mpreg

{{About|the trope in fiction|male pregnancy in biology|male pregnancy|and|transgender pregnancy}}

File:Homestuck mpreg fanart by icedcoolatta.jpg of Dad Egbert from Homestuck]]

Mpreg, short for male pregnancy, is a trope in fiction in which male characters become pregnant. Commonly found in fanfiction, particularly in slash fiction, mpreg explores themes of gender, identity, and societal norms. It has also appeared in mainstream media, where it is variously used for comedic, dramatic, or fantastical purposes.

Mpreg fiction frequently normalizes male pregnancy within its fictional worlds, allowing authors to focus on interpersonal relationships, domestic life, and emotional bonds rather than biological or societal conflicts. While the trope presents opportunities to challenge traditional gender roles, it has also been criticized for reinforcing traditional gender norms and overwriting female experiences. The trope intersects with broader discussions of gender and sexuality, though it is typically portrayed outside the context of transgender experiences.

History

Male pregnancy has been explored in literature and popular culture since antiquity. In contemporary fiction, male pregnancy is often given a comedic or monstrous presentation.{{Cite journal |last=Åström |first=Berit |date=2010 |title="Let's get those Winchesters pregnant": Male pregnancy in Supernatural fan fiction |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |issue=4 |doi=10.3983/twc.2010.0135|doi-access=free }}{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Amanda |date=2022-08-05 |title=Pregnant Men Were a Movie Punchline. Now They're Horror Villains. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/05/movies/pregnant-men-resurrection.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119132813/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/05/movies/pregnant-men-resurrection.html |url-status=live }} For instance, the 1994 comedy film Junior followed a man who agreed to become pregnant as part of a scientific experiment.{{Cite web |title=Mpreg: Fascinating genre of male pregnancy erotica |url=https://screenshot-media.com/culture/internet-culture/mpreg-erotic-genre/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=SCREENSHOT Media |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619223656/https://screenshot-media.com/culture/internet-culture/mpreg-erotic-genre/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Luke |date=2023-06-12 |title=Mpreg and Me: On 'Junior' (1994) and 'Titane' (2021) |url=https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2023/06/12/mpreg-and-me/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Bright Wall/Dark Room |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108175613/https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2023/06/12/mpreg-and-me/ |url-status=live }} Additionally, the Alien franchise frames male pregnancy as a form of body horror, with the design of the Xenomorph species and its life cycle symbolizing rape and pregnancy. Alexandre O. Philippe interprets the depiction of male rape and pregnancy in Alien as a manifestation of widespread unspoken, unconscious patriarchal guilt that existed in the 1970s.{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Ralph |date=2019-08-30 |title=Phallic nightmares, rape and pregnant men: how Alien traumatised a generation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/phallic-nightmares-rape-pregnant-men-alien-traumatised-generation/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=2024-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905202524/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/phallic-nightmares-rape-pregnant-men-alien-traumatised-generation/ |url-status=live }}

The modern trope of mpreg originated in the 1980s, and became popular as an outgrowth of the Omegaverse in the Supernatural fandom in the 2000s and 2010s.{{Cite journal |last=Heggestad |first=Jon |date=2023 |title=Pregnant Teen Wolf: The border wars of mpreg fics |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/download/2193/3059?inline=1 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |volume=39 |issue=39 |doi=10.3983/twc.2023.2193 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107200106/https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/download/2193/3059?inline=1 |url-status=live }} While not all mpreg fiction is fanfiction, even original fiction mpreg has its roots in the fandom trope.

Description

Mpreg fiction centers around the impregnation of a (typically cisgender) man by another man.{{Cite journal |last=Duggan |first=Jennifer |date=2023-03-13 |title=Trans fans and fan fiction: A literature review |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/2309/3041 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |language=en |volume=39 |doi=10.3983/twc.2023.2309 |issn=1941-2258 |hdl=11250/3130761 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107195847/https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/2309/3041 |url-status=live }} Mpreg tends to present male pregnancy as a positive and sometimes even unsurprising fact. The mechanism of the pregnancy varies depending on the work, from one-off magical interventions to the biology of the Omegaverse. The birthing process also varies, including c-section, special "birth canals", and birth through the anus or penis. Within the community, anal birth is typically looked down upon, often derisively referred to as "ass baby" stories.{{Cite journal |last=Ingram-Waters |first=Mary |date=2015-09-15 |title=Writing the pregnant man |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/651/544 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |language=en |volume=20 |doi=10.3983/twc.2015.0651 |issn=1941-2258 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124085248/https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/651/544 |url-status=live }}

