific Appropriation of Female Reproductive Power in Junior | journal= Extrapolation | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 352–363 | publisher = Liverpool University Press |date= Winter 1988 |url= http://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/loi/extr |doi= 10.3828/extr.1998.39.4.352 | url-access= subscription }}{{cite web | last = Sawyer | first = Robert J. | title = 2020 Vision: Male Pregnancy (rehearsal transcript) | url = http://www.sfwriter.com/20pregna.htm | website = sfwriter.com | publisher = Robert J. Sawyer }} and has developed a following in fan fiction—the mpreg genre.{{citation |last1= Hellekson|first1= Karen |author-link1=Karen Hellekson |last2= Busse | first2 =Kristina |author-link2=Kristina Busse | contribution = Introduction |editor-last1= Hellekson|editor-first1= Karen |editor-last2= Busse | editor-first2 =Kristina |title= Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays |year= 2006 |publisher= McFarland|page=11 |isbn=9780786426409 | quote = Within fan fiction, a number of subgenres are well recognized....mpreg, where a man gets pregnant. | postscript = .}}

The genre of feminist science fiction has explored single-sex reproduction in depth, particularly parthenogenesis, as well as gendered control over the ability and right to reproduce. See also numerous dystopian stories about state-controlled reproduction, abortion, and birth control, such as Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, or her short story, Freeforall. These works have often been analyzed as explorations of contemporary political debates about reproduction and pregnancy.{{cite web|url=http://genre-commentary.com/node/80|title=Impossible, Yet Inevitable: Unintended Pregnancy in Farscape, Deep Space Nine, Star Wars, and The X-Files |last= Spicer |first=Arwen |date= 23 January 2007 |publisher=Genre-Commentary.com |access-date=16 January 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081219102906/http://www.genre-commentary.com/node/80| archive-date=December 19, 2008}}{{citation | last = Badley | first = Linda | contribution = Scully Hits the Glass Ceiling: Postmodernism, Postfeminism, Posthumanism, and The X-Files | editor-last = Helford | editor-first = Elyce Rae | title = Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fantasygirls00elyc/page/61 61–90] | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Maryland | isbn = 9780847698356 | year = 2000 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/fantasygirls00elyc/page/61 }}

Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction

Themes

=Alien–human hybrids=

Reproduction and technology

Large-scale infertility or population growth

Politics and gender politics

See also

References

Further reading