Resettlement Administration

The RA was the brainchild of Rexford G. Tugwell, an economics professor at Columbia University who became an advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt during the latter's successful campaign for the presidency in 1932 and then held positions in the United States Department of Agriculture. Roosevelt established the RA under Executive Order 7027, as one of the New Deal's "alphabet agencies", and Tugwell became its head.

The divisions of the new organization included Rural Rehabilitation, Rural Resettlement, Land Utilization, and Suburban Resettlement.{{cite book |title=Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal |last=Sternsher |first=Bernard |year=1964 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=262–265 |oclc=466310 |url={{google books|qKt2AAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y}}}} Roosevelt transferred the Federal Emergency Relief Administration land program to the Resettlement Administration under Executive Order 7028 on May 1, 1935.{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/4925387.1935.001.umich.edu/page/155 |title=Executive Order No. 7028: Transfer of Land Program of F.E.R.A. to the Resettlement Administration - May 1, 1935 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |date=May 1, 1935 |website=Internet Archive |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Archives and Records Service |pages=155–156}}

However, Tugwell's goal of moving 650,000 people from {{convert|100000000|acre|km2}} of agriculturally exhausted, worn-out land was unpopular among the majority in Congress.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203052/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/dah_03/dah_03_01471.html Farm Security Administration] This goal seemed socialistic to some and threatened to deprive influential farm owners of their tenant workforce. The RA was thus left with enough resources to relocate only a few thousand people from {{convert|9000000|acre|km2}} and build several greenbelt cities, which planners admired as models for a cooperative future that never arrived.

File:Tugwell's successor at White House with boss. Washington, D.C., Dec. 22. Secretary of Agriculture Henry a Wallace, (left) and Dr. W. Alexander, successor to Rex Tugwell as Resettlement LCCN2016871009.jpg (left) with Will W. Alexander, appointed to head the Resettlement Administration (December 22, 1936)]]

The main focus of the RA was to build relief camps in California for migratory workers, especially refugees from the drought-struck Dust Bowl of the Southwest. This move was resisted by a large share of Californians, who did not want destitute migrants to settle in their midst.

The RA managed to construct 95 camps that gave migrants (unaccustomed to clean quarters) housing with running water and other amenities, but the 75,000 people who had the benefit of the camps were a small share of those in need and even they could stay only temporarily. Tugwell resigned in 1936, wanting to prevent a red-baiting campaign against him from affecting the agency.

On January 1, 1937,[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html Records of the Farmers Home Administration] with hopes of making the RA more effective, the Resettlement Administration was transferred to the Department of Agriculture through executive order 7530. In the face of Congressional criticism, in September 1937 the Resettlement Administration was folded into a new body, the Farm Security Administration (FSA), which operated until 1946.

The RA worked with nearly 200 communities on its projects, including:

• Aksarben, Nebraska
• Arthurdale, West Virginia, (first community begun by Subsistence Homesteads and pet project of Eleanor Roosevelt)
• Cahaba Village in Trussville, Alabama (begun by the Works Progress Administration)
• Caney Lakes Recreation Area in Webster Parish, Louisiana
• Christian-Trigg Farms near Hopkinsville, Kentucky (built by the RA and Farm Security Administration)
• Cumberland Homesteads near Crossville, Tennessee (begun by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads)
• Farmstead / Jasper, Alabama, this development, began by the WPA, included 40 homes, churches, a civic center, and a school.
• Greenbelt, Maryland, completely planned and constructed by the RA outside Washington, D.C.
• Greendale, Wisconsin, another new town built by the RA, outside Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Greenhills, Ohio, the third of the RA's new towns, built outside Cincinnati, Ohio
• Hickory Ridge, Virginia (now Prince William Forest Park)
• Greenbrook, New Jersey (planned by the RA but never built)
• Matanuska Valley Colony, Alaska (near what is now Palmer, Alaska)
• Mileston, Mississippi, one of thirteen resettlement communities that were entirely African-American{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Spencer |title=Mileston |url=https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/mileston/ |website=Mississippi Encyclopedia |publisher=Mississippi Humanities Council |access-date=5 June 2021}}
• Palmerdale in Pinson, Alabama (parts built by the Works Progress Administration)
• Jersey Homesteads (begun by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads)
• Tillery, North Carolina

The Weedpatch Camp (also known as the Arvin Federal Government Camp and the Sunset Labor Camp), now on the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1936 south of Bakersfield, California — not by the Resettlement Administration but by the Works Progress Administration. The camp inspired John Steinbeck's 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath.

The RA also funded projects recording aspects of its work and context, including:

• The Photography Project, which documented the rural poverty of the Great Depression and produced thousands of images that are now stored and available at the Library of Congress, was headed up by Roy Stryker.
• The Film Project, which produced two documentaries directed by Pare Lorentz and scored by Virgil Thomson, The Plow That Broke the Plains and The River.
• Sidney Robertson Cowell's recordings of folk songs, conducted during the summer of 1937, sponsored by the RA's Special Skills Division, and now stored at the University of Wisconsin.

• Dust Bowl
• National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
• Subsistence Homesteads Division

;Citations

{{Reflist}}

;Sources

• Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946 (analysis and statistical summary of all the New Deal relief programs)

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• [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WiscFolkSong Wisconsin Folksong Collection, 1937–1946]. Presented by the [http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/ University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center] and [http://music.library.wisc.edu/ Mills Music Library Special Collections].
• [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=976 Ohio History Central on Resettlement Administration]
• [https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=RE032&l= Oklahoma History on Resettlement Administration]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214424/http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html Complete List of New Deal Communities], of the Resettlement Administration, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, from the National New Deal Preservation Association
• [http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/harris/pine-mountain-valley-resettlement-project Pine Mountain Valley Resettlement Project] historical marker in Pine Mountain, Georgia

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Category:1935 establishments in the United States

Category:Defunct agencies of the United States government

Category:Dust Bowl

Category:Former United States Federal assistance programs

Category:Government agencies established in 1935

Category:Internal migrations in the United States

Category:New Deal agencies

Category:Settlement schemes in the United States

Category:United States Department of Agriculture