File:Mpreg fic tags.png

While not necessarily sexual, the stories are often partially pornographic. However, they can often simply focus on the romantic relationship between the central couple. A survey of users of the primarily original fiction site "Mpreg Central" found that 57% preferred their stories to include sex, while 43% preferred it to be deemphasized or not included at all. Mpreg fiction can also focus on the experience of pregnancy itself, including morning sickness, mood swings, and cravings, or its impact on a relationship.{{Cite book |last=Busse |first=Kristina |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ld_YAgAAQBAJ&dq=mpreg&pg=PR5 |title=Fic: Why Fanfiction Is Taking Over the World |pages=316–322 |chapter=Pon Farr, Mpreg, Bonds, and the Rise of the Omegaverse|date=26 November 2013 |publisher=BenBella Books |isbn=978-1-939529-19-0 }} Some mpreg does not focus on the pregnancy at all, choosing to write a romance in which a male pregnancy features but does not dominate the plot. Those authors may choose to focus on the domesticity of the couple or the romantic bond between them.

Community

Like most fanfiction, most mpreg fiction is written and read by women. One original fiction author estimates that most of her audience is women in their 20s and above. Other mpreg communities, like the forum Mpreg Central, are predominately gay men. They often want to be pregnant themselves or impregnate another man.{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=What Is Mpreg? The Men Who Fantasize About Getting Pregnant |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/inside-the-mpreg-scene-the-men-who-fantasize-about-other-men-getting-them-pregnant |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=MEL Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004070959/https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/inside-the-mpreg-scene-the-men-who-fantasize-about-other-men-getting-them-pregnant |url-status=live }} Reading and writing mpreg fiction is often stigmatized, including within the itself stigmatized world of slash fandom.{{Cite web |date=2014-11-03 |title=What Exactly Is Mpreg? A Male Pregnancy Enthusiast Explains |url=https://www.jezebel.com/what-exactly-is-mpreg-a-male-pregnancy-enthusiast-expl-1651553874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109165240/https://www.jezebel.com/what-exactly-is-mpreg-a-male-pregnancy-enthusiast-expl-1651553874 |archive-date=2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Jezebel |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last=Ingram-Waters |first=Mary |date=2010 |title=When normal and deviant identities collide: Methodological considerations of the pregnant acafan |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |volume=5 |doi=10.3983/twc.2010.0207|doi-access=free }} One author described other fans as opposing mpreg because it "turns the male characters into whiny, feminized versions of themselves". Mpreg also features as a niche genre of video pornography.{{Cite web |last=Bergado |first=Gabe |date=2016-05-02 |title=The hottest new porn genre is pregnant men giving birth |url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/male-pregnancy-porn/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120072459/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/male-pregnancy-porn/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=Apparently 'male pregnancy porn' is the new 'thing'? |url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/apparently_male_pregnancy_porn_is_the_new_thing |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=DangerousMinds |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818013105/https://dangerousminds.net/comments/apparently_male_pregnancy_porn_is_the_new_thing |url-status=live }}

Scholarly reception

Within academia, Constance Penley was the first to write about mpreg in 1997, describing it as a subversive "extreme retooling of the male body".{{Cite journal |last=Hunting |first=Kyra |date=2012-09-15 |title="Queer as Folk" and the trouble with slash |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/415/315 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |language=en |volume=11 |doi=10.3983/twc.2012.0415 |issn=1941-2258 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008195146/https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/415/315 |url-status=live }} More recently, mpreg has both been criticized as reinforcing traditional gender roles and praised for subverting them. Berit Åström, in her analysis of mpreg fiction within the Supernatural fandom, describes some authors as pointedly asserting the character's masculinity, while others show the pregnant characters "expressing emotions stereotypically expected of women". Overall, she finds the stories "quite heteronormative", with "conventional stories set in a very unconventional universe". Some studies analyze the pregnant men in mpreg fiction as representations of women.